88 TOEFL STRATEGIES
9. Farmers in all pans of Asia
~ their
own farms , but tenant farmers are also practiced.
B
C
D
10. After King Askla's many military victories, he seized deserts towns and consolidated·
A
B
C
A
his government.
D
Exercise 2: Verbs and Verb Phrases
The basic sentence word order is:
Subject
Ve rb
Object
Good reading
requires
practice.
The word order in negatives is:
I
!Subject
A.wtiliary
not
Main Verb ( + Object)
not
study.
I
The basic question word o rder is:
(Wb- word)
Awtiliary
Subject
Main Verb
he
coming?
Whet
Is
did
they
aak
Object
you?
A command does not need a subject and takes the simple form of the verb:
Verb
(Object)
Stop.
Close
the door.
A negative command requires an auxiliary do:
1~
.
not
not
Main Ve.r b
open
I
(Object)
the window. .
Make, have (except when it means must), must, can, could, should, let, wlll, would, may,
and might are never followed by to.
John had his brother help hjm with his paper.
The verbs force, ought, have (meaning must ), and need are followed by to; force can be
also followed by a direct object (e.g. force a smile).
I need to go home to study.
Cornwallis was forcecl to surrender.
Verbs following all forms of be must have either the verb + Ing form for the active voice or
the verb+ edlpast participle form for the passive.
Active:
Passive:
The boy
The experiment
has been crying
was completed
for an hour.
on time.
/
PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
89
Part A
Djrections: Choose one word o; phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. Before the 1900s, children - - - - - - - the }'2rds of their homes and in the
streets.
6. To make up for losses in revenue, bus
~ompanies - - - - - - - - service and
maintenance.
(A) playing alone in
(A) cutting
(B) played in
(C) has played in
(B) tends
to cut
(C) tending to cut
(D) tend to cut
(D)they are playing
2. Many critics of plea bargaining - - - - - - allows large numbers of crimlnals to
7. City planners in St. Paul - - - - - - - -
escape appropriate punishment.
models for building compact towns and'
cities.
(A) believed it
(B) believe it to
(A) proposing
(B) have proposed
(C) believing that it
(D)believe it
(C) proposition
(D) proposal
3. To get an idea of a soil's porosity, - - - a small amount of top soil in your hand.
(A) to rub
(B) rubbing
8. Refrigeration - - - - - - - - food spoilage
by keeping temperal\lres near or below
freezing.
(A) and the prevention of
(B) prevents
(C) rubbed
(D) rub
(C) preventing that
(D) is prevented from
4. The risks of developing cancer can
- - - - - - - - by not smoking and by
drinking in moderation.
(A)
be significantly reduced
· 9. Every year both large and small businesses
- - - - - - - - financial difficulties.
(A) that develop
(B) to be significantly reduced
(B) are developed
(C) signific:intly reduce
(D)to reduce signific:intly
(C) they are developing
(D) develop
5. Even though many couples - - - - - - - smaller families, the number of births
could rise.
(A) now having
(B) no w has
(C) are now having
(D)is now having
10. Why - - - - - - - - to sell products
consumers want in order to earn profit?
(/\) companies have
(B) do companies have
(C) companies do have
(D)companies did have
Part B
Directions: In each sentence, identify the o ne underlined word or phrase that "l"ould not be
considered correct in standard written English.
l . Thousands of settlers gone west after the Civil War ended in 1865.
A
B
C
D
90 TOEFL STRATEGIES
2. Studies of the sun may leads to the discovery of ho!" the core of the sun heats its
A
B
.
C
~
D
atmosphere.
3. Until the 1400s, m06t books and texts were producing by scribes who copied them by hand.
A
B
C
D
4. When
~
moves or vibrates, it makes the surrounding air vibrates.
A
B
C
D
5. Approximately 30 percent of all pa.rents in the world let their children
A
B
6. Norman Rockwell
7.
~material,
A
to
C
attend school.
D
illustrating rovers of magazines, boolu for children, and advertlscmcnts.
A
B
C
D
in various stages of decay ,
B
~
C
nutrients into the soil.
D
8. The female tunic often wallu away after covering her eggs and not return.
A
.
B
C
D
9. People can rcclucc
A
to be.
10. When a bee
~
stress
by accepting events as they arc, rather than as they would likes them
B
C
D
an animal, the insect's stinger remaining in the woynd.
A
B
C
D
Exercise 3: Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
The adjectives feiv, a few, and many can be used for countable nouns:
Alm students registered for the course. (some , several)
Em students registered for the course. (a small numberj
·The adjectives little, a IUtle, and m uch can be used for uncountable n ouns:
I like a llt!1e milk In my conee. (some, but not much)
This project received l.lnUl support. (a/most none]
Forms of otber:
another
other
for singular nouns (anQ{her book)
for p lural nouns (()(her boolssl
Others and the others a.re also pronouns. They replace plural nouns:
Olbers
is an unspecified plural.
tbe others
is a specific plural.
Many students study at night, but S2tt1i1J prefer daytime.
Five students In my class study in the library, but the olhers study In their homes.
