1. INTRODUCTION: English Sentences Compare the following Indonesian and English sentences: 1. Siti sakit. (predikat: Adjective) 2. Adi teman yang baik. (predikat: Noun) 3. Budi tinggal di Karangmalang C-25. (predikat: Verb) Siti is sick. Adi is a good friend. Budi lives at Karangmalang C-25 . Bandingkan dengan adanya penambahan keterangan pada kalimat di atas sebagai berikut: 4. Siti sakit minggu lalu. 5. Adi dan Ida temanku yang paling baik. 6. Budi tinggal di Karangmalang C-25 sejak tahun 2005. Siti was sick last week. Adi and Ida are my best friends. Budi has been living at Karangmalang C-25 since 2005. Setiap kalimat standar dalam bahasa Inggris harus mengandung minimal dua unsur dasar, yaitu : PREDICATE Predikat harus VERB➔ dan harus sesuai dg: Subject (singular/plural) dan Time (Tenses) Subject + Perhatikan kesalahan yang terdapat pada kalimat-kalimat berikut ini, kemudian coba perbaiki agar menjadi kalimat yang benar: 1. My father was came to visit me two days ago. 2. This book discuss about higher education. 3. One of the lecturers are go to Berlin tomorrow. 4. He must to save his money in Bank Mandiri. 5. Didn't you found my wallet yesterday? 6. They buy two magazine English last month. 7. What you know her address? 8. Us are senior employee of ABC Kindergarten. 9. Him daughter still in junior high school. 10. I and my brother is went to Bali last year. Dalam bahasa Inggris, Predikat harus berupa kata kerja (VERB). Bila kalimat tersebut tidak menyatakan tindakan (activity), sehingga tidak terdapat verb yang menjelaskan action yang dipakai, maka harus digunakan tobe. Subject + to be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb → Subject Complement 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. This glass is empty. (adj) My father and mother are in Bandung now. (adv) He was the manager of Lapindo company. (noun) The lecturer has been in Sydney for 2 weeks. (adv) Sri Sultan might be our next president. (noun) My house is usually empty at this time of the day. (adj) All of my children were in Jakarta for a holiday. (adv) Mr. Ahmad is not in his room. He could be in the meeting room. (adv) We will be glad if you are ready for the election. (adj) Nobody was perfect. Weaknesses and mistakes are natural for human beings. (adj) Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 1 Bagaimana mengubah kalimat positif menjadi kalimat negatif? Prinsipnya, Kalimat Negative harus mengandung format: auxiliary + NOT . > to be : is, am, are, was, were > to have : have, has, had > modals : can, may, shall, will, must, could, might, should, would, Bila dalam kalimat positif tidak ada satupun dari ketiga auxiliary di atas, gunakan: > to do : do, does, did → VERB harus kembali ke bentuk dasar (simple Verb) Sedangkan bentuk kalimat tanya harus mengandung format berikut: Questions : AUXILIARY before SUBJECT . There are 2 Types of Questions : 1. Aux + Subject + VERB / Adj/Adv/Noun → Yes/No Question 2. Q.W + Aux + Subject + VERB / Adj/Adv/Noun → Information Question (Question words: What, Why, Who, Whom, Whose, Which, When, Where, How) Examples: 1. My father came to visit me two days ago. My father DID NOT (didn’t) COME to visit me two days ago. Did your father come to visit you two days ago? → answered by YES or NO Why did your father come to visit you two days ago? → asking reason: INFORMATION 2. This book discusses about higher education. This book DOES NOT (doesn’t) DISCUSS about higher education. Doest this book discuss about higher education? Where (In which chapter) does this book discuss about higher education? 3. One of the lecturers is going to Berlin tomorrow. One of the lecturers IS NOT (isn’t) GOING to Berlin tomorrow. Is one of the lecturers GOING to Berlin tomorrow? How is one of the lecturers GOING to Berlin tomorrow? One of the lecturers will go to Berlin tomorrow. One of the lecturers WILL NOT (won’t) GO to Berlin tomorrow. Will one of the lecturers GO to Berlin tomorrow? In what way will one of the lecturers GO to Berlin tomorrow? 4. This glass is empty. This glass is NOT (isn’t) empty. Is this glass empty? → answered by YES or NO What is empty? → asking subject, answered by INFORMATION Which glass is empty? → asking subject, answer: Information 5. My father and mother are in Bandung now. My father and mother are NOT (aren’t) in Bandung now. Are your father and mother in Bandung now? Where are your father and mother now? 6. He was the manager of Lapindo company. He was NOT (wasn’t) the manager of Lapindo company. Was he the manager of Lapindo company? Who was the manager of Lapindo company? 7. The lecturer has been in Sydney for 2 weeks. The lecturer has NOT (hasn’t) been in Sydney for 2 weeks. Has the lecturer been in Sydney for 2 weeks? How long has the lecturer been in Sydney? Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 2 EXERCISE: Change the following sentences into : A. Negative; B. Yes-NoQuestion; C.Information Question 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The old woman can take the large box out of the car easily. Mrs. Nurhayati plans to take a yearly-leave for two weeks. My younger sister will come to Yogyakarta tomorrow evening. The teachers agree to continue their study in this university. His newest girlfriend was in Bali to visit her aunt last week. Only three contestants were absent in yesterday’s competition. All students will be temporary volunteers in this pilot project. The books on Indonesian history are sent to the central library. POLA DASAR KALIMAT BAHASA INGGRIS Setiap kalimat harus mempunyai Subjek dan Predikat, dan mempunyai tiga arti: 1. Subjek melakukan suatu perbuatan, atau 2. Subjek dikenai perlakuan atau dalam suatu keadaan tertentu, atau 3. Menunjukkan eksistensi, adanya sesuatu pada suatu tempat atau waktu. SUBJECT Kata Ganti (Pronouns) I, You, We, They He, She, It That, these, which Kata Benda (Nouns) An elephant, Cars, Students Information, Education Kelp. Kt. Benda (Noun Phrases) One of the lecturers The spirit of the students Members of our parliament Some of the information The women who work there The bus arriving from Bali The letter written by Maria My brother and I Kt. Kerja (Gerund/To infinitive) Studying English Fishing in the lake To understand this topic To get an 'A' grade Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU PREDICATE Vb1 (+ s/es) Vb2 am is are was were (to be) Adjective Noun Adverb (prep.phrase) + Vb-ing Vb3 to-infinitive will, can, may, must would, could, should + simple Verb (modals) have has had Object/Noun + Vb3 infinitive 3 Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 4 All sentences must have Subject + Verb as the basic elements. Some of the information is incorrect. Members of our parliament support the RUU. The bus arriving from Bali was 2 hours late. The letter sent by Maria arrived two days ago. He always comes on time to every meeting. They didn’t like the busy schedule. Subject and Verb MUST NOT BE DOUBLED in a sentence. The old man he went to Medan. The train was running fast came towards them. Except in compound or complex sentences: The man and his three children were running towards her. He phoned me while I was lying on the bed reading a book. PRESENT SIMPLE : SUBJECT+ Vb1 I You We They + INFINITIVE; He She It + Vb+s/es All of the students like to come home earlier. Budi doesn’t want to attend the meeting. This machine works well to all appliances. He always goes to campus on foot. They don’t understand this lesson at all. *Incorrect: She go. He is go. He is goes. We goes. They are go. *Incorrect: They to go. She going. He cans go. She always go. PAST SIMPLE : SUBJECT+ Vb2 I You We They He She It + Vb2 All of the students enjoyed swimming. Budi didn’t want to join the Students Club. This machine worked well to all appliances. He usually went to campus on foot. She didn’t understand the previous lesson at all. Incorrect: They didn’t went. She doesn’t goes. I didn’t to go. Nominal Sentence: Subject + tobe/linking Verb + Adj/Adv/Noun She is an architect. The student seemed upset all day long. Our rector is from the Faculty of Education. The boys are new students of Yogyakarta State University. The soup tastes hot and salty. CONTINUOUS : To Be + Vb-ing penekanan pada kejadian yang SEDANG BERLANGSUNG We are studying English. (Present Continuous) The student is writing on her book. (Present Cont.) She was watching TV at 10 last night. (Past Cont.) They were talking about World Cup. (Past Cont.) I will be studying at 10 tonight. (Future Cont.) *Incorrect : *Incorrect : He going to Bali. I am study in YSU. The lecturer was taught us English yesterday. Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 5 TO BE + Vb 3 = Kalimat Pasif Subject dikenai suatu tindakan (oleh seseorang yang lain) The news is broadcasted through all channels. These facilities are provided by the faculty. Some students were not invited to the party. The letter was written by Maria. The children are being scolded for playing truant. The minister might be reexamined by “Pansus”. Our assignment will be scored after two weeks. The LCD projector has been turned on by him. TO BE + INFINITIVE Keharusan / Rencana / Fungsi The champions are to meet the committee. Mr. Bambang was to go to Bali yesterday. The assignment is to be submitted by Friday. This knife is to cut off the bones. *Incorrect : She was went to Bali. They are study English. *Incorrect : He is feels sleepy. We are bought some fruit. MODALS + INFINITIVE Harus diikuti bentuk dasar Verb, tidak boleh jenis kata lain. I will sleep right after this class has finished. Mahmud can finish the assignment easily. She must be happy to hear this information. The girl will be taken into the hospital. He might be listening to the music. You should have submitted your self-identity. *Incorrect : She must crazy. He can going. I would went out. HAVE + Noun/Object → sebagai FULL VERB Disesuaikan dengan Subject (singular/plural) dan Tenses. That handsome boy has five girlfriends. The student doesn’t have any pen to write. We have rice, salad, and fried fish for dinner. She is having lunch at the café. They were having fun at the party last night. My brother will have another baby this month. I had two meetings at the same time yesterday. He didn’t have anything to pay his debt. PERFECT TENSES : HAVE/HAS/HAD + Vb3 (Past Participle) Perfect Tenses: sudah selesai (: tidak boleh ada keterangan waktu lampau) We have learned Basic English Sentences. She has submitted her assignment via BeSmart. They had gone home before I arrived. The girl has been waiting here for 3 hours. Her sister has been in Paris since last year. His motorcycle has been sold to pay his debt. The boy must have studied hard to do the task. Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 6 Have to = Must // Don’t have to Mustn’t Keharusan / Keyakinan / Kepastian She has to come home tomorrow.= She must come.. We have to wait for him. = We must wait … They had to sign up for BeSmart last week. You should have to be able to access it by now. She doesn’t have to come home now. (optional action) : She can come now, or tomorrow, or at another time. She mustn’t come home now. (prohibition) : She cannot come home now. She may come another time. EXERCISE 1: Coba terjemahkan variasi kata have dalam kalimat-kalimat berikut: 1. The rich man has many houses and lands. 2. I usually have some bread for my breakfast. 3. She has a glass of orange juice every morning. 4. Please have a cigarette. 5. We had gone about fifty kilometers, when the car broke down. 6. The students have to consult their supervisors. 7. They will have a party this Saturday. 8. You can have a rest now. 9. I will have my car repaired. 10. I will have the children work harder. EXERCISE 2: Find the Subject- Predicate constructions in the following sentences. 1. Each developmental stage is carefully observed by experienced architects. 2. Caring mothers usually use soft skin powder for their babies. 3. In big cities students’ living cost is very high. 4. It is very interesting to watch the changing color of the sea at sundown. 5. Some scientists believe that there are extremely intelligent creatures in other planets. 6. It is beneficial for the government to have some self-supporting regions. 7. These specially equipped planes can fly at a speed of 1,500 miles an hour. 8. Some people catch the long-nosed crocodile for food. 9. These are unbreakable kitchen utensils. 10. The Earth’s station receives signals from the Unidentified Flying Objects. 11. The dogs are trained to detect the smell of the drinks. 12. Poets usually find inspiration in the still of the night. 13. A psychological approach to the problem seems more effective. 14. Much fertile land forming the main food supplier is changed into settlement. 15. As a young generation they should have the will to develop. 16. Not everyone agreed to his ideas stated in the meeting. 17. The government’s attempts to improve socio-economic condition of the people were not successful. 18. We need more experts who can assist us in the development of science and technology. 19. Most of the guests invited to the party were the rich. 20. Some crucial and complicated world problems existing at present may bring about World War III. Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 7 2. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES ABOUT CLAUSES All sentences consist of one or more clauses. A simple sentence consists of one clause. For example: People need vitamins. The man took a vitamin pill. Judy lives in northern California. In the summer, Tom walks to his office. A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as and and but). Such as: The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice. Judy lives in northern California now, but she was raised in Ohio. A complex sentence consists of an independent clause (called the main clause) and a subordinate (dependent) clause. Subordinate clauses may be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or adjective clauses. In the sentences below, the independent clauses are italicized: The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold. (independent clause + adverb clause) I didn’t realize that Nancy was here. (noun clause) Tom walks to his office, which is located on Broadway, every day during the summer. (independent clause + adjective clause) All three types of subordinate clauses are commonly seen in the Structure part of the test, and each is discussed further in separate lessons. The emphasis in this chapter, however, is on the basic components of independent clauses. MISSING SUBJECTS, VERBS, OBJECTS, AND COMPLEMENTS All clauses have a subject and a verb. Clauses with an action verb often take a direct object as well. Subject Verb Object People need vitamins. The verb missing from an independent clause may be a single-word verb (need, was, took, had, walked) or a verb phrase consisting of one or more auxiliary verbs and a main verb (will need, has been, should take, would have had, had walked). The verbs may be active (need, take) or passive (was needed, is taken). The missing subject and direct object may be a noun (people, vitamins, Tom), a noun phrase (some famous people, a vitamin pill, my friend Tom), or a pronoun (he, she, it, and they are subject pronouns; him, her, it, and them are object pronouns). After the verb to be and certain other nonaction verbs, a subject complement is used rather than a direct object. (Subject complements are also known as predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives.) Subject Verb Complement She is an architect. The teacher seemed upset. In the Structure section of TOEFL test, it is common for any of these elements or a combination of two or more of these elements to be missing from the stem. The most common problem in structure involves a missing verb. A missing subject and a missing subject-verb combination are common as well. The missing element may also be part, of rather than all of, the verb or noun phrase. Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 8 Sample Items The art of storytelling ________ almost as old as humanity. (A) that is (B) is (C) it is (D) being It supplies the missing verb. Choice (A) is incorrect because the word that is used to connect a relative clause to a main clause; in this sentence, there is only one verb, so there can only be one clause. Choice (C) is incorrect because there is an unnecessary repetition of the subject (The art of storytelling it . . .). Choice (D) is not correct because an -ing form (being) cannot be the main verb of a clause. ____________ a few of the sounds produced by insects can be heard by humans. (A) Only (B) There are only (C) That only (D) With only It completes the noun phrase that is the subject of the sentence. The expletive There in choice (B) is incorrectly used. In choice (C), the word That creates a noun clause, but each clause must have its own verb. (Produced is used as a participle, not a main verb, in this sentence.) Choice (D) is incorrect because a preposition may not be used directly before the subject. ______________________ when lava cools very rapidly. (A) Because pumice is formed (B) To form pumice (C) Pumice is formed (D) Forming pumice It supplies an independent clause to join to the adverb clause when lava cools very rapidly. Choice (A) consists of an adverb clause; two adverb clauses cannot be joined to form a complete sentence. Choices (B) and (D) are incorrect because they do not contain main verbs, and an independent clause must contain a main verb. (To form and forming are not main verbs.) Only choice (C) could serve as an independent clause because it contains a subject (Pumice) and a full verb; the passive verb is formed. Duke Ellington wrote _____________________________ during his career. (A) that over a thousand songs (B) over a thousand songs (C) over a thousand songs were (D) there were over a thousand songs The direct object is missing from this sentence. In choice (A), the connecting word that is used unnecessarily. In choice (C), the verb were is used unnecessarily because there is only one clause and it has a verb (wrote). In choice (D), the phrase there were is not needed between a verb and its direct object. Before the invention of the printing press, books _________________. (A) that were very rare (B) were very rarely (C) were very rare (D) as very rare Choice (A) incorrectly forms an adjective clause; an adjective must be joined to a main clause. Choice (B) contains an adverb; after the verb to be, an adjective is required. Choice (D) lacks a verb. Choice (C) correctly supplies a verb (were). Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 9 CLAUSES WITH THERE AND IT Some clauses begin with the introductory word there or it rather than with the subject of the sentence. These introductory words are sometimes called expletives. The expletive there shows that someone or something exists, usually at a particular time or place. These sentences generally follow the pattern there + verb to be + subject. For example: There are many skyscrapers in New York City. There was a good movie on television last night. The expletive it is used in several different situations and patterns: It is important to be punctual for appointments. (with the verb to be + adjective + infinitive) It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state. (with the verb to be + adverbial + noun clause) It takes a long time to learn a language. (with the verb to take + time phrase + infinitive) It was David who did most of the work. (with the verb to be + noun + relative clause) It and there, along with the verb and other sentence elements, may be missing from the stem. Sample Items In Michigan, ___________________ over 600 feet deep. (A) salt deposits (B) where salt deposits are (C) having salt deposits (D) there are salt deposits Choice (D) correctly supplies an introductory word (there), a verb, and a subject. Choice (A) lacks a verb. Choice (B) contains a subordinator, used to introduce a clause; there is only one verb, however, so there can only be one clause. Choice (C) also lacks a main verb. _________ a tomato plant from seventy-five to eighty-five days to develop into a mature plant with ripe fruit. (A) It takes (B) To take (C) That takes (D) By taking Choice (A) correctly completes the sentence with the introductory word It and a verb. Choices (B) and (D) do not supply main verbs. Choice (C) incorrectly creates a noun clause. EXERCISE 1. Choose the one option—(A), (B), (C), or (D)—that correctly completes the sentences. Completing structure problems involving incomplete independent clauses. (Note: Three or four items in this exercise do NOT focus on missing subjects, verbs, complements, or introductory words; these items are marked in the answer key with asterisks.) 1. In the United States, ___________ is generally the responsibility of municipal governments. (A) for water treatment (B) water treatment (C) where water treatment (D) in which water treatment 3. ______________________ the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878. (A) Canada adopted (B) Adopted by Canada, (C) It was adopted by Canada (D) The Canadian adoption of 2. Crop rotation _______________ of preserving soil fertility. (A) it is one method (B) one method (C) a method is one (D) is one method 4. _______ almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis in photographs. (A) Being (B) It is (C) There is (D) Is Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 10 5. __________ two major art museums, the Fogg and the Sadler. (A) Harvard University has (B) At Harvard University (C) Harvard University, with its (D) There at Harvard University 11. _______________ who was elected the first woman mayor of Chicago in 1979. (A) It was Jane Byrne (B) Jane Byrne (C) That Jane Byrne (D) When Jane Byrne 6. American actress and director Margaret Webster ___________________ for her production of Shakespearean plays. (A) who became famous (B) famous as she became (C) becoming famous (D) became famous 12. Every computer consists of a number of systems __________ together. (A) by working (B) work (C) they work (D) that work 7. ____________ gas tanks connected to welding equipment, one full of oxygen and the other full of acetylene. (A) It is two (B) Of the two (C) There are two (D) Two 8. __________________ is more interested in rhythm than in melody is apparent from his compositions. (A) That Philip Glass (B) Philip Glass, who (C) Philip Glass (D) Because Philip Glass 13. On the moon, __________ air because the moon’s gravitational field is too weak to retain an atmosphere. (A) there is no (B) where no (C) no (D) is no 14. The Glass Mountains of northwestern Oklahoma _______________ with flecks of gypsum, which shine in the sunlight. (A) they are covered (B) covered them (C) that are covered (D) are covered 9. _______________ by cosmic rays. (A) The earth is constantly bombarded (B) Bombarded constantly, the earth (C) Bombarding the earth constantly (D) The earth’s constant bombardment 15. In some cases, ___________ to decide if an organism is a plant or an animal. (A) difficult if (B) it is difficult (C) the difficulty (D) is difficult 10. ________ primary colors are red, blue, and yellow. (A) There are three (B) The three (C) Three of them (D) That the three 16. The first American novelist to have a major impact on world literature _____________. (A) who was James Fenimore Cooper (B) James Fenimore Cooper was (C) it was James Fenimore Cooper (D) was James Fenimore Cooper Modul Bahasa Inggris MKU 11
