gerund

Tense agreement in conditional statements
My father wished he could have finished high school when
he was young, but he had to go to work to support his
family instead. When I was born, he wished that I
would not only finish high school but also go to college. He
worked hard to send me to college. I managed to graduate
with honors. Now, I have a child and I wish that he will go
to college. I encourage him to work hard. I wish he would
understand how hard his grandfather and father have
worked to give him a good life. He doesn't comprehend it
right now, but I hope he will when he is older.
Hypothetical Wish – Past Agreement
A PAST WISH ABOUT AN EARLIER EVENT
A PAST WITH ABOUT AN PAS EVENT
WISHED + PAST PERFECT
My father wished he had gone to college.
(I regret he didn't.)
A PAST WISH ABOUT A FUTURE EVENT
WISHED WOULD + VERB ( Action may or may not happen.)
My father wished that I would go to graduate school.
Use “had gone” or “would go”
My father wished that I went to college
Hypothetical Wish – Present Agreement
A PRESENT WISH ABOUT AN EARLIER EVENT
WISH + PAST PERFECT
I wish father had understood my
appreciation.(I regret he didn't.)
A PRESENT WISH ABOUT A FUTURE EVENT
WOULD + VERB
( Action may or may not happen.)
I wish my son would understand the
importance of hard work.
A PRESENT WISH ABOUT A PRESENT EVENT
WISH + PAST
I wish my son understood his
grandfather's efforts. (He doesn't.)
A Wish (that may become true)
A Wish (that may become true)
WISHED TO +VERB
My father wished to go to college.
(Maybe he did.)
A PRESENT WISH ABOUT A FUTURE EVENT
WISH TO +VERB cannot use an
indirect object
I wish to go to graduate school.
(Maybe I will.)
Wishes Followed by a ThatClause or an Infinitive Phrase
THAT-CLAUSES
INFINITIVE
These words introduce a wish with a that-clause and will or would.
These words introduce a
wish with an infinitive
phrase.
My mother hopes (that) I will be an engineer.
My father wished me to
become an engineer.
My mother hoped (that) I would be an engineer.
My grandfather wanted
me to be happy.
My grandfather prays (that) I will be happy.
My grandfather would like
me to be happy.
Gerunds
Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata
kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating,
fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila
diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama
dengan present participle, bedanya gerund
berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present
participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata
benda.
Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective
complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)
Subject
Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat
biasanya selalu
didahului to be yang
terletak di antara subject dan
subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading
Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.
Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak
setelah preposisi.
Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah
of, on, no, with, without, at for,
after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau
penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
INFINITIVE
Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang
umumnya ditambah to di depannya, misalnya to eat, to say, to
run, to work, to study.
Seperti halnya dengan gerund, infinitive pun dapat berfungsi
sebagai kata benda (noun). Bedanya, penggunaan infinitive lebih
luas daripada gerund yang hanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
Infinitive mempunyai tiga fungsi, yaitu sebagai kata benda (noun),
kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan (adverb).
Infinitive sebagai kata benda (noun)
- To say is easy but to do is difficult.
- To understand English is not an easy job.
- To dry an ocean is nonsense.
Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)
- I have no time to go.
- The desire to success is strong in youth.
- I have had the money to pay this ticket.
Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)
- I come to meet you.
- We read to get new information.
Present perfect
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action
happened at an unspecified time before now. The
exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the
Present Perfect with specific time expressions
such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week,
when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that
moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the
Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such
as: ever, never, once, many times, several times,
before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Example :
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your
experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience
of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have
never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is
NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the
experience of being in France. Maybe you have been
there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the
sentence.
I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the
experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
Simple Past
Use the Simple Past to express the
idea that an action started and finished
at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not
actually mention the specific time, but
they do have one specific time in mind.
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
II saw
saw a
a movie
movie yesterday.
yesterday.
II didn't
see
a
play
didn't see a play
yesterday.
yesterday.
Last
Last year,
year, II traveled
traveled to
to
Japan.
Japan.
Last
Last year,
year, II didn't
didn't
travel
to
Korea.
travel to Korea.
Did
Did you
you have
have dinner
dinner last
last
night?
night?
She
She washed
washed her
her car.
car.
He
didn't
wash
his
He didn't wash his car.
car.
We
use
the
Simple
Past
tototo
list
a aseries
ofofof
We
We
use
use
the
the
Simple
Simple
Past
Past
list
list
aseries
series
completed
actions
ininthe
past.
These
actions
completed
completed
actions
actions
inthe
the
past.
past.
These
These
actions
actions
happen
1st,
2nd,
3rd,
4th,
and
so
on.
happen
happen1st,
1st,2nd,
2nd,3rd,
3rd,4th,
4th,and
andsosoon.
on.
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
I Ifinished
work,
walked
tototo
the
beach,
Ifinished
finished
work,
work,
walked
walked
the
the
beach,
beach,
and
found
a
nice
place
to
swim.
and
andfound
founda anice
niceplace
placetotoswim.
swim.
He
arrived
from
the
airport
atatat
He
He
arrived
arrived
from
from
the
the
airport
airport
8:00,
checked
into
the
hotel
atatat
9:00,
8:00,
8:00,
checked
checked
into
into
the
the
hotel
hotel
9:00,
9:00,
and
met
the
others
at
10:00.
and
andmet
metthe
theothers
othersatat10:00.
10:00.
Did
you
add
flour,
pour
ininthe
milk,
and
Did
Did
you
you
add
add
flour,
flour,
pour
pour
inthe
the
milk,
milk,
and
and
then
add
the
eggs?
then
thenadd
addthe
theeggs?
eggs?