CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY A. Background English is one of the most widely studied and used international languages in communication among nations. This is in accordance with the role of English as a global language where English acts as a global or world language because English is learned and used as a means of communicating in different countries either as a first language, a second language, or as a foreign language language. In Indonesia, English is the first foreign language studied as a compulsory subject from junior high school to university. With the ability to speak English, we can easily access and obtain information because most of the information is written in English. This is because English serves as a language of science, technology and commerce. English language skills are also one of the most decisive skills in getting a job because the top companies in Indonesia always include the English proficiency requirements both oral and written as one of the requirements to become an employee in the company. Once we master English well, we will be able to communicate with other nations in this world. In addition, we can also increase our knowledge for the progress of our nation and country, so we can read English literature, listen to foreign radio broadcasts, and watch other science movies. Many rules must be considered in its use, especially in the field of writing. Therefore, the author tries to present the rules of daily conversation that is often used in communicating in our daily life where this conversation we always meet in everyday life, in addition to fulfilling the tasks of colleges also aims to provide deeper knowledge about caustive verbs and subjunctive hopefully this short article can add our insight about the English language. B. Formulation of the problem 1. What is a Causative verbs and Subjunctive? 2. How to use Causative verbs Subjunctive? 3. What is the use of Causative verbs Subjunctive? C. Aim From the above problems, the author aims to explain or describe the points of the causative and subjunctive verbs which can later be used in daily conversation, and materials made in accordance with the knowledge we obtain, both from books and other sources. CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 1 CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL PART 1 1. CAUSATIVE VERBS Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In other words, when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This is the sense of causative verbs. Intermediate to advanced level English learners should study the causative verb as an alternative to the passive voice. Causative Verbs Jack had his house painted. This sentence is similar in meaning to: Someone painted Jack's house. OR Jack's house was painted by someone. Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to take place. Causative verbs can be similar in meaning to passive verbs. Examples: a) I told the lecturer took cement. (passive) b) The lecturer told me to take cement. (causative) The causative verb expresses the notion of CAUSE and the infinitive expresses a particular RESULT. The complement of the causative verb in a periphrastic causative construction in English can be range of structures besides embedded clause as in (4) (Wolff, Klettke, Ventura & Song, 2005) Causative Use of‘ Have’in English Causative is a common structure in English. However, there are no regular causative inflections in English so it resorts to idiomatic use of the verbs have/get or make. This type of structure is more complicated than the inflectional causative form exemplified in Sanskrit by “adding the suffix i to the strengthened root” (Egenes, 2005:222) Both 'make' and 'have' can be used as causative verbs. causative verb commonly used are : Have, Get, Make, . CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 2 Verb Let Make Have Get function Allowing someone to do something forcing or convincing someone to do something the first person gives the responsibility to someone to do something for the first person as well as having but having different language structures 1. Make 'Make' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another person to do something. Construction Chart Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of Verb Examples: a) The Student made the building give him the money. b) The lecturer civil engineering made the students stay after class. 2. Have 'Have' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them. This causative verb is often used when speaking about various services. There are two forms of the causative verb 'have'. Construction Chart: Use 1 Subject + Have + Person + Base Form of Verb Examples: a) Lecturer had students smart in the class . b) Andi had sand and stone cook for testing. Construction Chart: Use 2 Subject + Have + Object + Past Participle CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 3 Examples: a) Students had matter for presentation in the lab at day Monday . b) Amir had stone and sand for contraction at the tomorrow. Note: This form is similar in meaning to the passive. 3. Get 'Get' is used as a causative verb in a similar way as 'have' is used with the participle. This expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them. The causative verb is often used in a more idiomatic manner than 'have'. Construction Chart Subject + Get + Person + Past Participle Examples: a) People got job build their house and painted last week. b) Yoga got tractor for refine street at the tomorrow. 4. Let, Help ‘Let ‘has the meaning of allow / illustrate while ‘Help’ has a meaning meaning help. As for the formula is as follows: Subject + let + object + v1 Example: a. My dad lets me ride his car Another Source 1. Active Have Subject + Ex : Make + Complement (usally person)+ verb-1 + object a. I have some one repair my cement, or b. I make some one repair my cement The causative verb make can be followed only by a clause in the active voice. It has stronger sense than have and get. It means force. CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 4 2. Active Subject + get + object + to infinitive + object Examples: a. I get someone to repair my job. (true) b. I get someone repair my job. (false) c. I have someone to repair my job. (false) 3. Passive Subject + Gave Get Make + object + verb-3 Examples: a. I have my duty for published b. I get my duty for published c. I make my duty for published CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 5 2. SUBJUNCTIVE Subjunctive is a verb used to imagine the consequences of something that does not exist or does not happen, which can be wish, requirements, and suggestions. Or in other words, the meaning of this subjunctive sentence always contradicts reality or fact. In grammar subjunctive mood is that form of a verb which expresses the action or state not as a fact , but only as a conception of the mind still contingent and dependent. It is commonly subjoined , or added as subordinate , to some other verbs , and in English it is often connected with it, by, if , that , though , less s, unless , except, until ……..etc 2.1 Subjunctive Function a. Subjunctive may be preceded by several verbs that contain advice or suggestions. That said should always appear in a Subjunctive sentence if the word That is omitted, then the verb is followed by an infinitive or verb 1, for example: Advise (menasehati) Ask (meminta) Command (memerintah) Decree (mendesak ) Demand ( menuntut ) Insist (memerintahkan ) Move (menuntut ) Order (memerintah ) Prefer (lebih suka ) Propose (mengusulkan ) Recommend ( mengajukan ) Request (memohon) Require ( meminta) Stipulate (menetapkan ) Suggest (menyarankan) Urge ( mendesak ) Examples : a. The government has proposed that the oll prices rise. b. The judge insisted that be punished severely. c. The teacher requires that all students study hard b. Subjunctive can be known from some adjectives that contain advice or suggestion. That said should always appear in a Subjunctive sentence if the word That is omitted, then the verb is followed by an infinitive or verb 1,for example: CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 6 Imperative (keharusan) Important (penting) Necessary ( perlu ) Obligatory (keharusan) Proposed (diusulkan) Recommended (diajukan) Suggested (disarankan) Urgent (mendesak) Examples : a. It has been proposed that we start from the beginning. b. It was urgent that she come early. c. It is necessary that he get good education. c. Subjunctive can also be preceded by a few nouns containing advice (advice) or suggestions. That said should always appear in a Subjunctive sentence if the word That is omitted, then the verb is followed by an infinitive or verb 1, for example: Motion (usulan) Proposal (usulan) Recommendation (saran/anjuran) Suggestion (saran) 2.2 Subjunctive Use Formulas 1. Future Subjunctive Future Subjunctive is used as a conditional phrase that refers to the future, so the fact is also in the form of Simple Future Tense. Wish Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Could / Would + Verb 1 Example: I wish you would come to the job is civil engineering. (Meaning: I wish you would come to the civil engineering.) (Fact: He will not come to the civil engineering) Note: Although rarely used, but Future Subjunctive sometimes still often we meet, so we better recognize it as well. Can instead use Present Subjunctive instead. CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 7 2. Present Subjunctive Present Subjunctive is used as a conditional phrase that refers to the present, so the fact is also in the form of Simple Present Tense. Wish Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were Example: I wish you assist me. (Meaning: I hope you assist me.) (The fact is: You do not assist me.) As if / As though Subject (1) + Verb 1 + as if + Subject (2) + Verb2 / were Example: The boy lab coat as if it practical work. (Meaning: The boy lab coat as if it practical work.) (Fact: it is not practical work.) Would rather Subject (1) + would rather + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were Example: Shelly would rather he told the truth civil engineering. (Meaning: Shelly prefers her to tell the truth civil engineering.) (Fact: He does not tell the truth civil engineering.) CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 8 If only If only + Subject + Verb 2 Example : If only she knew. (Meaning: If he knows.) (Fact: She does not know.) Note : In the Present Subjunctive form, the verb used is the 2nd form (VERB 2), and if must use to be, must use "were" for all Subject types. 3. Past Subjunctive Past Subjunctive is used as a conditional phrase that refers to the past, so the fact is also in the form of Simple Past Tense. Wish Subject (1) + wished + Subject (2) + Had + Verb 3 / been Example: She wished (that) she had had more time practical work. (Meaning: He wished that he had more time practical work.) (In fact: She did not have more time practical work.) As if / As though Subject (1) + Verb 2 + as if + Had + Verb 3 / been Example: Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (Meaning: Jeff looks as if he has seen a ghost.) (Fact: He did not see a ghost.) CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 9 Would rather Subject (1) + would rather + Subject 2 + Had + Verb 3 / been Example: I would rather he had been lab concrete. (Meaning: I prefer he's already lab concrete.) (The fact is: He was not lab concrete.) If only If only + Subject + Had + Verb 3 / been Example: If only Rachel had not been at class last morning (Meaning: If Rachel had not been at class last morning.) (The fact is: Rachel was at at class last morning.) CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 10 4. EXERCISE Choose the right answer!! 1. "Let's go swimming." "I wish I _____ have a test tomorrow and I still have to study. A. am able B. could be C. could D. will be able E. be able toI 2. wish ____ now at the party. A. He is here B. He will be here C. He has been here D. He were here E. He be here 3. I am sorry I don't know the answer, but I really wish I _____ A. know B. knew C. have known D. will know E. had known 4. "After I finished my article, I had it edited." This means that ____ A. I had edited my article B. My article would be edited C. I was asked to edit my article D. I had to edit my article myself E. Somebody edited my article 5. Andi : I don't think you can translate the whole book by yourself. Ali : You are right. I'd like to ___ a part of it for me. A. you have to translate B. have translated for you C. have you translate D. have been translated E. you have translated 6. " Can you send this letter for me? I'm in a hurry" " Don't worry, I will have Anna ____ it for you. A. send B. sent C. will send D. sends E. to send CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 11 7. " What are the men doing in your garden?" " Oh, I _____ " A. am having a gazebo built. B. am building a gazebo C. have built gazebo D. have to built a gazebo E. have been building a gazebo Fill the blanck space!! 8. I got my friend ….. me a new pen.(to buy / buy) 9. If only I had …. that Sean is your girl, I would not touch her.(known/knew) 10. If I … a doctor, I would never diagnose heart failure by symptiom alone. (was/were) ANSWER : 1. In the above problem shows subjunctive show present or future with the pattern as follows : Subject + wish .... + Subject + would / could So the right answer is could (C) 2. The use of the "now" time marker indicates that the subjunctive shows the present tense, so the pattern is used Subject + Wish .... + subject + past verb, Then the correct answer is He was here (D) 3. The fact of the above statement is "I am sorry I do not know the answer". So presupposes using Present Tense Subject + Wish .... + subject + past verb .... Then the correct answer is knew (B) 4. S + have + O + V3, which means passive. So when the meaning is defined After I finish my article, I want the article edited. Means I have someone edit my article (somebody edited my article) (E) 5. Ali told Andi to translate his book, so the phrase used is I'd like to have you translate a part of it for me. (C) 6. S + have + O1 + V1 + O2, so, the complete sentence form is ... I will have Anna send it for you. (A) 7. someone tells the gazebo to be built, so the formula used is as a passive object, with the formula S + have + O + V3 then the answer is I am having a gazebo built. (A) 8. To buy, because the formula in causative verbs is subject+get/got+ subject + to+ verb 1 9. Known , because the formula in past tense subjunctive (subjunctive + subject+ had + verb 3) 10. Were, Past subjunctive is used in conditional type 2. CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 12 CHAPTER 3 CLOSING 1. Conclusion : In this theme we can learn about CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE,. So, Subjunctive is a sentence that expresses a hope that is usually contrary to reality. Subjective sentences usually use conditional phrases, such as: Wish (hope), if only (if only), as if / as though, would rather (prefer) 2. Suggestion : Thank you for your attention, The author realizes that this paper is still far from perfection. Therefore, criticism and suggestions from friends that are constructive we are very hopeful for the perfection of this paper. CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 13 REFERENCES www. academi.edu/makalah_causative_verb Riyanto, Slamet. 2013. Essential Grammar and Reading Strategy for Toefl Test. Yogyakarta: C.V ANDI OFFSET. Rosita, Nur. 2017. Intisari lengkap English grammar. Yogyakarta: DIVA Press Sailendra, Tim. 2013. The pocket book of high score toefl. Yogyakarta: Istana MediaRizka, Haira. dan Ayu, Dewi. 2015. Simple and Eassy toefl. Yogyakarta: PT. Gramedia Toefl preparation pasca sarjana UNY International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, Vol. 2(2), June 2014 Marija Stevkovska College of Basic Education Researchers Journal Vol. 7, No. 3 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 14 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 15 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 16 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 17 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 18 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 19 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 20 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 21 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 22 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 23 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 24 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 25 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 26 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 27 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 28 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 29 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 30 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 31 Attachment 1 www. academi.edu/makalah_causative_verb CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 32 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 33 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 34 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 35 Attachment 2 Riyanto, Slamet. 2013. Essential Grammar and Reading Strategy for Toefl Test. Yogyakarta: C.V ANDI OFFSET. CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 36 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 37 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 38 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 39 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 40 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 41 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 42 Attachment 3 Rosita, Nur. 2017. Intisari lengkap English grammar. Yogyakarta: DIVA Press CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 43 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 44 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 45 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 46 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 47 Attachment 4 Rosita, Nur. 2017. Intisari lengkap English grammar. Yogyakarta: DIVA Press CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 48 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 49 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 50 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 51 Attachment 5 Haira. dan Ayu, Dewi. 2015. Simple and Eassy toefl. Yogyakarta: PT. Gramedia CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 52 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 53 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 54 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 55 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 56 Attachment 6 International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, Vol. 2(2), June 2014 Marija Stevkovska CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 57 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 58 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 59 Attachment 7 College of Basic Education Researchers Journal Vol. 7, No. 3 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 60 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 61 CAUSATIVE VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE 62
