Penyakit Infeksi

SESI 5
READING 1
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
(PENYAKIT INFEKSI)
Dikutip oleh:
dr Mayang Anggraini Naga
1
DESKRIPSI
Bacaan ini mengulas tentang penyakit infeksi menular,
berbagai jenis mikroorganisme dan parasit
penyebabnya, yang masih merupakan grup penyakit
morbiditas dan mortalitas penting di banyak negara
termasuk Indonesia. Upaya pencegahan dengan
imunisasi sejak bayi, balita dan setelah dewasa belum
mampu mengatasi semua jenis yang kita kenal.
Pengetahuan tentang berbagai penyakit infeksi menular
diperlukan para pengkode diagnosis agar informasi klinis
dan epidemiologis dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
kebenaran dan ketepatannya.
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TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL UMUM
Paham tentang berbagai jenis penyakit infeksi
sebagai penyakit morbiditas dan mortalitas
masyarakat; pentingnya keakurasian dan ketepatan
nomor kode bagi pelaporan tentang kehadiran
penyakit infeksi menular serta cara pendokumentasiannya, guna menunjang keberhasilan program
manajemen morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit
infeksi rutin, epedemis ataupun timbulnya suatu KLB
3
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL KHUSUS
Menjelaskan:
- Definisi communicable diseases
Insiden penyakit menular
Berbagai sebutan jenis penyebab penyakit infeksi
menular
Berbagai istilah gejala umum penyakit infeksi
Menjelaskan metode pencegahan dan pengobatan
penyakit infeksi
Latihan mencari nomor kode istilah penyakit yang ada
pada materi Reading 1
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POKOK & SUBPOKOK BAHASAN
Infectious Diseases:
Definition
Incidence
Causes & Avoidance
Symptoms & Diagnosis
Treatment & Outlook
Menceriterakan kembali dan mengenal istilah medis
penyakit infeksi menular
Mencari nomor kode ICD-nya dan mendiskusikan hasil
jawaban soal latihan.
5
READING 1
(Sumber: AMA Encyclopedia of Medicine)
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Any illness, that is caused by a specific
microorganisme.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASEA
Any disease caused by a microorganism or
parasite that can be transmitted from one person
or animal to another .
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INCIDENCE
Infectious diseases are a large and important
group of conditions and, until recently, were
the major cause of illness and death throughout
the world.
(In many developing countries, they remain
a major cause of death).
Over the last century or so, the situation has
changed in the more developed countries as
a result of four important advances.
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4 (four) important advances.
• First: better methods are employed for controlling the
spread od disease organisms – including:
- better sanitation,
- water purification,
- housing ,
- pest control,
- personal hygiene, and
- quarantining procedures. (See Public Health)
• Second: many effective antimicrobial drugs have been
developed,
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4 (four) important advances (Cont.)
• Third, vaccines and other preparations has been
developed to provide immunity to certain
infectious disease
(See Immunization = the process of inducing immunity
as a preventive measure against certain infectious
diseases))
• Fourth: better general health and nutrition have been
bolstered immunity and improved survival.
(Bolstered = mendukung, menyokong)
(Immunity = A state of protection against a disease or
diseases through the activities of the immune system)
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INCIDENCE (Cont.-1)
In developed countries such measures have brought
about a dramatic decline in the incidence of some
serious diseases (such as:
poliomyelitis,
small pox,
diphtheria, and
tuberculosis”.
In poorer countries, however, infectious diseases
remains a huge problem, for reasons that include
lack of resources, ignorance, low standards of public
and personal hygiene, the presence of insect
transmitters of disease, and perhaps most importantly,
malnutrition. Diseases such as measles have a
mortality of 20% or more in malnourished children.
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CAUSES
Disease-causing organisms fall into a number of
well-defined groups. Among the most important are
the:
viruses,
bacteria, and
fungsi, along with
three smaller groups.
the rikecttsiae,
chlamydiae, and
mycoplasmas.
All are relatively simple organisms that can readily
multiply in a host’s tissues when defenses are low.
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Causes (Cont.)
Other groups include the:
protozoa,
worms, and
flukes.
These more complex parasites may spend only part
of their life cycle, in human tissues; the rest of their
lives is spent in another animals or in soil.
Colonization of the body by worms and flukes (along
with external parasites, such as scabies and lice),
is generally referred to as an infestation rather than an
infection.
(see table, for examples of transmission mechanisms)
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AVOIDANCE
Serious infectious diseases can largely be avoided by
measures such as:
immunization,
good hygiene with respect to:
food and
drink and
washing the hands after using the toilet,
avoiding contact with animal feces and
secretions, and
prudence in choice of sexual partners
(or precautions, such as the use of condoms).
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SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS
Fever is a feature in many infectious diseases;
symptoms generally are related to the system or
organ attacked – for example:
cough,
diarrhea or
skin-rash.
Apart from diseases in which the symptoms and signs
are usually easily recognizable (such as chickenpox),
diagnosis relies on identifying the causative microorganism; testing may be by direct microscope
examination of a specimen of infected tissue
(tuberculosis) or body fluid, by culture techniques,
or by detecting antibodies (typhoid fever, hepatitis)
(see immunoassay).
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SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS (Cont.-1)
A particular problem with infectious diseases is that
there is always a time gap (the incubation period)
between entry of the microorganisms into the body and
the first appearance of symptoms.
The incubation period may last from a few hours to
several years, during this time, the infected person is
likely to pass the microorganism to other people
(carrier).
Moreover symptoms may never develop in some
infected people, but they nonetheless continue to
carry the diseases organisms and unwittingly transmit
them to others.
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SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS (Cont.-2)
As a result, an epidemic can be well established
before it is recognized and control measures introduced.
This can be particularly devastating when the disease
is a new one and has the long incubation period and
high mortality (AIDS)
(AIDS = Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, due to
infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
AIDS appears to be new to the human population
(1982), as yet there is no curative treatment and no
vaccine for AIDS, but the symptoms and complications
variably respond to antibiotics, antiviral agents, radiation
therapy and antifungal drugs).
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TREATMENT
The mainstay of treatment is the use of antibiotic
and other antimicrobial drugs.
Drug treatment must be carefully selected through
culture and identification of organisms because
certain microorganisms are susceptible only to certain
antibiotics.
For many virus, no effective antiviral drug is available
and treatment relies on supportive measures, such
as reducing temperature, maintaining food and fluid
intake and so on.
17
OUTLOOK
Although great strides have been made in the fight
against infectious diseases, many problems remain,
even in developed countries.
The spread of certain diseases (such as sexually
transmitted infections) is difficult to control except by
modifying human behavior.
For many infections, no effective vaccines has been
developed. The majority of viral illnesses cannot be
effectively combated with drugs, and some bacteria
have developed resistance to the drugs available.
When a new infectious disease appears, it may be years
before an effective vaccine or drug-treatment can be
devised. In the meantime, large numbers of people may
die (AIDS again provides the most recent example).
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TUGAS READING 1
1. Ceriterakan kembali paper di atas dalam bahasa
Indonesia
2. Apa arti kata yang dicetak tebal tanpa garis bawah?
3. Cari nomor kode istilah yang tercetak dengan huruf
kapital dan diberi garis bawah, di ICD-10
Istilah:
(1) poliomyelitis
(2) small pox
(3) diphtheria
(4) tuberculosis
(5) malnutrition.
(hal. Vol. 3)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
[
[
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[
]
]
]
]
]
]
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
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Tugas (Lanjutan)
Istilah:
(6)
measles
(7)
scabies
(8)
infestation
(9)
infection
(10) immunization
(11) fever
(12) diarrhea
(13) skin-rash
(14) chickenpox)
(15) chickenpox)
(16) (AIDS)
(hal. Vol. 3)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
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]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
No:
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Jawaban soal tugas READING 1
• Catatan: Huruf dengan kapital dan cetakan tebal adalah
alfabet petunjuk pencarian di volume 3.
Istilah:
(hal. Vol. 3) [hal. Vol. 1] No:
(1) Poliomyelitis (446 )
[142 ]
No: A80.9
Jelaskan mengapa harus kita pilih nomor kode A80.9
ini?
(2) Small pox
(500 )
[150 ]
No: B03
Ada keterangan apa di baris bawah halaman 150?
(3) Diphtheria
(160 )
[124 ]
No: A36.9
Apa dasar penentuan kode subdivisi kategori
Diphtheria?
21
Jawaban soal tugas READING 1 (Lanjutan-1)
(4) Tuberculosis
(542 ) [115 ]
No: A16.9
Apa yang membedakan TB dengan kode A15.- dari
A16.-?
(5) Malnutrition.
(345 )
[292 ]
No: E46
Mengapa harus E46 dan bukan E40, E41, E43 atau
E44?
(6) Measles
(350 )
[150 ]
No: B05.9
Campak yang bagaimana yang diberi nomor kode di
atas?
(7) Scabies
(486 )
[176
Apa sebutan lain bagi scabies?
]
No: B86
22
Jawaban soal tugas READING 1 (Lanjutan-2)
(8) Infestation
(299 )
[177 ]
No: B88.9
Infestasi parasit dengan nomor kode ini untuk jenis
penyakit infestasi yang apa?
(9) Infection
(290 )
[180 ]
No: B99
Kelompok penyakit infeksi apa saja yang dapat diberi \
nomor ini?
(10 Immunization
(285 )
[1137 ]
No: Z26.9
Mengapa istilah ini tidak menggunakan alphabet A atau
B?
Apa saja yang tidak dapat diberi nomor kode Z26.-?
23
Jawaban soal tugas READING 1 (Lanjutan-3)
(11) Fever
(222 )
[871 ]
No: R50.9
Untuk demam yang tipe apa kode ini bisa digunakan?
(12) Diarrhea
(158 )
[112 ]
No: A09
Untuk diarrhae jenis apa kode ini boleh dipilih?
(13) Skin-Rash
(500)(471)
[862
]
No: No: R
Mengapa tidak dapat ditemukan melalui penelusuran
lead-term Skin ?
Gejala penyakit apakah R21 ini?
(14) Chickenpox) (96
)
[149 ]
No: B01.9
Apa dasar pembagian subdivisi kategori Varicella ini? 24
Jawaban soal tugas READING 1 (Lanjutan-4)
(15) (AIDS)
(37
)
[155 ]
No: B24
HIV yang mana yang dikode dengan B24 ini?
(16) Typhoid fever
No:
(17) Hepatitis
No:
Catatan:
Setelah Anda menemukan kode di Volume 3,
semua jawaban pertanyaan di atas dapat ditelusuri
ketepatannya melalui pengetahuan Anda tentang
cara mengontrol kepastian pemilihan kode yang
akurat dan tepat dengan menggunakan ICD-10
volume 1
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