MANAJEMEN RISIKO BANK SYARIAH Latar Belakang Kemampuan pengelolaan risiko semakin disadari sebagai salah satu key success factor kelangsungan usaha suatu institusi keuangan, sejalan dengan meningkatnya tantangan usaha yang dipicu: Proses globalisasi yang meningkatkan saling ketergantungan antara sektor keuangan suatu negara dengan negara lainnya ketatnya persaingan usaha dan kemajuan teknologi informasi yang mendorong semakin variatif dan kompleksnya produk keuangan Konsep dan Jenis Risiko Secara umum risiko diinterpretasikan sebagai sebuah ketidakpastian atas suatu posisi Dalam konteks perbankan risiko merupakan potensi terjadinya suatu peristiwa (events) yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian Bank Jenis risiko yang dihadapi perbankan meliputi Risiko Kredit, Risiko Pasar, Risiko Likuiditas, Risiko Operasional, Risiko Reputasi, Risiko Hukum, Risiko Strategik, Risiko Kepatuhan (PBI 5/8/2003). Risiko Bank Syariah Jenis Risiko bank syariah menurut Risk Management Guide IFSB (2004): Risiko Kredit, Risiko Pasar, Risiko Likuiditas, Risiko Operasional, Risiko Reputasi* sebagaimana bank konvensional Equity Investment Risk terkait dengan sharing risiko investasi ketika bank masuk dalam sebuah partnership (syirkah) Rate of return risk Terkait dengan perubahan ekspektasi return pemilik dana investasi * akan diatur pada pedoman terpisah Risiko Bank Syariah Secara umum potensi perbedaan karakteristik risiko pada bank syariah (dibandingkan bank konvensional) bersumber dari kewajiban memenuhi prinsip syariah maupun dampak dari variasi akad yang digunakan (IFSB,2004): different Commencement stage of risk due to non-binding nature of contracts in some instruments risk transformation (eg. From market risk to credit risk for murabahah) Risiko Bank Syariah risks associated with their own exposures (as a supplier or lessor) in parallel transactions different risk mitigation procedures not only fiduciary-type but (possible) extention to agency-type contracts (e.g. in agency bank need to identify investor’s riskreturn appetite) Risiko Bank Syariah Kajian Bank Indonesia (2003) menyimpulkan disamping risiko perbankan secara umum perbankan syariah memiliki keunikan dalam hal: Potensi adanya risiko investasi (income risk/equity investment risk) Risiko likuiditas yang spesifik terkait dengan perbedaan return (rate of return risk) Risiko Bank Syariah Market risk yang spesifik dari perubahan harga persediaan Legal risk yang spesifik terkait dengan transaksi menggunakan prinsip syariah Risiko reputasi yang dikaitkan juga dengan pemenuhan prinsip syariah dalam operasional bank Manajemen Risiko Pengaturan Manajemen Risiko Bank Umum secara garis besar mencakup: Risk Governance Satuan Kerja Manajemen Risiko dan Komite Manajemen Risiko Risk Management Pillars 4 pilar manajemen risiko: pengawasan aktif komisaris dan direksi; kebijakan, prosedur dan penetapan limit; identifikasi, pengukuran, monitoring dan sistem informasi manajemen risiko; sistem pengendalian intern Disclosure laporan tahunan (pelaksanaan dan arah kebijakan), laporan profil risiko dan laporan produk/aktivitas baru Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Credit Risk Principle 2.1: IIFS shall have in place a strategy for financing, using various instruments in compliance with Shari`ah, whereby it recognises the potential credit exposures that may arise at different stages of the various financing agreements. Principle 2.2: IIFS shall carry out a due diligence review in respect of counterparties prior to deciding on the choice of an appropriate Islamic financing instrument. Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Principle 2.3: IIFS shall have in place appropriate methodologies for measuring and reporting the credit risk exposures arising under each Islamic financing instrument. Principle 2.4: IIFS shall have in place Shari`ah-compliant credit risk mitigating techniques appropriate for each Islamic financing instrument. Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Market Risk Principle 4.1: IIFS shall have in place an appropriate framework for market risk management (including reporting) in respect of all assets held, including those that do not have a ready market and/or are exposed to high price volatility. Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Liquidity Risk Principle 5.1: IIFS shall have in place a liquidity management framework (including reporting) taking into account separately and on an overall basis their liquidity exposures in respect of each category of current accounts, unrestricted and restricted investment accounts. Principle 5.2: IIFS shall assume liquidity risk commensurate with their ability to have sufficient recourse to Shari`ah-compliant funds to mitigate such risk. Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Operational Risk Principle 7.1: IIFS shall have in place adequate systems and controls, including Shari`ah Board/ Advisor, to ensure compliance with Shari`ah rules and principles. Principle 7.2: IIFS shall have in place appropriate mechanisms to safeguard the interests of all fund providers. Where IAH funds are commingled with the IIFS’s own funds, the IIFS shall ensure that the bases for asset, revenue, expense and profit allocations are established, applied and reported in a manner consistent with the IIFS’s fiduciary responsibilities. Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Rate of Return Risk Principle 6.1: IIFS shall establish a comprehensive risk management and reporting process to assess the potential impacts of market factors affecting rates of return on assets in comparison with the expected rates of return for investment account holders (IAH). Principle 6.2: IIFS shall have in place an appropriate framework for managing displaced commercial risk, where applicable. Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Equity Investment Risk Principle 3.1: IIFS shall have in place appropriate strategies, risk management and reporting processes in respect of the risk characteristics of equity investments, including Mudharabah and Musharakah investments. Principle 3.2: IIFS shall ensure that their valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent, and shall assess the potential impacts of their methods on profit calculations and allocations. The methods shall be mutually agreed between the IIFS and the Mudharib and/or Musharakah partners. Prinsip Manajemen Risiko (IFSB,2004) Equity Investment Risk Principle 3.3: IIFS shall define and establish the exit strategies in respect of their equity investment activities, including extension and redemption conditions for Mudharabah and Musharakah investments, subject to the approval of the institution’s Shari`ah Board. Pengawasan Berbasis Risiko Penerapan manajemen risiko oleh perbankan diikuti pula oleh pengembangan sistem pengawasan berbasis risiko oleh Bank Indonesia Tujuan utama pengawasan berbasis risiko adalah “to minimize overall regulatory burden and make the most effective use of scarce supervisory resources”. Penilaian Tingkat Kesehatan Sebagai bagian sistem pengawasan berbasis risiko, salah satu perangkat penilaian performa bank syariah yang digunakan adalah penilaian tingkat kesehatan (TKS) PBI 9/1/2007 1. TKS bank syariah menilai berbagai aspek yang mempengaruhi kinerja bank syariah baik dari sisi finansial maupun manajerial. 2. Dari sisi finansial, faktor yang dinilai meliputi kecukupan permodalan, kualitas aset, kualitas income (termasuk efisiensi), kecukupan likuiditas, dan sensitivitas terhadap risiko pasar. Penilaian Tingkat Kesehatan 3. Indikator penilaian yang digunakan pada dasarnya mencerminkan intensitas berbagai jenis risiko yang dihadapi bank syariah. 4. Dari sisi manajerial penilaian kualitas manajemen bank meliputi penilaian atas kualitas good corporate governance secara umum, kualitas manajemen risiko dan kepatuhan terhadap regulasi baik yang mengatur aspek prudensial maupun penerapan prinsip syariah. Penilaian Tingkat Kesehatan Management Credit Risk Market Risk Liquidity Risk Reputation Risk Asset Sens’ty Liquidity Quality To MR Earning Capital Op’nal Risk Legal Risk Strategic Risk Systemic Risk Sistem Pengawasan Bank Syariah Sistem pengawasan berbasis risiko bank syariah termasuk penilaian TKS merupakan satu kesatuan dari proses pengaturan dan pengawasan bank yang menjadi tugas BI dengan sasaran mendukung pencapaian stabilitas sistem keuangan Sistem Pengawasan Bank Syariah TERIMA KASIH
