agarwood bibliography a compilation of abstracts on

AGARWOOD BIBLIOGRAPHY
A COMPILATION OF ABSTRACTS
ON AGARWOOD STUDIES
Compiled by:
Adi Susilo
Denny
Ministry of Forestry
Forestry Research and Development
Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development
in cooperation with
International Tropical Timber Organization
(ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project
Bogor – Indonesia, 2014
AGARWOOD BIBLIOGRAPHY:
A COMPILATION OF ABSTRACTS ON AGARWOOD STUDIES
Compiled by:
Adi Susilo
Denny
Editors:
Maman Turjaman
Agustinus P. Tampubolon
Atok Subiakto
Desain Cover:
Agustina Dwi Setyowati
Copyright © 2014 Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and
Development
in cooperation with International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES
Phase II Project
ISBN 978-602-1681-22-0
Published by
Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project
Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, Indonesia
Telp. +62-251-8633234, Fax. +62-251-8638111
Printed by: IPB Press
Bogor, Desember 2014
This work was made possible by a grant from ITTO under its collaborative program with CITES ‘Support
to ITTO: CITES Implementation for Tree Species and Trade/Market Transparency (TMT)’. Donors to this
collaborative program include the EU (primary donor), the USA, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. The
project was implemented by Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development.
Preface
“Agarwood Bibliography: A compilation of Abstract on Agarwood studies” is one of
the outputs of the “Promoting Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources of Aquilaria
and Gyrinops Species in Indonesia”, funded by ITTO.
The Bibliography covers 126 references of agarwood on ecology, genetic,
silviculture, agarwood formation, chemical compound, and social economy that
were published from 2000 to 2014. Included references range from published
document, theses, dissertation, journal articles, to project reports and conference
papers. The bibliography represents the collection of information concerning the
progress of agarwood technology from various scientific publications.
We hope that Agarwood bibliography will serve as a useful source of references to
researcher, scientists and anyone who is interested in agarwood research.
Director of CCR
Ir. Adi Susmianto, M.Sc
Tabel of Content
Preface..................................................................................................................................iii
Table of Content.................................................................................................................... v
Executive Summary.............................................................................................................vii
A. Ecology........................................................................................................................... 1
B. Genetic............................................................................................................................ 8
C. Silviculture..................................................................................................................... 18
D. Agarwood Formation..................................................................................................... 38
E. Chemical Compound.................................................................................................... 56
F. Social and Economy..................................................................................................... 72
G. References.................................................................................................................... 82
Index.................................................................................................................................... 95
Executive Summary
Agarwood, resinous dark-colored heartwood, is an economically important natural product
to produce incense, perfumes and traditional medicines. The most important agarwoodproducing trees are Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops spp. on Thymelaeaceae. Because of the
increasing agarwood demand, Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops spp. has become very rare in
the wild. As consequences Aquilaria and Gyrinops species were listed on Appendix II of the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
to control commercial agarwood trade.
This book, Agarwood bibliography, is a compilation abstract of published scientific research
carried out by research institutions and universities in Indonesia and overseas. With the
help of librarians from library of Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Ardikusuma Library),
Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor Agriculture University (IPB: Institut Pertanian Bogor) and
Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) published
research studies of agarwood were collected. Further more, online database such as
Proquest, Science direct, Google scholar and Infotract were also accessed to enrich the
collected result. Keywords used were agarwood, Aquilaria and Gyrinops. With this method,
126 scientific publications were collected covering aspect of ecology, silviculture, genetic,
agarwood formation, chemical compound, and social economy. Included references range
from published document, theses, journal articles, to project reports and conference papers
that were published from 2000 to 2014. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author and
year of publication in each of topic classification.
Gyrinops was poorly studied. From 126 collected scientific publications only 15 discussed
on Gyrinops, 105 discussed on Aquilaria and the rest of 6 discussed both. In term of subject
the most popular one was silviculture (29) followed by chemical compound (28), agarwood
formation (27), Genetic (15), social economy (15) and Ecology (12). The bibliography
represents the collection of information regarding the progress of agarwood technology.
1
A.Ecology
_________________________________________________________________
Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2000. Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical
Trees in the Genus Aquilaria I. Status and distribution in Indonesia Biological
Conservation 96 (2000): 83-94
Tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria Lam. are the principal source of gaharu, one
of the most valuable forest products traded internationally. Although these species
are the focus of increasing conservation concern, information on their status and
distribution is lacking. Information from herbarium accessions, a national forest
inventory (NFI), field surveys and gaharu traders was used to assess the distribution
of Aquilaria species in Indonesia, indicating population concentrations in Sumatra
and eastern Kalimantan. Analysis of NFI data indicated that population densities are
relatively low, with values generally <1.2 individuals haÿ1; mean values recorded
in field surveys were <0.6 individuals haÿ1. Analysis of probability distributions
emphasized the rarity of Aquilaria species, with a probability of encountering one
or more individuals of Aquilaria in 1 ha being less than 0.2 in field assessments.
Calculation of Morisita’s index of dispersion indicated that the species are generally
clumped, with Ip typically <0.6. Analysis of stand structure suggested continuous
recruitment in some areas, but a general absence of larger individuals. Given current
deforestation rates, these data suggest that all Aquilaria species in Indonesia
classify as Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List criteria.
Keywords: Gaharu; Agarwood; CITES; Threat; IUCN
_________________________________________________________________
Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2001. Conservation and sustainable use of tropical
trees in the genus Aquilaria II. The impact of gaharu harvesting in Indonesia.
Biological Conservation 97 (2001): 29-41
Aquilaria spp. are the main source of gaharu, one of the most valuable non-timber
products harvested from tropical forests. In order to assess the impact of gaharu
harvesting on populations of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, the activities of gaharu
collectors were assessed by accompanying them on collecting expeditions. Gaharu
harvesting generally involved felling the tree, with 31±92% of trees encountered
being felled. The quantity of gaharu obtained from each felling was extremely low,
mean values ranging from 0.10±0.18 kg tree ÿ1 to 0.19±2.13 kg tree ÿ1 for high and
low grade gaharu respectively. A combination of these values with gaharu trade
®gures for the early 1990s enabled the number of Aquilaria spp. trees harvested
annually in Indonesia to be estimated. Values ranged from less than 30,000 to
more than 100,000 trees felled, depending on the year. Field assessments of two
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populations of Aquilaria spp. were used to parameterize a matrix model, which was
used to predict the impact of diverent harvesting regimes on population dynamics
of the species. Values of the dominant latent root (l) were 1.22 and 1.20 for A.
malaccensis in West Kalimantan and A. microcarpa in East Kalimantan respectively,
indicating that both populations are self-sustaining in the absence of harvesting.
Analysis of l under diverent harvesting scenarios indicated that for A. malaccensis,
population expansion will continue if harvesting is set at a minimum diameter at
breast height (dbh) of above 10 cm, but for A. microcarpa, a population decline will
occur if trees with a dbh of less than 30 cm are harvested. Given current harvesting
practices, it is, therefore, unlikely that gaharu is being sustainably harvested at
present. These results suggest that the gaharu trade may have had a substantial
impact on the population size of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, and their implications
are discussed in the context of setting harvest quotas for regulation of trade, as
required by CITES.
_________________________________________________________________
Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2001. Reproductive ecology of Aquilaria spp. In
Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management 152 (2001): 59-71
Aquilaria spp. (Thymelaeaceae) are the principal source of Gaharu, a valuable
resin, yet information about their reproductive ecology is almost entirely lacking.
Individuals of six species (Aquilaria beccariana, Aquilaria crasna, Aquilaria filaria,
Aquilaria hirta, Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria microcarpa) in cultivation in
Indonesia were investigated to assess reproductive phenology, pollination, seed
production and germination. Seed production and seedling dispersion were also
assessed in natural populations of A. beccariana, A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa
in Kalimantan. Most of the selected trees flowered during the dry season, fruits
requiring between 36 and 72 days to develop, depending on the species. Twenty
different species of insect were recorded visiting glowering trees. The probability
of flowers developing into fruit varied between species from 0.04 to 0.43, although
flowers from which pollinators were excluded never produced fruit. Seed production
of A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa peaked at a dbh of approximately 40 and 50
cm, respectively, individual trees producing up to 19,000 seeds in a single season.
Germination under nursery conditions was initiated 7-15 days after sowing: seeds
of A. crasna had the highest probability of germination success (92%) whereas
those of A. filaria had the lowest (53%). In natural forest, most seedling (>65%)
occurred within 5 m of an adult tree, suggesting limited dispersal. These results
indicate that Aquilaria spp. Have high reproductive potential, but suggest that seed
dispersal might be limited in natural forest. The implications of these results for the
management of Aquilaria spp. are discussed.
Keywords: Reproductive phenology, Pollination, Ecology, Gaharu.
_______________________________________________________________
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Kiet LC, Kessler PJA, Eurlings M. 2005. A New Species Of Aquilaria
(Thymelaeaceae) From Vietnam. Blumea 50: 135–141
A new species of Aquilaria is described from Vietnam and keys to the flowering and
fruiting specimens of all species from this region are provided. DNA sequences of
the nrITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region seem to confirm its status as a distinct species.
Key words: Aquilaria, Thymelaeaceae, nrITS, taxonomy, Vietnam.
_________________________________________________________________
Darmawan S, Sumardi. 2006. Penyebaran dan Keberadaan Inang Gaharu di
Alam. Prosiding Sosialisasi Hasil Litbang Kepada Pengguna: Melalui Riset dan
Iptek, Hutan Lestari Masyarakat Sejahtera pp 205-215
Telah dilakukan penelitian penyebaran dan keberadaan inang gaharu di alam.
Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2004 di kawasan Hutan Timau
Kecamatan Amfoang Kabupaten Kupang dan Kawasan Hutan Wanggameti,
Kecamatan Metawai Selatan, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara
Timur. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan survey dan wawancara terhadap
masyarakat untuk mendapatkan data pengusahaan gaharu dan membuat petak
berukuran 20 m x 20 m dengan jarak antar petak 200 m dengan sistem jalur untuk
melakukan inventarisasi inang gaharu, pada lokasi tempat ditemukannya gaharu/
inang gaharu maupun bekas eksploitasi gaharu/inang gaharu. Dari hasil penelitian
di lokasi penelitian diketahui inang gaharu dari jenis Aquilaria malaccensis sulit
ditemukan. Inang gaharu di alam pada tingkat pohon dan tiang sudah tidak dapat
ditemukan, untuk tingkat pancang dan semai di petak analisis vegetasi masih
dapat dijumpai dengan nilai indeks penting masing- masing sebesar 2,86 dan 8,28.
Berkurangnya inang gaharu di alam disebabkan oleh perburuan yang berlangsung
secara besar-besaran tanpa dilakukan upaya konservasi dengan melakukan
budidaya inang gaharu.
Kata kunci: Inang, Gaharu, Survey, Inventarisasi
_______________________________________________________________
Anders J, Henrik M. 2008. Does Commercialization of a Non-timber Forest
Product Reduce Ecological Impact? A Case Study of the Critically Endangered
Aquilaria crassna in Lao PDR. Oryx 42(2): 214-221
Aquilaria crassna, a tree species on CITES Appendix II and categorized as Critically
Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is the main source of the highly valuable, fragrant
and resinous agarwood that is extracted in forests in South-east Asia, exported to
East Asian and Arab countries, and used for a range of medicinal, aromatic and
religious products. Based on interviews with local, non-local and foreign harvesters
in Laos we examined the relationships between harvesters’ daily net revenue from
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agarwood extraction, their degree of commercialization (i.e. their differential access
to markets) and their ability to target harvesting towards the small fraction of trees
that do contain commercial qualities and quantities of agarwood. For comparison
we included data on number of trees felled during the most recent harvesting trip.
The analysis showed that poor targeting ability and low degree of commercialization
were associated with low daily net revenues, whereas good targeting ability and
high degree of commercialization were associated with high daily net revenues.
In the case of A. crassna in Laos it therefore appears that the activities of highly
commercialized harvesters are less harmful to A. crassna populations than those
of less specialized, local harvesters.
Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria crassna, Gaharu, Laos, Non-timber forest product,
NTFP, South-east Asia.
_______________________________________________________________
Sumarna Y. 2008. Beberapa Aspek Ekologi, Populasi Pohon, dan Permudaan
Alam Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu Kelompok Karas (Aquilaria spp.) di
Wilayah Provinsi Jambi (Some Ecological Aspect, Tree Population, and
Natural Regeneration of Agarwood Tree of Karas Groups (Aquilaria spp.) in
Jambi Province Region). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 5(1):
93-99
Indonesia has the highest resources potency of the agarwood tree producer in
the world. Naturally they grow at various condition of ecosystem and forest type.
At the beginning people collected agarwood from the died tree, but due to the
increased demand in the market and naturally selling price turned higher, people
started hunting and cutting living tree. This activity endangers the agarwood
natural population. Since year 2004, the genus of Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops sp.
have been put in the Appendix II CITES (Convention on International Trade on
Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). In order to support the conservation
effort, ecological study of agarwood tree producer is needed. The research was
conducted through field survey in three sites namely site at <100 m, 200 m, and
>200 m above sea level. Each observation was replicated 3 times. The location of
the study was in Tabir Ulu subdistrict on Sorolangun regency on Jambi Province.
The results showed that air temperature range from 20-33º C, humidity range from
78-81%, light intensity range from 56-75% with rainfall range from 1,200-1,500 mm/
year. Tree Aquilaria spp. Population in forest area according to altitude mean only
7 tree, the population potency of seedling nature average from each mother tree
of the Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk mean amount to 287 seedling (20,3 m2 crown
canopy) and for the type Aquilaria microcarpa Bail amount to 331 seedling (24,5 m2
crown canopy).
Keywords: Karas, Agarwood, Ecologically, Ecology, Plantation
_________________________________________________________________
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Zhang L, Brockelman WY, Allen MA. 2008. Matrix Analysis to Evaluate
Sustainability: The Tropical Tree Aquilaria crassna, a Heavily Poached Source
of Agarwood. Biological Conservation 141(6): 1676-1686
We used size-structured Lefkovitch projection matrix analysis to predict future trends
in the survival of Aquilaria crassna (Thymelaeaceae), a tropical evergreen forest
tree that has been highly sought after for its valuable aromatic wood (agarwood)
for millennia. Data on growth, damage to trees by poachers, fruit production, seed
dispersal and seedling recruitment were collected from a 30-ha plot in Khao Yai
National Park, central Thailand that had seen moderate poaching. The population
asymptotic growth rate, I’.sub.a, and transient growth rate, I’.sub.tr, found from
using the matrix to project the observed population 48 years, were 1.002 and 1.005,
respectively, with 95% confidence intervals of [0.985,1.016] and [0.985,1.023].
The stable size distribution obtained from the matrix was reasonably similar to the
observed size distribution, suggesting that at the time of the study the population
was not far from equilibrium. Sensitivity analysis and simulations of poaching on
adult trees indicate that both I’’s are very sensitive to the removal of adult trees
and the growth of pre-adult trees. In particular, the increase in tree mortality and
decrease in preadult growth rate caused by agarwood collection seen in some
areas could cause extirpation of the population. While in such cases the population
appears to be poised on the brink of decline, several factors that we could not
evaluate could alter its fate. First, adult deaths could stimulate recruitment of young
under the parent trees; second, there is marked year-to-year variation in fruiting
success and possibly recruitment; third, there is considerable spatial variation in
tree density and recruitment, suggesting that attempts to evaluate future success
need to encompass larger spatial and time scales.
Keywords: Population dynamics, Sensitivity analysis, Seedfall, Low recruitment
_______________________________________________________________
Pratiwi, Santoso E, Turjaman M.2010. Karakteristik Habitat Pohon Penghasil
Gaharu di Beberapa Hutan Tanaman di Jawa Barat (Habitat Characteristics of
Gaharu Inducing Tree Species (Aquilaria spp.) in Several Forest Plantations
in West Java). Jurnal Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi
Alam 7 (2): 129-139
The research was aimed at collecting data and information of habitat characteristics
of eaglewood (gaharu-inducing tree species) in three forest plantations to support
gaharu plantation development in Indonesia. The research was carried out in
Carita (Banten), Dramaga (Bogor), and Kampung Tugu (Sukabumi). Observed at
characteristics included: topography, climate, physical and chemical characteristics
of the soils. In addition, the underground vegetation were analyzed to obtain
information on the underground vegetations composition of gaharu plantation.
Results indicated that gaharu grew quite favourably in flat to undulating landscape,
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low to high temperature (20-32oC), and high rainfall (> 1,500 mm/year), hard soil
texture (clay), fast drainage, pH of about 4.5-5.1, very low to high base saturation
(1.2-78.8%) and low toxic element. The dominant and co-dominant undergrowth
species at Carita were jampang (Panicumdisachyum Linn.) and selaginela
(Selaginellaplana Hiern.), while at Dramaga were pakis (Dictyopteris irregularis
Presl.) and seserehan (Piper aduncum Linn.) and at Kampung Tugu were jampang
(Panicum disachyum Linn.) and rumput pait (Panicum barbatum Lamk.).
Keywords: Eaglewood trees, Aquilaria spp., habitat characteristics, forest
plantation
_______________________________________________________________
Rajoo KS, Arifin A, Hazandy AH, Karam DS, Jusop S, Jamaluddin, Aiza-Shaliha,
Zhen WW. 2013. Assessment of Heavy Metals Uptake and Translocation by
Aquilaria malaccensis Planted in Soils Containing Sewage Sludge. American
Journal of Applied Sciences 10 (9): 952-964
The objective of this study was to assess the potential of Aquilaria malaccensis to
uptake and translocate heavy metals found in sewage sludge. The A. malaccensis
seedlings were planted on six different planting media: T0/Control (100% soil), T1
(80% soil and 20% sewage sludge), T2 (60% soil and 40% sewage sludge), T3
(40% soil and 60% sewage sludge), T4 (20% soil and 80% sewage sludge), and
T5 (100% sewage sludge) for the duration of 16 weeks. The growth performance of
height and basal diameter was measured using diameter tape and vernier caliper
every two weeks, respectively. Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer was used to
determine the concentration of heavy metals in the planting media and the plant
parts (leaves, stem and roots). The highest concentration of Fe in the roots of the A.
malaccensis plant was in the T5 growth media (2,770.75 ppm). The A. malaccensis
plant was found to be suitable for taking up heavy metals from sewage sludge
especially Cd and Cu.
Keywords: Aquilaria malaccensis, Phytoremediation, Heavy Metals, Sewage
Sludge, Translocation Factor (TF), Bioconcentration Factor (BCF)
_______________________________________________________________
Saikia P, Khan ML. 2013. Population Structure and Regeneration Status of
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. in Homegardens of Upper Assam, Northeast
India. Tropical Ecology 54(1): 1-13
Aquilaria malaccensis, a critically endangered tree species of India, is cultivated
in homegardens of Assam. We studied the population structure and regeneration
status of this species in homegardens of Upper Assam, northeast India. Population
structure of the species, was studied in 135 homegardens and regeneration status
was studied in eight selected homegardens of Jorhat and Golaghat districts of
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Upper Assam. In the studied homegardens, population density (individuals ha1)
of A. malaccensis was 1,443, 4,060 and 33,917 for trees (> 3.18 cm diameter at
breast height = DBH), saplings and seedlings, respectively. This pattern of density
distribution (seedlings > saplings > trees) indicates good regeneration status of the
species in homegardens. On the other hand, out of the eight selected homegardens,
seven showed good regeneration status, whereas, one showed fair regeneration
status for the species. Seasonal survival rate of A. malaccensis saplings was
significantly different among the eight selected homegardens during all the four
seasons (each season of three months) of the year but that of seedlings and trees
did not differ significantly. Average seasonal growth rate of A. malaccensis (in terms
of collar diameter for seedlings and saplings, and DBF for trees) varied significantly
among the eight selected home gardens as well as between the tour seasons. The
findings of the present study suggest that homegardens can save the species from
the risk of extinction.
Keywords: Agarwood, Basal cover, Coppice regeneration, Density, Growth
survival
_______________________________________________________________
Saikia P, Khan ML. 2014. Ecological Features of Cultivated Stands of Aquilaria
malaccensis Lam. (Thymelaeaceae), a Vulnerable Tropical Tree Species in
Assamese Homegardens. International Journal of Forestry Research.
Research was conducted in twenty-seven selected villages located in Jorhat and
Golaghat districts of upper Assam, northeast India, for population estimation,
quantitative ecological analysis, and evaluation of Aquilaria malaccensis
(Thymelaeaceae). Vegetation sampling was done by quadrat method and A.
malaccensis is the most dominant tree species in all twenty-seven different study
sites of upper Assam contributing 10-54% of the total tree density with a mean of 34
% ± 2. Density of the species varied from 6,236 individuals ha-1 to 429 individuals
ha-1 with a mean of 1,609 individuals ha-1 ± 217, whereas frequency of occurrence
is very high ranging from 93% to 100% with a mean of 98 % ± 0.53 in different study
sites. Distribution of A. malaccensis is found contagious in all twenty-six study sites
on the basis of abundance to frequency ratio except in KBG, Golaghat, where its
distribution is random with 0.04 abundance to frequency ratio. The widespread
cultivation of A. malaccensis in upper Assam, northeast India, offers a potential ex
situ reservoir for the future conservation and management of this threatened tree.
Keywords: Aquilaria malaccensis, Quadrat method, Assam Northeast India
_______________________________________________________________
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B.GENETIC
_________________________________________________________________
Eurlings MCM, Gravendeel B. 2005. TrnL-trnF Sequence Data Imply Paraphyly
of Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae) and Provide New Perspectives
for Agarwood Identification. Plant Systematics and Evolution 254(1): 1-12
The genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae, Malvales) are well known for
the production of agarwood which is a highly wanted forest product of substantial
economic value. The taxonomic status of Aquilaria and Gyrinops as separate
genera is doubted as they are only distinguished by the number of stamens. We
investigated their status by conducting phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences
from the plastid trnL-trnF spacer. Control of international trade of agarwood is
currently hampered by the failure of traditional methods such as microscopy to
identify samples to species level. We therefore evaluated the potential of molecular
identification of agarwood by searching for species- and region-specific plastid
DNA polymorphisms. DNA sequences were obtained from 31 Thymelaeaceae
accessions encompassing 20 different species in six genera. Aquilaria and Gyrinops
appear to be paraphyletic. Success in sequencing wood samples demonstrates
that molecular markers provide new perspectives for agarwood identification.
Keywords: Aquilaria, gaharu, Gyrinops, phylogeny, trnL- trnF
_________________________________________________________________
Azwin. 2007. Evaluasi Stabilitas Genetik Tanaman Gaharu (Aquilaria
malaccensis Lamk.) Hasil Kultur In Vitro. Skripsi IPB (Bogor Agricultural
University)
Gaharu (A. malaccensis Lamk.) adalah salah satu tanaman hutan tropis penghasil
resin yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Meningkatnya permintaan gaharu dari tahun ke
tahun menyebabkan terjadinya penebangan liar dari hutan alam tidak terkontrol.
Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini, perlu dilakukan pengembangan tanaman gaharu.
Teknik kultur jaringan adalah suatu metode alternatif yang dapat menghasilkan
bibit secara genetik lebih baik dimasa yang akan datang. Keuntungan kultur
jaringan dapat menghasilkan planlet dalam jumlah yang banyak dan dalam waktu
yang singkat. Disamping itu, dengan teknik ini juga dapat menghasilkan tanaman
yang homogen dan bebas penyakit. Meskipun demikian, teknik kultur jaringan juga
dapat menyebabkan terjadinya variasi genetik atau variasi somaklonal. Tujuan
penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui perbedaan stabilitas genetik tanaman
gaharu hasil kultur in vitro baik eksplan yang berasal dari tunas aksilar maupun
eksplan dari tunas adventif, dan (2) untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi optimum zat
pengatur tumbuh BAP atau TDZ untuk menginduksi tunas gaharu dalam kultur
in vitro. Media dasar yang digunakan adalah media MS (Murashige and Skoog,
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1962). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap
(RAL) dengan perlakuan konsentrasi BAP (kontrol; 0,50 ppm; 0,75 ppm; 1,0 ppm)
atau TDZ (kontrol; 0,25 ppm; 0,50 ppm; 0,75 ppm), dengan 3 ulangan, setiap
ulangan terdiri dari 4 botol, setiap botol ditanam satu eksplan yang berasal dari
tunas aksilar atau tunas adventif. Teknik Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
(RAPD) telah digunakan untuk mengetahui variasi genetik dari pohon induk dan
bibit (sebelum kultur) dan variasi somaklonal tunas aksilar dan tunas adventif (hasil
kultur). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dua jenis eksplan yang ditanam
secara in vitro pada media MS yang diberi perlakuan BAP 0,50 ppm atau TDZ 0,25
ppm menghasilkan jumlah tunas, panjang tunas dan jumlah daun yang terbaik.
Hasil evaluasi stabilitas genetik tanaman gaharu hasil kultur in vitro menggunakan
penanda RAPD menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetik sebelum kultur (0,0729),
hasil kultur (planlets) (0,0833), sub kultur I (0,0903) dan sub kultur II (0,0382),
sedangkan keragaman genetik pohon induk sebesar 0,2454.
Kata Kunci: Genetik, Gaharu, Aquilaria malaccensis
_________________________________________________________________
Rahmawati D, Toruan-Mathius N. 2009. Analisis Keragaman Genetik Acremonium
yang Berasosiasi dengan Tanaman Gaharu Menggunakan Teknik Random
Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Jurnal Agro Biogen 5 (2): 65-70
Agarwood or gaharu is a plant that has a high economic value in Asia, due to its
use for production of incense and traditional medicines. The agarwood formation
occurs in the trunk and roots of trees that have been infected by a fungus, such
as Acremonium spp. Various fungi were associated with the agarwood formation.
Acremonium is generally considered as highly polyphyletic, contains distantly related
fungi. A study was done to identify genetic diversities in 10 isolates of Acremonium
spp. from four different areas in Indonesia that are associated with Aquilaria
and Gyrinops versteegii using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
technique. Eight RAPD primers, i.e., OPA 02, OPB 04, OPB 07, OPB 17, OPC 11,
OPD 03, OPD 05, and OPE 07 were used in the analyses. The results indicated
that similarity index values of the genetic variation ranged from 0.21 to 0.97. Based
on the Nei and Li’s similarity coefficients, these values indicating the presence
of high degree of genetic variability. The lowest degree of genetic similarity were
found between isolates F (Acremonium spp., which is associated with G. verstegii
from Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat), and LM2 from south coastal area of West
Sumatra. The highest genetic similarity value (0.97) was found between isolates
Sr2 and Sr4 from Sorong, Papua. Results from the cluster analysis indicated that
the isolates could be grouped into two major clusters that were associated with their
geographical locations.
Key words: Agarwood, genetic diversity, Acremonium spp., RAPD.
_________________________________________________________________
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Siburian RHS. 2009. Keragaman Genetik Gyrinops versteegii asal Papua
Berdasarkan RAPD dan Mikrosatelit. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Gyrinops versteegii merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil gaharu yang berasal
dari Papua. Gyrinops versteegii yang dijumpai di alam memiliki morfologi daun
yang agak berbeda, terutama pada daerah dengan ketinggian tempat tumbuh yang
berbeda. Perbedaan morfologi ini menunjukkan tingkat keragaman genetik seperti
yang umum dijumpai pada berbagai jenis tumbuhan lain. Informasi keragaman
genetik, berupa tingkat dan distribusi keragaman yang ada pada suatu jenis sangat
penting untuk diketahui berkaitan dengan penyusunan strategi pemuliaan (breeding)
dan juga konservasinya. Keragaman genetik yang ada merupakan sumberdaya
yang dapat memberikan peluang untuk dilakukannya rekombinasi, evaluasi dan
seleksi. Informasi keragaman genetik dapat diperoleh dengan melakukan kegiatan
inventarisasi genetik baik melalui pengujian lapangan (field trial) ataupun analisis
dengan bantuan penanda genetik.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi genetik tanaman Gyrinops
versteegii yang berasal dari dataran rendah dan tinggi (Manokwari dan Kebar)
dengan menggunakan penanda DNA RAPD dan Mikrosatelit. Nilai keragaman
genetik Gyrinops versteegii dalam populasi dengan menggunakan metode RAPD
menunjukkan keragaman genetik populasi Kebar (He = 0,2944) lebih tinggi
dibanding populasi Manokwari. (He = 0,2357). Hasil AMOVA menunjukkan bahwa
sumbangan keragaman terbesar diberikan oleh keragaman antar individu yakni
sebesar 89% dari total ragam. Analisis dendogram berdasarkan jarak genetik,
menunjukkan bahwa populasi induk dan anakan dalam satu lokasi membentuk satu
kelompok dengan jarak genetik yang kecil, sedang antar populasi induk Manokwari
dan Kebar memiliki jarak genetik yang besar. Hal ini menggambarkan kedua
kelompok tersebut terpisah dan diduga hal ini menjadi penghalang terjadinya aliran
gen. Informasi keragaman genetik ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar strategi
pengembangan konservasi dan pemuliaan.
Kata kunci: Genetik, Gyrinops versteegii, RAPD, Mikrosatelit
_________________________________________________________________
Fujino H, Kadota S, Katoh Y, Kenmotsu Y, Kurosaki F, Ogita S. 2011. Methyl
Jasmonate-induced Enhancement of Expression Activity of AmFaPS-1, a Putative Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene from Aquilaria
microcarpa. Journal of Natural Medicines 65(1): 194-197
A cDNA clone, designated Am-FaPS-1 (1310 bp), was isolated from callus culture
derived from the leaf tissues of Aquilaria microcarpa. This gene contains an open
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reading frame encoding the protein of 342 amino acid residues with high homology
to farnesyl diphosphate synthase from various plant sources. An appreciable
increase in the transcriptional level of Am-FaPS-1 was reproducibly observed by
the exposure of the cell culture to methyl jasmonate. The expression activity of
the gene was also elevated when the cells were treated with yeast extract and
Ca.sup.2+-ionophore A23187. These results suggest that Am-FaPS-1 and its
translate play roles in methyl jasmonate- and yeast extract-induced responses
of A. microcarpa, and Ca.sup.2+ functions as an important messenger molecule
in these processes. This set of the results would support our hypothesis that the
activation of Ca.sup.2+-cascade evoked by the elevation of cytoplasmic Ca.sup.2+
concentration is an essential early event in methyl jasmonate-induced responses
of higher plant cells.
Keywords: Methyl jasmonate, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Sesquiterpene
biosynthesis, Agarwood,Aquilaria microcarpa
_________________________________________________________________
Ito M, Kumeta Y. 2011. Genomic Organization of [delta]-guaiene Synthase
Genes in Aquilaria crassna and its Possible Use for the Identification of
Aquilaria species. Journal of Natural Medicines 65 (3-4): 508-513
The resinous portions of Aquilaria plants, called agarwood, have been used as
medicines and incenses. Agarwood contains a great variety of sesquiterpenes,
and a study using cultured cells of Aquilaria crassna showed that the production
of sesquiterpenes ([alpha]-guaiene, [alpha]-humulene, and [delta]-guaiene) was
induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate, which led to the cloning of [delta]guaiene synthases. In the present study, analyses of genomic organization and
Southern blotting of [delta]-guaiene synthase in A. crassna were performed in
order to examine the genomic background of [delta]-guaiene synthases in Aquilaria
plants. Genomic cloning and sequencing revealed five types of sequence in putative
[delta]-guaiene synthases sharing more than 96% identity in exon regions, and that
these enzymes belonged to the class III TPS subfamily with seven exons and six
introns. Furthermore, Southern blotting revealed that at least five copies of [delta]guaiene synthase existed in A. crassna. The hybridization of digested DNA of A.
crassna and A. sinensis with probes made with a [delta]-guaiene synthase cDNA
fragment resulted in different banding patterns for these two species. It may be
possible to identify Aquilaria species by restriction fragment length polymorphism
analyses with [delta]-guaiene synthase cDNA probes.
Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Agarwood, Sesquiterpenes
_________________________________________________________________
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Gao ZH, W JH, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zao WT. 2012. Selection and Validation
of Reference Genes for Studying Stress-related Agarwood Formation of
Aquilaria sinensis. Plant Cell Reports 31 (9): 1759-68
Agarwood is a high-valued woody material for medicine, perfume, and incense
production in Asia, Middle East, and Europe. The wild resources of agarwoodproducing tree species, e.g., Aquilaria sinensis have been greatly threatened. The
formation of agarwood is considered to be associated with the plant stress and
defensive responses, thus it would be urgent and significant to investigate the
molecular mechanism of these species responding to a variety of stresses. This
is the first report regarding the reference gene selection of Aquilaria species for
studying the molecular mechanism of stress-related agarwood production. Candidate
reference genes were selected according to previous reports and the sequences
were obtained from the 454 EST library of A. sinensis. To obtain the robust genes,
we applied three independent programs depending on distinct assumptions and
combined these results by a rank aggregation algorithm. The result supports tubulin,
ribosomal protein, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to be the most
stable reference genes for quantification of target gene expression in the overall
samples examined. Validation of these genes through normalizing the expression of
a terpene synthase demonstrated that these three genes are reliable. The selective
usage of three algorithms based on their characteristics was underlined. However,
more robust genes could be identified if the results of all algorithms were combined
by a proper method such as the rank aggregation algorithm.
Keywords: Quantitative genes expression, Reference gene, Aquilaria sinensis,
Agawood, Strees
_________________________________________________________________
Kenmotsu Y, Yamamura Y, Kurosaki F. 2012. Expression of Specific Calmodulin
Genes Isolated from Tissue Cultured Cells of AquilariaMicrocarpa in Response
to Methyl Jasmonate and Yeast Extract. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology
48(6):627-631
We found that the early cellular events which lead to the activation of secondary
metabolism in appropriately stimulated plant cells, such as gene expression
of monomeric GTP-binding proteins and their intracellular translocation, occur
very rapidly, and are sometimes terminated within 30 min after the stimulation
(Mitamura et al. 2011). Together with the results obtained in the present study, the
physiological roles of plant CAM appear to be regulated by various mechanisms,
such as differential transcriptional control of specific CAM paralogues and posttranslational modification followed by intracellular translocation of the protein.
Keywords : Aquilaria microcarpa, Calmodulin genes
_________________________________________________________________
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Laswi I. 2012. Genetic Variation of Planted and Natural Agarwood Assessed
by Microsatellite. Skripsi Bogor Agriculture University (IPB)
Agarwood is one of the valuable Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that contain
resin with a specific fragrance, and is often used as raw materials of perfumes,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, incense, preservatives as well as religious activities.
Over exploitation of agarwood has resulted in scarcity of agarwood in the nature
leading to the losses of trees of superior genotypes. This scarcity has led agarwood
to be included into the CITES Appendix II list in which a quota system is imposed
for trading activities. However, this quota still does not distinguish clearly between
natural or cultivated agarwood, opening opportunities for illegal trading practices.
It is therefore necessary to provide an effective attempts to control of the origin
of. Nowdays, the use of DNA markers gains significant importance in the forensic
activities such as verification of the origin of timber and plant materials. This tool
is difficult to be manipulated. Therefore, a study was carried with aims to 1) cross
amplify Aquilaria crassna microsatellite primers into other agarwood species
(transferability study), and 2) to infer the origin of agarwoodbeing traded in the
market. Materials for research were populations of agarwood from natural and
planted forests and agarwood pieces of unknown origin. A.crassna microsatellite
primers were used, namely 6pa18 (180-210 bp), 10pa17 (152-156 bp), 16pa17 (143155 bp), and 71pa17 (152-224 bp). Results showed that agarwood samples from
both natural forests and plantations could cross amplify with expected fragment size
ranges. Result showed that genetic diversity (He) in the planted forest was 0.5443
a slighty higher than that of natural forest (He=0.4642). Information on the level of
genetic diversities can be used as scientific basis for conservation program. Cluster
analysis showed different groupings of agarwood originated from plantations and
natural forests. Futher analysis showed that agarwood timbers with unclear origins
clustered into agarwood group from natural forests indicating common existence of
traded natural agarwood.
Keywords: Agarwood, Cross amplification, Microsatellite, CITES, genetic
diversity
_________________________________________________________________
Tnah LH, Lee CT, Lee SL, Ng KKS, Ng CH, Nurul-Farhanah Z, Lau KH, Chua LSL.
2012. Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers for an Important
Tropical Tree, Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae). American Journal of
Botany 99 (11): e431-433
Aggressive collections and trade activities in recent decades have resulted in heavy
pressure on the natural stands of Aquilaria malaccensis and concerns over its longterm survival potential. To aid DNA profiling and assessment of its genetic diversity,
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microsatellite markers were developed for the species. Seventeen polymorphic
microsatellite markers were developed for A. malaccensis using an enrichment
protocol. The markers were screened on 24 samples from a natural population. The
number of alleles ranged from two to 11, and the observed heterozygosity ranged
from 0.042 to 0.957. No significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was
detected after conservative Bonferroni correction. This is the first report on the
development of microsatellite markers in A. malaccensis. The markers will be used
to establish a DNA profiling database and to estimate the genetic diversity and
population genetic structure of the species.
Keywords: Microsatellite
microsatellite
markers,
Aquilaria
malaccensis,
Polymorphic
_________________________________________________________________
Kenmotsu Y, Asano K, Yamamura Y, Kurosaki F. 2013. Cloning and Expression
of Putative Rac/Rop GTPase Genes, Am- rac1 and Am- rac2, Involved in Methyl
Jasmonate-induced Transcriptional Activation of Farnesyl Diphosphate
Synthase in Cell Cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa. Plant Molecular Biology
Reporter 31 (3): 539-546
A homology-based cloning strategy yielded two cDNA clones presumably
encoding Rac/Rop GTPases, Am- rac1 and Am- rac2, from callus cultures of
Aquilaria microcarpa. Transcriptional levels of Am- rac1, measured using reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction, remained steady, while those of Amrac2 increased dramatically following treatment of cultured cells with either a
yeast extract or methyl jasmonate. These results suggested that Am- rac1 was a
constitutively expressed homologue, while Am- rac2 was induced in A. microcarpa
cells. Moreover, a farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene of A. microcarpa, AmFaPS1, was transcriptionally activated in A. microcarpa cells grown in the presence
of methyl jasmonate; however, expression levels were markedly lowered in the
presence of various signal transduction-related inhibitors involved in Ca-, Rap/Rop
GTPase-, or ubiquitin-dependent signaling processes. Whereas, expression of AmFaPS1 was markedly increased, even in the absence of methyl jasmonate in A.
microcarpa cells over-expressing Am- rac2. These findings suggested that Rac/
Rop GTPase proteins played important roles in jasmonate-induced enhancement
of terpenoid metabolism in A. microcarpa.
Keywords: Aquilaria microcarpa, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Methyl
jasmonate, Signal transduction
_________________________________________________________________
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Xu Y, Zheng Z, Mengxi W, Wei J, Hongjiang C, Zhihui G, Chun S, Hongmei L,
Xingli Z, Yun Y, Hui M, Li W. 2013. Identification of Genes Related to Agarwood
Formation: Transcriptome Analysis of Healthy and Wounded Tissues of
Aquilariasinensis. BMC Genomics 14(1): 1-16
Agarwood is an expensive resinous heartwood derived from Aquilaria plants that
is widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. Only wounded trees
can produce agarwood, and the huge demand for the agarwood products has led
all Aquilaria spp. being endangered and listed in the Appendix II of the CITES
(http://www.cites.org). The major components of agarwood are sesquiterpenes
and phenylethyl chromones. Owing to a lack of genomic information, the molecular
basis of wound-induced sesquiterpenes biosynthesis and agarwood formation
remains unknown. Results: To identify the primary genes that maybe related to
agarwood formation, we sequenced 2 cDNA libraries generated from healthy and
wounded A.sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. A total of 89,137 unigenes with an average length
of 678.65 bp were obtained, and they were annotated in detail at bioinformatics
levels. Of those associated with agarwood formation, 30 putatively encoded
enzymes in the sesquiterpene biosynthesis pathway, and a handful of transcription
factors and protein kinases were related to wound signal transduction. Three fulllength cDNAs of sesquiterpene synthases (ASS1-3) were cloned and expressed in
Escherichiacoli, and enzyme assays revealed that they are active enzymes, with
the major products being δ-guaiene. A methyl jasmonate (MJ) induction experiment
revealed that the expression of ASS was significantly induced by MJ, and the
production of sesquiterpenes was elevated accordingly. The expression of some
transcription factors and protein kinases, especially MYB4, WRKY4, MPKK2 and
MAPK2, was also induced by MJ and coordinated with ASS expression, suggesting
they maybe positive regulators of ASS. Conclusions: This study provides extensive
transcriptome information for Aquilaria spp. and valuable clues for elucidating the
mechanism of wound-induced agarwood sesquiterpenes biosynthesis and their
regulation.
Keywords: Agarwood; GC-MS; Sesquiterpenes; Transcriptome; Wound signal
transduction
_________________________________________________________________
Chen C, Kuo TC, Yang M, Chien T, Chu M, Huang L, Chen C, Lo H, Jeng S, Chen
L. 2014. Identification of cucurbitacins and assembly of a draft genome for
Aquilaria agallocha. Genomics 15:578
Agarwood is derived from Aquilaria trees, the trade of which has come under strict
control with a listing in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Many secondary metabolites of
agarwood are known to have medicinal value to humans, including compounds
that have been shown to elicit sedative effects and exhibit anti-cancer properties.
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However, little is known about the genome, transcriptome, and the biosynthetic
pathways responsible for producing such secondary metabolites in agarwood. In
this study, we present a draft genome and a putative pathway for cucurbitacin E
and I, compounds with known medicinal value, from in vitro Aquilaria agallocha
agarwood. DNA and RNA data are utilized to annotate many genes and protein
functions in the draft genome. The expression changes for cucurbitacin E and I
are shown to be consistent with known responses of A. agallocha to biotic stress
and a set of homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana related to cucurbitacin biosynthesis is presented and validated through qRT-PCR. This study is the first
attempt to identify cucurbitacin E and I from in vitro agarwood and the first draft
genome for any species of Aquilaria. The results of this study will aid in future
investigations of secondary metabolite pathways in Aquilaria and other non-model
medicinal plants.
Keywords: Agarwood, Cucurbitacin, Aquilaria, Genome
_______________________________________________________________
Jiao L, Yin Y, Cheng Y, Jiang X. 2014. DNA Barcoding for Identification of the
Endangered Species Aquilaria sinensis: Comparison of Data from Heated or
Aged Wood Samples. International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, &
Technology of Wood. 68(4): 487-494
Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is an evergreen tree and produces agarwood used
for incense and as a uniquely precious medicine. It is in danger of disappearing
due to illegal logging and its identification and protection is crucial. However, it
is difficult or impossible to distinguish A. sinensis from other species of the
genus Aquilaria and its closely related genus Gyrinops Gaertn. based on wood
anatomical characteristics. Probably, DNA barcoding technology might provide an
improvement in species identification. In this study, wood samples were tested,
which were submitted to high-temperature drying and were stored for a long period
in a xylarium. The factors should be identified that hinder the efficiency of wood
DNA extraction from this species. The results indicate that the DNA from the wood
tissues could be successfully amplified, apart from some DNA regions from the
heartwood of the dried samples and the xylarium samples. The DNA sequences
from the wood tissues mostly matched with the sequences of A. sinensis deposited
in the Gen Bank. Moreover, analyses of phylogenetic trees based on trnL-trnF and
ITS1 regions indicated that the wood tissues in the tests clustered together with
the A. sinensis species from the GenBank, with bootstrap values of 74% and 94%,
respectively. Consequently, it is feasible to identify A. sinensis wood on a species
level based on the DNA barcoding technology.
Keywords: DNA barcoding, Phylogenetic analyses, Wood anatomy, Wood
identification
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Xu Y,Juan L, Liang L,Xin Y, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Sui C,Jianhe W. 2014. Molecular
Cloning and Characterization of Three cDNAs Encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose5-phosphate Synthase in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Plant Physiology &
Biochemistry 82: 133-141
Agarwood is an expensive resinous heartwood derived from Aquilaria plants that is
widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. The major constituents
of agarwood oils are sesquiterpenes, which are obtained from isopentenyl
diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors through the plastidial
methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and/or the cytosolic mevalonate
pathway. 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the first rate-limiting
enzyme for sesquiterpene synthesis in the MEP pathway. In this study, 3 cDNAs of
DXS genes were cloned and characterized from the Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg.
These genes represent 3 phylogenetically distinct clades conserved among plants.
Functional complementation in a DXS-deficient Escherichia coli strain EcAB4-2
demonstrated that they are active DXS, which rescued the E. coli mutant. Their
expression profiles in different tissues and in response to different treatments were
analyzed by real-time PCR. All 3 genes are highly expressed in stem, followed
by leaf and root. AsDXS1 was significantly stimulated by mechanical, chemical,
and H2O2 treatment, whereas AsDXS2 and AsDXS3 only responded to chemical
treatment and mechanical treatment, respectively. All three genes were oscillation
in respond to MJ treatment, with expression peaks occurring at different time points.
Our results suggest the conservation of DXS in evolution and imply their distinct
functions in primary and defensive sesquiterpene metabolism in A. sinensis.
Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria sinensis, Characterization, DXS, Expression,
Sesquiterpene
_______________________________________________________________
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C.Silviculture
_________________________________________________________________
Meng-ling H, Shu-yuan Q, Lan-juan H. 2005. Rapid in Vitro Propagation of
Medicinally Important Aquilaria agallocha. Journal of Zhejiang University 6(8):
849-852
Aquilaria agallocha can produce fragrant agarwood used for incense, traditional
medicine and other products. An efficient plant regeneration system was established
via organogenesis from shoots developed from seedlings of Aquilaria agallocha.
Shoots generated many buds on MS medium supplemented with 1.3 μmol/L BA
(6-benzylaminopurine) in the first 7 weeks, and the buds elongated on MS medium
with 1.3 μmol/L BA+0.5 μmol/L NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) in another 7 weeks,
2.3 shoots 2 cm in length per explant were obtained within 14 weeks. Plantlets were
rooted on 1/2 MS medium after being immersed in 5 μmol/L NAA for 48 h, 96.7% of
the roots grew up two weeks later. All plantlets that survived acclimatization grew
well in the pots.
Keyword: Agarwood, Micropropagation, Aquilaria agallocha.
_________________________________________________________________
Azwin, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto. 2006. The Use of BAP and TDZ for Propagation of
Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Media Konservasi 11(3): 98–104
Agarwood (A. malaccensis Lamk.) is one of the important tropical forest trees,
which produces a high economically valuable fragrant resinous wood. The increase
of agarwood demand from year to year leads to uncontrolled illegal harvest of this
plant from its natural habitat. To encounter this problem, there is an urgent need
to develop agarwood plantation. Tissue culture is an alternative method to provide
genetically good seedlings for plantation in the future due to its short period and
mass quantity of planlet production. In addition, through this method, its might also
provide homogenous plant, and free pest and diseases. The objectives of the study
were (1) to find out the optimal concentration of BAP or TDZ for inducing shoot
multiplication of agarwood in vitro conditions. MS (Murashige And Skoog, 1962),
was used as basal media. The experimental design of the research was completely
randomized design with treatment of BAP concentration (control; 0,50 ppm; 0,75
ppm; 1,0 ppm) or TDZ concentration (control; 0,25 ppm; 0,50 ppm; 0,75 ppm), in
3 units, of replicate every units consist of 4 bottles, every bottle containing one
explants coming from axillaries and adventitious shoot explants. Results indicated
that two types of agarwood explants grown in vitro in MS basal media containing
BAP 0,50 ppm or TDZ 0,25 ppm produced the highest number of shoots and leaves
of agarwood plantlets, as well as its plantlet shoot length.
Keywords: BAP, TDZ, Agarwood, In Vitro
_________________________________________________________________
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Indriaty. 2006. Respons Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula pada Aquilaria spp.
Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Aquilaria malaccensis dan A. microcarpa merupakan tanaman penghasil gaharu
yang pengadaannya dalam bentuk bibit perlu ditingkatkan. Cendawan mikoriza
arbuskula (CMA) diharapkan mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit. Penelitian
ini bertujuan mengetahui respons CMA pada bibit A. malaccensis dan A. microcarpa.
Inokulum CMA yang digunakan ialah Glomus sp. ACA, Glomus sp. ZEA, Glomus
clarum, Entrophospora sp., dan Gigaspora sp. Kolonisasi CMA pada akar A.
malaccensis dan A. microcarpa terjadi sebelum minggu ke-7 setelah inokulasi.
Inokulasi CMA efektif meningkatkan tinggi bibit, diameter batang, dan bobot kering
total A. malaccensis dan A. microcarpa.
Kata Kunci: Mikoriza Arbuskula, Aquilaria spp., Aquilaria malaccensis, A.
microcarpa
_________________________________________________________________
Rayan. 2006. Perlakuan Media Kecambah Terhadap Benih Tumbuhan Penghasil
Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa) di Persemaian BP2KK Samarinda. Prosiding
Seminar Bersama Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan,
Balai Litbang Hutan Tanaman Indonesia Bagian Timur dan Loka Litbang Satwa
Primata, Samarinda 12 April 2006 pp 240-245
Tumbuhan penghasil Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa) termasuk suku Thymelaceae
bernilai ekonomis tinggi yang selalu diburu dan ditebang orang jika ditemukan
pencari gaharu di hutan karena banyak kegunaannya seperti untuk pembuatan
parfum, kosmetik dan obat-obatan dan lain-lain. Penelitian dilaksanakan di
Persemaian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui
media perkecambahan benih tumbuhan penghasil gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa)
yang baik. Parameter yang diamati adalah kecepatan berkecambah dan daya
kecambah benih. Metoda yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Percobaan Acak
Kelompok dengan perlakuan-perlakuan media perkecambahan yaitu: P1 (Media
Perkecambahan Pasir) dan P2 (Media Perkecambahan Pasir Campur Kompos
(1:1). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa proses perkecambahan benih tumbuhan
penghasil gaharu jenis Aquilaria microcarpa, mulai berkecambah pada hari ke
7 dan terakhir hari ke 22 dengan rata-rata kecepatan berkecabah selama 14
hari. Sedangkan daya kecambahnya rata-rata 77,67 persen, perkecambahan
benih tumbuhan penghasil gaharu dengan pemberian kompos pada media pasir
disamping dapat meningkatkan daya perkecambahan juga dapat mempercepat
perkecambahannya yaitu penaburan benih pada media pasir rata-rata daya
kecambah dan kecepatan berkecambah masing-masing 76,67 persen dan 14,46
hari, sedangkan penaburan di media pasir campur kompos (1:1) masing-masing
berturut-turut 78,67 persen dan 13,54 hari. Hal ini disebabkan karena media pasir
campur kompos lebih basah/lembab dibandingkan dengan media pasir tanpa
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kompos dan salah satu syarat perkecambahan diantaranya harus kelembabannya
stabil atau tetap terjaga dan setelah diuji secara statistik tidak menunjukan
perbedaan yang nyata.
Kata kunci: Gaharu, Aquilaria microcarpa, Media kecambah, Daya kecambah,
Kecepatan berkecambah
_________________________________________________________________
Rayan. 2006. Pengaruh Media Terhadap Pertumbuhan Cabutan Anakan Alam
Jenis Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa). Prosiding Seminar
Bersama Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan, Balai Litbang
Hutan Tanaman Indonesia Bagian Timur dan Loka Litbang Satwa Primata:
Samarinda 12 April 2006 pp 326-333
Gaharu adalah gumpalan resin berbentuk padat berwarna coklat kehitaman sampai
hitam dan berbau harum, yang terdapat pada bagian kayu atau akar dari jenis
tumbuhan penghasil gaharu yang telah mengalami proses perubahan kimia dan
fisika diduga akibat terinfeksi oleh sejenis jamur, serta merupakan komoditi elit
dalam kelompok hasil hutan bukan kayu yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi dan dapat
digunakan sebagai bahan untuk pembuatan parfum, kosmetik, dan obat-obatan.
Penelitian dilaksanakan di persemaian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan,
rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan
perlakuan berbagai media sapih, antara lain: M1 (media topsoil), M2 (media topsoil
campur tanah gambut (3:1), M3 (media topsoil campur tanah gambut (2:1), M4
(media subsoil campur tanah gambut (3:1), M8 (media topsoil campur bokasi (2:1),
M9 (media subsoil campur bokasi (3:1), M10 (media subsoil campur bokasi (2:1),
penelitian ini diulang dengan 3 kali ulangan yang tiap-tiap ulangan terdiri dari 30
benih. Hasil penelitian penunjukan bahwa Rata-rata pertumbuhan tinggi mencapai
29,75 cm dengan diameter 0,28 cm dan persentase hidup mencapai 82,53 persen
asal cabutan anakan alam selama 6 bulan di persemaian, pemberian gambut pada
media sapih pada umumnya cenderung meningkat tetapi pemberian pada media
subsoil belum dapat menyamakan kesuburan topsoilnya. Berbeda halnya dengan
pemberian Bokasi pada media sapih disamping meningkatkan kesuburan tanah
dan juga pemberian pada media subsoil dapat melebihi kesuburan topsoilnya. Yaitu
pertumbuhan tinggi cabutan yang disapih pada media subsoil campur bokasi (M9,
32,7 cm) lebih tinggi dari pada media topsoil (M1, 29,74 cm)begitu juga dengan
pertumbuhan diameternya yaitu cabutan anakan alam yang di sapih pada M9, 0,34
cm dan yang disapih pada M1 adalah 0,28 cm tetapi sebaliknya dengan persentase
hidup yaitu persentase lebih rendah dengan pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi.
Kata kunci: Gaharu, Aquilaria microcarpa, Media sapih, Gambut, bokasi
_________________________________________________________________
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Wijayanti DR. 2006. Identifikasi Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula dari Rizosfer
Aquilaria spp. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Aqularia spp. merupakan genus utama penghasil gaharu. Intensitas perburuan
yang tidak terkendali menyebabkan Aquilaria spp. menjadi salah satu tanaman
angka. Oleh karena itu, pelestarian Aquilaria spp. sebagai sumber plasma nutfah
perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah kepunahan. Cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA)
telah digunakan sebagai inokulum dalam peningkatan pertumbuhan Aquilaria spp.,
tetapi informasi keberadaan CMA pada rizosfer Aquilaria spp. belum dilaporkan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi CMA pada rizosfer Aquilaria spp. Contoh
rizosfer tanah dan akar Aquilaria spp. diambil dari empat lokasi, yaitu Carita (A.
malaccensis), Ciapus (A. filaria), Cifor (A. crassna dan A. malaccensis), dan
Bantar Kemang (A. beccariana, A. crassna, dan A. malaccensis). Pewarnaan akar
menggunakan metode Phillips dan Hayman (1970) yang dimodifikasi. Contoh
tanah yang diambil segera dikeringudarakan untuk digunakan sebagai biakan pot
dengan Pueraria javanica sebagai tanaman inang. Spora diisolasi dari biakan pot
dengan menggunakan metode tuang saring basah dilanjutkan dengan sentrifugasi.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan struktur koloni CMA pada akar Aquilaria spp.
berupa hifa eksternal, hifa internal, hifa gelung, arbuskula dan vesikula. Seluruh
struktur koloni CMA pada akar Aquilaria spp. menunjukkan adanya asosiasi
tanaman dengan CMA. Spora CMA yang berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari
rizosfer empat spesies Aquilaria spp. (tujuh contoh tanah) berupa empat spesies
CMA, yaitu Glomus sp.1, Glomus sp.2 , Gigaspora albida, dan Scutellosporasp.
Kata Kunci: Cendawan, Mikoriza Arbuskula, Rizosfer, Aquilaria spp.
_________________________________________________________________
Firmansyah YV.2007. Pembiakan Vegetatif Tanaman Gaharu (Aquilaria crassna
Pierre ex. Lecomte) dengan Stek Pucuk. Skripsi Departemen Silvikultur Fakultas
Kehutanan (IPB)
Semakin tingginya laju degradasi hutan, menyebabkan bahan baku untuk
industri pengolahan kayu menurun, sehingga pendapatan dari sektor kehutanan
mengalami penurunan. Maka perlu alternatif pemanfaatan hasil hutan selain kayu,
yakni dengan menggali potensi hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK). Salah satu HHBK
yang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan adalah tanaman jenis gaharu, karena
gaharu adalah tanaman yang dapat menghasilkan minyak atsiri bernilai ekonomi
tinggi. Pada beberapa tahun terakhir jumlah gaharu di alam semakin berkurang
karena semakin maraknya penebangan liar tanaman gaharu di alam, untuk itu
perlu tindakan budidaya yang intensif terhadap jenis gaharu. Fase berbuah dan
berbunga dari gaharu yang hanya sekali dalam setahun, menyebabkan gaharu
tidak dapat menghasilkan bibit setiap saat. Maka pembiakan vegetatif menjadi
cara yang efektif, karena dengan pembiakan ini proses regenerasi dapat dilakukan
setiap saat. Stek pucuk adalah salah satu metode pembiakan vegetatif yang efektif
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untuk menghasilkan jumlah bibit dalam jumlah banyak, selain itu dengan metode
ini juga dapat mempertahankan keunggulan sifat genetik induknya.
Kegiatan penelitian stek pucuk gaharu, dilakukan di rumah kaca sistem KOFFCO di
Bogor, dengan menggunakan rancangan percobaan pola 2 X 3 yakni 2 perlakuan
asal bahan stek yang terdiri dari bahan stek dari tanaman dewasa dan bahan stek
yang diambil dari tanaman muda (semai), serta 3 perlakuan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh
(ZPT) Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) yakni tanpa IBA (kontrol), IBA 50 ppm, IBA 100
ppm. Sehingga didapatkan kombinasi perlakuan sebanyak 6 perlakuan, dengan
masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan 3 ulangan, sehingga ada 18 unit percobaan,
dan setiap unitnya terdiri dari 50 bahan stek, jadi secara keseluruhan digunakan 900
bahan stek. Kemudian untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari setiap perlakuan terhadap
keberhasilan stek dilakukan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Parameter yang digunakan untuk
mengetahui keberhasilan stek ini adalah persen hidup, persen bertunas, persen
berakar, dan persen hidup setelah aklimatisasi. Hasil pengamatan terhadap stek
gaharu menunjukkan bahwa persen hidup dan bertunas mencapai nilai 69,2 %,
sedangkan untuk persen berakar sebesar 66,5 %. Untuk perlakuan yang terbaik
pada persen berakar adalah stek yang berasal dari semai tanpa IBA (kontrol)
dengan persentase 96 %, dan persen berakar paling rendah yakni 28,6 % adalah
stek dengan bahan tanaman dewasa tanpa IBA. Kemudian setelah diolah dengan
uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa setiap perlakuan memiliki pengaruh yang
berbeda terhadap keberhasilan stek. Namun dari nilai Z yang didapatkan dari uji
Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa stek yang berasal dari tanaman semai memiliki
Z yang nilai positif, sedangkan untuk stek dari tanaman semai hasil Z-nya negatif.
Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa antara sumber bahan stek yang telah dewasa dan
semai memiliki perbedaan cukup besar, yakni stek dari tanaman semai memiliki
tingkat keberhasilan yang lebih tinggi. Setelah dilakukan aklimatisasi diketahui
bahwa tanaman yang hidup setelah aklimatisasi sebanyak 573, atau terjadi
kematian sebanyak 26 stek (4,3 %) bila dibandingkan dengan persen berakar.
Dengan mengetahui besarnya nilai keberhasilan stek pucuk gaharu ini, maka
metode ini dapat dijadikan alternatif yang tepat untuk pembudidayaan tanaman
gaharu sehingga dapat menjaga kelestarian tanaman gaharu di hutan alam,
dan juga mendorong peningkatan produksi minyak gaharu, dan pada akhirnya
sektor kehutanan mampu memberikan sumbangan untuk meningkatkan devisa
negara tanpa harus merusak lingkungan dengan eksploitasi kayu di hutan yang
berlebihan.
Kata Kunci: Pembiakan vegetative, Gaharu, Stek pucuk
_______________________________________________________________
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Sumarna Y. 2008. Teknik Perbanyakan Tumbuhan Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis
Lamk) dengan Stek Pucuk (Propagation Techniques of Karas Plant (Aquilaria
malaccensis Lamk) by Shoot Cutting. Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi
Alam 5 (1): 79-87
Increasing value of agarwood and its market demand at higher price has increased
agarwood harvesting by falling the living tree. This condition made a strong call
for conservation of karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) population, which has
high commercial value. For the conservation effort and sustainable production to
supply market demand, a plantation should be established. One important problem
in plantation is seedling production. In order to solve the problem, vegetatively
propagated seedling, which have similar genetic quality as its mother tree, and
in the hight quality, need to be raised. Experiment on vegetative propagation of
karas (A. malaccensis) were done using split plot design, with 4 kinds of media as
treatmens (main plot). The media consists of: A (soil), B (soil + compost 1:1), C
(soil + cocopit 1:1), and D (soil + compost + cocopit 1:1:1). The sub plot treatment
was different dose of Rootone-F as root inducer, i.e : (a) 0 ppm, (b) 10 ppm, and
(c) 20 ppm. Results showed that the effect of media and dose of hormone, and
their interaction were significant on survival percentage of shoot cuttings. The best
media for shoot cutting, which gave highest survival percentage was mixture of soil
+ compost organic (1:1). The optimum dose was 10 ppm. The optimum interaction
between media and Rootone-F dose was combination of media cocopit + organic
compost, with 10 ppm dose of Rootone-F.
Keywords: Agarwood, Conservation, Shoot cutting, Media
_________________________________________________________________
Sumarna Y. 2008. Pengaruh Diameter dan Luas Tajuk Pohon Induk Terhadap
Potensi Permudaan Alam Tingkat Semai Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu Jenis
Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi
Alam. 5 (1): 21-27
Tumbuhan karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) tergolong salah satu jenis pohon
penghasil gaharu yang potensial dan bernilai komersial tinggi. Semula produksi
hanya dengan memanfaatkan pohon produksi yang mati alami. Akibat nilai guna
yang berkembang selain sebagai bahan parfum, kosmetika, dan obat herbal serta
nilai jual yang semakin tinggi, mendorong masyarakat untuk mencari gaharu dengan
cara menebang pohon hidup. Dalam upaya konservasi dan melestarikan produksi
agar tidak tergantung kepada hutan alam, upaya budidaya merupakan solusi yang
perlu dilaksanakan. Dalam budidaya, kendala pengadaan bibit dapat ditempuh
selain menggunakan benih juga dapat dibina dengan memanfaatkan anakan alam
yang tumbuh di bawah pohon induk. Melalui pengamatan terhadap pohon induk
alami dalam rancangan berblok dengan tiga faktor kelas diameter (D1 : ± 20 cm, D2:
± 30 cm, D3 : >30 cm) melalui lima plot pengamatan secara acak pada tiga ulangan
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sesuai kelas diameter batang pohon induk, benih-benih yang jatuh setelah 2-3 bulan
akan tumbuh menghasilkan anakan alam. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa
potensi permudaan alam memiliki hubungan dengan diameter dan luas tajuk.
Potensi anakan alam pada pohon induk Ø ± 20 cm dan luas tajuk 26,33 m2 : 5,082
batang, pada Ø ± 30 cm dengan luas tajuk 42,60 m2 : 12,397 batang, dan pada
pohon Ø > 30 cm dengan luas tajuk 50,13 m2 menghasilkan 18,348 batang anakan
alam. Hasil uji keragaman dan uji beda nilai terkecil, antar kelas diameter batang
berbeda nyata (signifikan) terhadap permudaan alam. Sesuai hasil tersebut secara
biologis dapat diasumsikan bahwa semakin besar diameter batang dan semakin
luas tajuk pohon induk akan semakin tinggi potensi permudaan-permudaan alam
yang dihasilkan. Dalam upaya pengadaan bahan tanaman dengan memanfaatkan
anakan alam, secara teknis dapat diperkirakan sesuai kelas diameter serta luas
tajuk pohon induk.
Kata kunci: Gaharu, Permudaan alam
_______________________________________________________________
Sumarna Y. 2008. The Effects of Seed Maturity Condition and Media Type on
Growth of Agarwood Seedlings of KarasTrees (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.).
Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 5 (2): 129-135
Agarwood is categorized as a non-timber forest product which has complex use
values, not only for perfume and cosmetics, but also for medicinal industrial materials.
The products were initially taken from the dead trees, but people nowadays tend
to cut down the trees to obtain agarwood which could lead to the depletion of the
resource. Since 2004 the species of Aquilaria sp. and Gyrinops sp. have been listed
as endangered species in the Appendix II by the Commission of CITES (Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). A number
of reservation efforts to maintain sustainable production of the agarwood could be
done through cultivation. Based on the biological nature of the plants, the agarwood
seedlings can be cultivated either from the seeds which fall from the tree or from
the seeds taken from the mature fruit. Technically, growth of the seeds in yielding
good quality and optimal number of seedlings will be influenced by germination
media type used. Through examination on seeds fall from the trees (A) and seeds
taken from mature fruits (B) germinated by three media types, i.e. (a) soil, (b) soil
+ organic compost (1:1) and ( c) soil + zeolith sand (1:1), it can be suggested that
growth percentage of seeds fall from the tree (A) was about 82.88% while that
of seeds taken from mature fruit was only 70.33% after three months. The good
germination media was indicated by the media treatment of soil combined with
organic compost (b).
Keywords: Agarwood, seed, media, seedling, cultivation
_______________________________________________________________
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Sumarna Y. 2008. The Effects of Media Types and Nitrogen, Phosphor, and
Kalium (NPK) Fertilizers on Growth of Agarwood Seedlings of Karas Trees
(Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam
5 (2): 193-199
Agarwood is classified as one of the non-timber forest products which possess
a high commercial value. Product of agarwood can be obtained by picking it up
from the trees which died naturally. Due to the difficulty in getting dead trees as
well as market demand with higher price, people now look for agarwood by cutting
down the trees and chopping up the stems to find parts of the wood that contain
agarwood. The high exploitation of trees in some areas results in the depletion
of the wild resource. One of the conservation efforts to maintain sustainable
production of agarwood for the future is through cultivation conducted in various
central production areas and suitable sites. The success of cultivation is mainly
influenced by the availability of good quality of plants. Hence, the study on seedling
maintenance in the nursery done by split plot design with the media as the main
plot and NPK fertilizer dose treatment as sub plot can be expected to gain technical
information on fertilization for good quality of seedlings. Observation on growth
of karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) seedlings with four media type treatments
(A: soil, B: soil + compost (1:1), C: soil + sand (1:1), and D : soil + compost +sand
(1:1:1)), and three NPK fertilizer dose treatments (a : 0 gram, b : two gram, and c:
four gram), suggested that media B (mixture soil + compost (1:1)) and D (mixture
soil + compost + sand (1:1:1)) with induction of two grams NPK fertilizer produced
optimal percentage of growth and quick to reach age ready for planting.
Keywords: Agarwood, Seedling, NPK fertilizer, Cultivation
_______________________________________________________________
Syamsuwida D, Aminah A, Hidayat AR. 2008. Pertumbuhan Semai Gaharu
(Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) Setelah Aplikasi Paklobu Tarazal Selama
Penyimpanan. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman 5 (1): 21-31
Gaharu (A. malaccensis) merupakan salah satu dari 6 jenis penghasil gaharu
berkualitas tinggi dan dikenal memiliki karakteristik benih rekalsitran sehingga
sulit disimpan untuk jangka waktu lama dengan metode konvensional. Dengan
demikian perlu metode penyimpanan yaitu menyimpannya dalam bentuk semai.
Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi beberapa bahan
penghambat pertumbuhan, kondisi tempat simpan dan media simpan terhadap
pertumbuhan semai gaharu selama penyimpanan. Bahan penghambat pertumbuhan
yang digunakan adalah paklobutrazol, NaCl dan akuades sebagai kontrol.Kondisi
tempat simpan terdiri dari rumah tumbuh, naungan berat dan naungan ringan.
Sedangkan media simpan semai terdiri dari campuran tanah pasir (1:1) dan pasir
saja. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap pola
faktorial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan paklobutrazol berpengaruh
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nyata terhadap penekanan pertumbuhan tinggi semai gaharu. Sementara kombinasi
perlakuan bahan penghambat paklobutrazol 250 ppm, media pasir dan tempat
simpan rumah tumbuh secara efektif berhasil menekan pertumbuhan semai gaharu
selama penyimpanan dengan persentase hidup yang tinggi.
Kata kunci: Benih rekalsitran, Kondisi tempat simpan, Media, Penghambat
tumbuh, Ruang tumbuh, Naungan ringan, Naungan berat
_______________________________________________________________
Adurachman, Lanniari I, Saridan A. 2009. Potency and Diameter Increment of
Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK.at Labanan Natural Production Forest, Berau
District, East Kalimantan. Jurnal Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa Samarinda.
Kalimantan Timur 6 (1): 1-11
Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK is one of the most important tree species which can
produce agarwood or gaharu as non timber forest product in East Kalimantan.
Agarwood has a high economical value. The objective of this research is was
to get information on potency, distribution, and diameter increment of the trees.
Such information provides an important input for genetic conservation purpose as
well as for silviculture development. This research was conducted at Silviculture
Technique for Regeneration of Logged Over Area in East Kalimantan (STREK)
plots at Labanan natural production forest with a total area of 48 ha. The areas were
divided into12 plots, where each plot has a size of 4 ha or 200 m x 200 m. The result
showed that the total trees on each plot was between 1 to 5 trees, which meant that
only 1 tree could be found in every two ha. The maximum diameter of the tree was
44.7 cm while the minimum diameter was above 10.0 cm. The average of diameter
increment was 0.40 cm (± 0.402 cm) per year. Meanwhile, the maximum growth
was 0.64 cm per year for diameter class >40 cm.
Keywords: Agarwood, Non timber forest product, Silviculture, Maximum growth
_______________________________________________________________
Betrianingrum C. 2009. Kajian Pertumbuhan Eksplan Pucuk Gaharu (Gyrinops
versteegii (Gilg) Domke) Melalui Teknik Ex Vitro. Skripsi Konservasi Sumberdaya
Hutan Dan Ekowisata Fakultas Kehutanan (IPB)
Pada tahun 1985, jumlah ekspor gaharu Indonesia mencapai sekitar 1487 ton,
namun eksploitasi hutan alam tropis dan perburuan gaharu yang tidak terkendali
telah mengakibatkan species-species gaharu menjadi langka. Adapun tujuan
penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan komposisi media yang sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan eksplan dan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi hormon tumbuh IBA
(Indole Butyric Acid) yang optimal bagi pertumbuhan perakaran eksplan pucuk
G.versteegii melalui teknik ex vitro. Diharapkan dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh
informasi tentang media tumbuh yang sesuai dan konsentrasi hormon yang terbaik
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untuk pertumbuhan eksplan pucuk G.versteegii (Gilg) Domke, sehingga dapat
diterapkan guna mendukung pelestarian plasma nutfah.
Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian, alat yang digunakan box mika, aqua gelas 240 ml,
cutter, gunting tanaman, sungkup, paranet, papan iris, steples, sprayer, dan kertas
label. Bahan yang digunakan antara lain eksplan pucuk G.versteegii, hormon IBA
(400, 450, 500, 550, 600 ppm), Vitamin B1, bakterisida, fungisida, media (tanah,
pasir, dan kompos), Antracol, zat perekat, CaCo3. Semua eksplan yang sudah
direndam pada larutan (vitamin B1, sterilisasi, dan hormon dengan berbagai
konsentrasi), serta dioles dengan pasta pada bagian pangkal eksplan, langsung
ditanam pada masing-masing media (tanah tunggal, pasir tunggal, dan campuran
tanah-pasir-kompos) yang sudah dimasukkan pada box mika. Selanjutnya box
ditutup rapat dan disteples, kemudian simpan dalam sungkup.
Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah presentase hidup pada perlakuan sebesar
66,67%, sedangkan pada kontrol sebesar 83,33%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa
perlakuan dengan hormon berpengaruh pada presentase hidup eksplan.
Pertumbuhan tinggi pada eksplan sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis media. Sedangkan
hormon sangat berpengaruh terhadap perakaran. Persentase berakar pada
perlakuan hormon sebesar 61,78% dan pada kontrol sebsesar 53,33%. Dilihat
dari persentase berakar berdasarkan konsentrasi hormon, yang paling tinggi pada
konsentrasi 550 ppm yaitu 14,22%. Namun, tidak jauh berbeda dengan konsentrasi
450 ppm dengan persentase berakarnya sebesar 13,11%.
Dari hasil sebelumnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa komposisi media yang baik
untuk pertumbuhan eksplan gaharu adalah media tanah dengan persentase hidup
89,33%. Sedangkan hormon yang optimal untuk perakaran eksplan pucuk gaharu
adalah dengan konsentrasi 550 ppm. Namun konsentrasi 450 ppm juga baik untuk
perakaran, walaupun tidak seoptimal konsentrasi 550 ppm. Tetapi konsentarsi
hormon 450 ppm ini dapat mengefisienkan biaya.
Key words: Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke, Material, Hormone
_______________________________________________________________
Karyantara ID. 2009. Pengaruh Beberapa Media Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan
Tanaman Gaharu (Aquilaria beccariana van Tiegh.). Skripsi Departemen
Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan EkowisataFakultas Kehutanan (IPB)
Gaharu merupakan salah satu komoditas hasil hutan bukan kayu yang mempunyai
peranan penting dalam peningkatan devisa negara. Saat ini tidak kurang 17 (tujuh
belas) jenis tumbuhan yang dapat menghasilkan gaharu diantaranya adalah
Aquilaria beccariana. Meningkatnya permintaan pasar dan harga jual gaharu yang
cukup tinggi, menyebabkan usaha pencarian gaharu oleh masyarakat di hutan
alam meningkat terlebih masyarakat tersebut lebih banyak yang salah tebang. Cara
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pemungutan seperti ini berdampak terancamnya kelestarian gaharu, tidak diimbangi
dengan pembudidayaan dengan baik. Teknik pembesaran gaharu melalui kombinasi
beberapa media diharapkan dapat memberikan pilihan terhadap usaha konservasi
dalam pembudidayaan. Pengembangan gaharu yang dilakukan merupakan
salah satu upaya untuk mengkonservasi dan sekaligus membudidayakan pohon
penghasil gaharu agar dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi baik untuk kesejahteraan
masyarakat terutama yang tinggal di sekitar hutan, maupun untuk meningkatkan
pendapatan asli daerah.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh beberapa kombinasi media
tanam terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman gaharu. (Aquilaria beccariana van Tiegh.)
Penelitian ini dilakukan di green house Komplek Kebun Raya Tamansari Bogor,
dilaksanakan selama empat bulan yaitu dari awal bulan Mei sampai akhir bulan
Oktober 2008. Bahan yang digunakan berupa media semai, media tanam, benih
gaharu, obat pengendali hama/insektisida dan paranet. Alat yang diperlukan antara
lain polybag, bak penampungan, bak pencampur media, timbangan, caliper, alatalat tulis, sprayer, emrat, pengaduk media, sekop kecil, kamera digital, komputer,
scaner, printer dan Program SPSS 15.
Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa pertambahan tinggi dan diameter batang ratarata tanaman gaharu pada perlakuan kombinasi media tanam tanah-pasir-kompos
daun kering menunjukkan hasil yang paling tinggi yaitu 2,42 cm, dan yang paling
besar yaitu 1,34 mm pada minggu ke 18. Pertambahan jumlah daun tanaman
gaharu ada kecenderungan tidak menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan. Penelitian ini
diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam upaya pengembangan budidaya
serta pelestarian gaharu yang siap tanam di lapangan.
Kata kunci: Kombinasi media, Konservasi, Budidaya Aquilaria beccariana
_______________________________________________________________
Lisdiantini D. 2009. Kajian Penggunaan Hormon IBA dan BAP terhadap
Pertumbuhan Tanaman Penghasil Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke)
dengan Teknik Kultur In Vitro. Skripsi Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya
Hutan dan EkowisataFakultas Kehutanan (IPB)
Hasil hutan non kayu terkadang memiliki nilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi
dibandingkan dengan kayu, salah satu contohnya adalah gaharu. Permintaan
gaharu terus meningkat, sedangkan semua produksinya masih menggantungkan
pada produksi dari hutan-hutan alam. Akibat merosotnya populasi pohon penghasil
gaharu di hutan-hutan alam, maka Pemerintah melalui Keputusan Presiden No.
43 Tahun 1978 menetapkan peraturan bagi eksportir gaharu yang mewajibkan
mereka memiliki surat izin CITES. Perlindungan terhadap beberapa jenis tanaman
penghasil gaharu semakin ditingkatkan, Aquilaria spp. Dan Gyrinops spp. termasuk
Appendix II CITES pada tanggal 2-14 Oktober 2004 di Bangkok. Penelitian ini
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bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi hormon auksin dan sitokinin (IBA dan BAP)
yang terbaik pada media dasar Murashige dan Skoog terhadap pertumbuhan kultur
in vitro ekplan tanaman penghasil gaharu Gyrinops versteegii. Bahan tanaman
yang digunakan adalah pucuk eksplan steril G. versteegii. Eksplan ditumbuhkan
pada media MS dengan penambahan perlakuan kombinasi zat pengatur tumbuh
IBA dengan konsentrasi 0,00; 0,05 dan 0,10 mg/l dan BAP 0,00; 0,05; 0,10 dan
0,20 mg/l. Penelitian ini disusun menggunakan metode statistika RAL Faktorial
dengan jumlah 12 perlakuan dan ulangan sebanyak 6 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan
selama 8 MST (minggu setelah tanam) terhadap seluruh eksplan yang ditanam
meliputi parameter rata-rata pertambahan tinggi, jumlah ruas, jumlah tunas, jumlah
daun, persentase tingkat kematian, proses pengkalusan dan kontaminasi. Hasil
penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa media perlakuan IBA 0,05 mg/l + BAP 0,20 mg/l
memberikan respon terbaik pada parameter pertambahan tinggi dan pertumbuhan
tunas, yaitu sebesar 1,8 cm dan 3,17 tunas. Sedangkan media perlakuan IBA 0,00
mg/l + BAP 0,20 mg/l memberikan respon terbaik pada parameter jumlah ruas
dan jumlah daun, yaitu sebesar 6,33 ruas dan 5,67 helai. Semua media perlakuan
menumbuhkan kalus kecuali, pada media kontrol. Presentase jumlah eksplan yang
terkontaminasi sebesar 6,94% (5 dari 72 eksplan). Kontaminasi disebabkan oleh
adanya cendawan pada tabung. Pengaruh pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh IBA
(0,00; 0,05 dan 0,10 mg/l) dan BAP (0,00; 0,05; 0,10 dan 0,20 mg/l) memberikan
respon yang sangat nyata terhadap parameter jumlah tunas. Sedangkan pada
parameter tinggi planlet, jumlah ruas, dan jumlah daun memberikan respon tidak
berbeda nyata.
Kata kunci : Gyrinops versteegii, in vitro, auksin, sitokinin
_______________________________________________________________
Rayan. 2009. Pengumpulan Biji dan Perkecambahannya Selama Satu Periode
Jatuhnya Biji dari Pohon Induknya dan Penundaan Pengecambahan Biji
Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. diPersemaian (Seed Collection and Germination
During One Period of Seed Fall from Its Mother Tree and Delay of Seed
Germination of Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. at Nursery). Jurnal Pusat Litbang
Hutan dan Konservasi Alam6 (2): 203-210
The aim of this study was to find out germination quality in relation to time seed falling
sequences (the first study) and delay of seed germination (the second one). The
seeds derived from mother trees in Sempaja Arboretum, while germination study
was conducted at the nursery of the Dipterocarps Research Center of Samarinda.
The completely randomized design with factorial 2 x 7 was used for the first study.
The first factor was germination medium consisting of sand without endomycorrhiza
(E0) and sand with endomycorrhiza (E1). The second factor was time interval of
seed collection consisting of P1 (seeds collected on the 3rd day of seed fall period),
P2 (the 5th day), P3 (the 7th day), P4 (those on 10th day), P5 (the 13rd day), P6
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(the 17th day, and P7 (the 24th day). The completely randomized design was used
for the second study. The treatments were PW0 (direct seed germination), PW1 (10
day-delay seed germination, PW2 (12 day-delay), and PW3 (17 day-delay). The
results of the study showed that the average germination of Aquilaria microcarpa
Baill was 74.76%. Germination of seeds in E0 was 75.55%, while that in E1 was
73.79%, but the difference was not statistically significant. The P treatments were
highly significantly different, however, the following test (LSD) indicated that the
treatments of P6 (60.55%), P7 (64.44%), P5 (70.00%), and P1 (71.11%) were not
significantly different. These treatments resulted bad germination quality which was
less than the average of overall germination i.e. 74.76%. Good germination quality
values were more than 74.76% which were from the treatments of P4 (79.45%),
P2 (87.78%), and P3 (90.00%). Result of seed germination delay showed that
PW0 (88.89%) was highly significantly different compared to PW1 (31.11%), PW2
(25.56%), and PW3 (15.56%), while PW1, PW2, and PW3 were not significantly
different.
Keywords: Germination, Mother tree, Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.
_______________________________________________________________
Gusmailina. 2010. Pengaruh Arang Kompos Bioaktif Terhadap Pertumbuhan
Anakan Bulian (Eusyderoxylon zwageri) dan Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis).
(The influence of bioactive charcoal compost on seedlings growth of bulian
(Eusyderoxylon zwageri) and agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis). Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 28(2): 93-110
This article presents several effective growth indications of bulian (Eusyderoxylon
zwageri) and agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) seedlings which planted in various
media of bioactive charcoal compost. This study employed two main compositions of
sawdust activated compost, i.e., sawdust bioactivated compost (ASG) and the ASG
plus ricestraw (ASGJ). The research was conducted through 4 months observation
in a seedbed belong to Government Forestry District in Jambi. Experiments were
completely randomize designed with various portions of ASG and ASGJ ranging
from 15 % to 50 %. Growth media contained similar portions of conventional
compost were used for comparison, while the control simply contained 100% of
top soil. Parameters observed in this study consisted of growth percentage, height,
and stem diameter increaments. The collected data were then analized according
to Duncan and Scheffe test.Results indicated that the seedling growth of bulian and
gaharu in ASG and ASGJ media were better than those planted in conventional
compost or control media.
Keywords: Activated charcoal compost, Media, Seedling, Bulian, Agarwood
_______________________________________________________________
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Hidayat O. 2010. Kajian Penggunaan Hormon IBA, BAP dan Kinetin terhadap
Pertumbuhan Tanaman Penghasil Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke)
secara In Vitro. Skripsi Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata
Fakultas Kehutanan (IPB)
Gaharu merupakan hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi.
Saat ini permintaan gaharu sebagian besar masih bergantung pada produksi dari
hutan alam. Permintaan yang tinggi yang diikuti dengan tingginya perburuan gaharu
di hutan alam menyebabkan populasi tanaman penghasil gaharu merosot tajam.
Untuk mengatur kuota produksi gaharu Pemerintah melalui Keputusan Presiden
No. 43 Tahun 1978 menetapkan peraturan bagi eksportir Gaharu yang mewajibkan
mereka memiliki surat izin CITES. Perlindungan terhadap beberapa jenis tanaman
penghasil gaharu semakin ditingkatkan, Aquilaria spp. dan Gyrinops spp. termasuk
Appendix II CITES pada tanggal 2-14 Oktober 2004 di Bangkok.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi hormon auksin (IBA) dan
sitokinin (BAP dan kinetin) yang terbaik pada media dasar Murashige dan Skoog
terhadap multiplikasi tunas eksplan tanaman penghasil gaharu Gyrinops versteegii
secara in vitro. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah pucuk eksplan steril G.
versteegii. Eksplan ditumbuhkan pada media MS dengan penambahan perlakuan
kombinasi zat pengatur tumbuh IBA (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 mg/l), BAP
(konsentrasi 0.00, 0.10, 0.20 mg/l) dan kinetin (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.20, 0.40 mg/l).
Penelitian ini disusun menggunakan metode statistika RAL Faktorial dengan jumlah
17 perlakuan dan ulangan sebanyak 6 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 8 MST
(minggu setelah tanam) terhadap seluruh eksplan yang ditanam meliputi parameter
rata-rata pertambahan tinggi, jumlah ruas, jumlah tunas, jumlah daun, persentase
tingkat kematian, proses pengkalusan, pencoklatan dan kontaminasi.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata jumlah daun terbanyak pada
kombinasi BAP + IBA dihasilkan pada perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l (22.83 helai),
sedangkan pada kombinasi BAP + kinetin rata-rata jumlah daun terbanyak dihasilkan
pada perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l + kinetin 0.20 mg/l (30.00 helai). Multiplikasi tunas
pada perlakuan BAP + IBA bekerja optimal pada 4 MST, dengan jumlah 7.00
tunas pada akhir pengamatan yang dihasilkan oleh perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l +
IBA 0.05 mg/l. Multiplikasi tunas tertinggi dihasilkan oleh kombinasi BAP + kinetin
pada perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l + kinetin 0.40 mg/l dan BAP 0.20 mg/l dengan
jumlah 9.17 tunas. Persentase jumlah eksplan yang membentuk kalus sebesar
88,24% (90 dari 102 eksplan).Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pengaruh
pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh kombinasi IBA (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 mg/l)
dengan BAP (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.10, 0.20 mg/l) dan IBA (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.05,
0.10 mg/l) dengan kinetin (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.20, 0.40 mg/l) memberikan respon
yang sangat nyata terhadap parameter jumlah tunas dan jumlah daun. Sedangkan
pada parameter tinggi planlet dan jumlah ruas memberikan respon nyata dan tidak
berbeda nyata.
Kata kunci : Gyrinops versteegii, in vitro, multiplikasi, auksin, sitokinin
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Sitepu IR, Aryanto, Hashidoko Y, Turjaman M.2010. Aplikasi Rhizobakteri
Penghasil Fitohormon untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Bibit Aquilaria sp.
di Persemaian (Application of Phytohormone-Producing Rhizobacteria to
Improve the Growth of Aquilaria sp. Seedlings in the Nursery). Jurnal Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 7(2): 107-116
Gaharu or aloewood or agarwood is resinous wood found mainly in the genus
of Aquilaria. Gaharu is formed through a unique pathological process initiated
with infection of fungi on the wood tissue. Gaharu has many uses i.e. incense in
religious ceremony, perfume additive, medicine, and cultural activities. In response
to over-exploitation of gaharu-producing trees that has threatened their existence,
genera of Aquilaria and Gyrinops have been enlisted in Appendix II, CITES since
October 2004. It is therefore crucial to sustain the existence of gaharu-producing
species and to accelerate regeneration of gaharu-producing trees for commercial
use. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR) in accelerating the growth of gaharu-producing seedlings in
the nursery. The PGPR have been previously tested in-vitro for theirphytohormone
production from which nine isolates were selected for this study. In addition, one
mycorrhization helper bacteria, Chromobacterium sp. CK8, was also included.
Inoculation accelerated height growth of seedlings up to five months after inoculation.
Among the 10 isolates, Burkholderia sp. CK28 and Chromobacterium sp. CK8 gave
consistent effect on height growth acceleration. Percentage of height increase over
non-inoculated control seedlings ranges from 12.2 to 38.7%, five months after
inoculation. No significant effect was observed for the following months and after
seedlings were transplanted in the field. Height was the most affected parameter
which made it reliable for observation of inoculation effect. Further study should
involve dual inoculation of the MHB, Chromobacterium sp. CK8, and mycorrhizal
fungi to improve effect of inoculation on growth.
Keywords: Burkholderia sp. CK28, Inoculation, Plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria, Height
_______________________________________________________________
Hassan, Hasnida N, Ali NAM, Zainudin F, Ismail H. 2011. Effect of
6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) in Different Basal Media on Shoot Multiplication
of Aquilaria hirta and Detection of Essential Oils in the in vitro Shoots. African
Journal of Biotechnology 10(51): 10500-10503
Aquilaria hirta, locally known as ‘chandan’ or ‘chandan bulu’, is used interchangeably
with Aquilaria malaccensis (karas) to produce gaharu. With the decline in the A.
malaccensis populations, harvesting of this precious wood has begun to extend
to A. hirta. There is also an increasing interest to plant karas trees and related
species. Therefore, a rapid propagation method is necessary to meet the increasing
demand for planting materials as well as for conservation purposes. In this paper,
we reported on the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in different basal media,
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Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) and woody plant medium (WPM) on shoot
multiplications of A. hirta using nodal segments from young seedlings of A. hirta
as explants and the chemical analyses of essential oils present in the in vitro
shoots. The MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l BAP was the most effective
for multiple shoot formation in A. hirta, producing an average of 6.1 shoots per
culture, which is significantly higher than other treatments. New shoots produced
attained a length of 0.4 to 1.8 cm within 25 days in both MS and WPM basal media.
The highest length of new shoots was obtained in WPM containing 0.1 mg/l BAP.
Analysis of the oils by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GCMS) revealed the presence of b-caryophyllene in trace amounts.
Other compounds detected were tetradecanal, hexadecanoic acid, methyl linoleate,
linoleic acid, isophytol and phytol acetate.
Keywords: Aquilaria hirta, Chandan, shoot multiplication
_______________________________________________________________
Irianto RSB, Santoso E, Turjaman M, Sitepu IR. 2011. Pests that Attack GaharuYielding Plants. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I)
R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 89 – 93
Gaharu or eaglewood or agarwood is non-wood forest product. There are about
27 tree species that can produce gaharu in Indonesia, i.e. Aquilaria spp., Gyrinops
spp., Aetoxylon spp., andGonystylus spp. These species exist in the forests in
Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua, but they are threatened due to overexploitation.
Thus, farmers begin to plant them in monoculture is a small or a big-scale and
outside their natural habitat. However, monoculture is generally susceptible to
pest and disease attack. Pest has been found attacking gaharu plantations in
several locations in Indonesia, included of leaf eater Heortia vitessoides. This
pest has become increasingly important as it can cause severe damage and kill
plants. Several control measures were investigated: a) short term controls with a
mechanical measure by a routine collection of the larvae or eggs of the pest from
infested plants and; a chemical measure using contact or systemic insecticides
that contains natural enemies, parasite or predator, e.g. entomopathogenic
microorganism (e.g. Beavureia bassiana or Bacillus thuringiensis); and silviculture
techniques. Our recent study also showed that Oecophylla smaradgina may be
used as a potential predator for protecting plants against pest attack.
Keywords: Gaharu, Heortia vittessoides, Pest control
_________________________________________________________________
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Pratiwi, Santoso E, Turjaman M. 2011. Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
of the Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) Stands Habitat in West Java. Indonesia’s Work
Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation
and Rehabilitation pp 105 - 119
The research aims to collect data and information of gaharu habitat characteristics
in forest plantation for support gaharu plantation development in Indonesia. The
research was carried out in Carita (Banten), Darmaga (Bogor) and Sukabumi.
The observed characteristics include: topography, climate, physical, and chemical
characteristics of the soils. Beside that, the underground vegetation were analysed,
in order to know the relationship between soil characteristics and underground
vegetation composition. Result indicates that gaharu could develop quite favourably
in flat to rolling landscape, low to high temperature (20-32oC), and high rainfall (>
1500 mm/year), hard soil texture (clay), fast drainage, pH about 4,5-5,1, very low
to high base saturation (1,2%-78,84%) and low toxic element. The dominant and
co-dominant underground species in Carita are jampang (Panicum disachyum) and
selaginela (Selaginella plana), while in Darmaga are pakis (Dictyopteris irregularis)
and seuseureuhan (Piper aduncum) and in Sukabumi are jampang (Panicum
disachyum) and rumput pait (Panicum barbatum).
Key words: Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.), Land characteristics, Forest plantation
______________________________________________________________
Subiakto A, Santoso E, Turjaman M. 2011. Trial for Generative and Vegetative
Production of Gaharu (Eaglewood) Planting Stocks. Indonesia’s Work
Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation
and Rehabilitation pp 59 – 65
Gaharu is one of the reliable and superior trees, particularly for development of
people plantation forest. R & D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation,
with the support of Project of ITTO PD 256 prepared science and technology
needed for the aspect of planting stocks production and fungi injection for gaharu
stimulation. In the development of science and technology for gaharu planting stocks
production, research had been conducted concerning the effect of storage duration
on seed germination, which was related to the recalcitrant seed property. Research
on gaharu cutting was also conducted to learn the ideal condition for gaharu
propagation with cutting, in relation with program of gaharu clonal development.
Duration and condition seed storage were influential on gaharu seed germination.
Gaharu seed germination decreased from 82% in the initial germination to 42%
after 8 weeks storage in room temperature condition. Storage of gaharu seed in
refrigerator decreased germination percentage of seeds which had been stored for
8 weeks to 24%. Propagation by cutting on media comprising mixture of coconut
rind powder and rice husk with ratio of 1:1, and twice a week watering, produced
the best growth percentage of 69%.
Keywords: Gaharu, Generative, Vegetative, Planting stocks
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Surata IK, Soenarno. 2011. Plantation of Eaglewood (Gyrinops versteegii
(Gilg.) Domke ) with Interrcopping System, at Rarung, West Nusa Tenggara
Province. Jurnal Balai Litbang Kehutanan Bali Nusa Tenggara 8 (4): 349-361
Recently, the eaglewood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.)Domke) plantation show low
growth rate a semiarid area in Nusa Tenggara. Because eaglewood plantation can
not grow well without any shading. The objective of this study was to observe the
effect of interrcopping system on eaglewood plantation growth in the field. The
research method used Completely Randomized Block Design with intercropping
treatment system up to nine years old from the first plantation. The treatment used
several crops i.e.: corn (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot utilisima), cacao (Theobroma
cacao) and control (without interrcopping system). The experiment was conducted
three groups and each group consisted of 91 replications of eaglewood seedling.
The results showed that up to nine years old of eaglewood plantation had better
growth rate: tree height, stem diameter, and survival rate if we used interrcopping
system with cacao (Theobroma cacao). The highest growth rate, tree height,
diameter, and survival rate of eaglewood plantation were: 29 %, 122 %, and 232
% respectively. The growth of eaglewood plantation from the highest to lowest
rank with interrcopping system were cacao (Theobroma cacao), cassava (Manihot
utilisima), corn (Zea mays), and control with survival percentage of each 55 %, 37
%, 23 %, and 16 %, respectively. The microclimate of intercropping system was
increasing relative humidity, and decreasing the air temperatur, soil temperature,
light intensity. Intercropping with cacao may increase soil nutrient of N, C-organic,
and P.
Key words: Eaglewood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domk, Intercropping system,
Shading
_______________________________________________________________
Awarau, Waipaina, Page T. 2012. Performance of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna)
Seedling Transplants Improved by Shade and Fertiliser. Forest Ecology and
Management 265: 258-269
Aquilaria seedlings experience transplant stress after outplanting. Transplant stress
is influenced, in part, by sun-exposure. Field-applied fertiliser can mitigate effects
of transplant stress. Tall seedlings with thick stems have an improved survival rate
after transplanting.
Keywords: Transplant stress, Competition, Root growth, Hardening, Seedling
establishment
_________________________________________________________________
Carolina DAS. 2012. Pengaruh Kombinasi Berbagai Media Tanam dengan
Inokulum Cendawan Acremonium sp. dan Fusarium sp. terhadap Kualitas
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Gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna. Skripsi Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika
dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Aquilaria crassna merupakan salah satu spesies Aquilaria yang dapat menghasilkan
gubal gaharu. Pembentukan gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna dapat terjadi karena
adanya induksi dari cendawan. Interaksi antara pohon inang, perlukaan dan jamur
dalam pembentukan gaharu masih belum dipahami secara jelas. Faktor-faktor
lain seperti umur pohon, perbedaan spesies pohon, pengaruh musim, variasi
lingkungan, dan variasi genetik juga berperan penting dalam pembentukan gaharu.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi media tanam
dengan inokulum cendawan Acremonium sp. dan Fusarium sp. terhadap kualitas
gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu lima jenis
kombinasi media tanam (Tanah, Tanah: Arang sekam, Arang sekam+NPK, Arang
sekam + larutan Hoagland, Arang sekam + larutan hoagland yang dimodifikasi) dan
dua spesies inokulum (Acremonium sp. dan Fusarium sp.). Parameter yang diamati
adalah tingkat persentase gugur daun, kadar warna, kadar harum dan keberadaan
terpenoid kayu gaharu. Kadar harum yang terbaik diperoleh dari perlakuan arang
sekam dengan pemberian NPK dan inokulum Acremonium sp. dan perlakuan
arang sekam dengan pemberian larutan Hoagland yang dimodifikasi dan inokulum
Fusarium sp.. Kadar warna kayu terpekat atau tergelap diperoleh dari perlakuan
arang sekam dengan pemberian NPK dan inokulum cendawan Acremonium sp.
ataupun Fusarium sp.. Sedangkan keberadaan terpenoid belum dapat terakumulasi
selama waktu 21 hari setelah induksi. Acremonium sp. menyebabkan keguguran
daun lebih tinggi dibanding Fusarium sp..
Kata kunci: Gaharu, Acremonium, Fusarium, Aquilaria crassna
_______________________________________________________________
Lestari F, Suryanto E. 2012. Efikasi Bacillus thuringiensis Terhadap Hama Ulat
Daun Gaharu Heortia vitessoidess (Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis againts
Worm Leaf Pest on Tree Gaharu Producer). Jurnal Puslitbang Hutan Tanaman
4 (9): 227 – 232
Heortia vitessoides worms attack gaharu plants in Kandangan, Regency of Hulu
Sungai Selatan and Barabai, Regency of Hulu Sungai Tengah, Central Kalimantan
province. This pest attack causes stunted growth of the gaharu plants. The objective
of this study was to determine the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against the worm
pests H. vitessoides. The study was conducted in the protected forest laboratory of
the Forest Research Institution of Banjarbaru and in the region of gaharu stands in
Kandangan and Barabai, South Kalimantan. The research results showed that the
insecticide with the active substance B. thuringiensis at a concentration of 0.5 g/l
and 1.5gr/l effectively caused larval mortality of 100% on day 3, and the treatment
with the concentration of 1 g/l and 2 g/l effectively caused 100% mortality of larvae
on day 2 at the laboratory scale. At the field scale all concentrations resulted in
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100% larval mortality at day 3. Variations of concentrations used did not significantly
affect mortality of larvae in the laboratory and on the field.
Keywords: Gaharu, Heortia vitessoides, Bacillus thuringiensis, efficacy, larvae
_______________________________________________________________
Khoerani. 2013. Studi Pembungaan dan Perkembangan Buah Serta Viabilitas
Polen Pohon Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii). Departemen Biologi Fakultas
Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Gyrinops versteegii merupakan tanaman yang memiliki potensi sebagai penghasil
gaharu. Potensi tersebut perlu dikembangkan dan dibudidayakan sehingga
informasi tentang pembungaan dan pembentukan buah sangat diperlukan. Dalam
penelitian ini perkembangan bunga dan buah G. versteegii, serta uji viabilitas
polen dipelajari. Morfologi bunga dan buah diamati di kebun gaharu, sedangkan
pengamatan anatomi dan uji viabilitas polen diamati di laboratorium. Secara umum
tunas memiliki 1-15 kuncup bunga. Bunga tergolong dalam bunga sempurna
dengan pembungaan memayung bertipe majemuk tidak terbatas. Jumlah stamen,
mahkota dan kelopak bervariasi antara 3-8. Kelopak dan mahkota bunga tersusun
radial (beraturan). Bunga berupa corong 5 cuping, dan berwarna hijau kekuningan.
Panjang bunga mekar adalah 10-18 mm. Perkembangan bakal bunga menuju
pembentukan kuncup memerlukan waktu 3-9 hari. Waktu yang dibutuhkan kuncup
menjadi bunga mekar adalah 13-27 hari. 7-20 hari setelah anthesis bunga memasuki
fase pembuahan. Warna buah menguning pada minggu ke-5 setelah anthesis.
Tingkat kerontokan bunga mencapai 88,8%. Buah berbentuk bulat telur, hijau dan
jika sudah matang warna kulit berwarna jingga. Pertumbuhan buah muda menjadi
buah matang memerlukan waktu 8-11 minggu setelah anthesis (MSA). Umumnya
buah mengandung 2 biji. Tingkat kerontokan buah mencapai 61,9%. Viabilitas
polen diamati menggunakan teknik pewarnaan. Pewarna yang digunakan adalah
anilin blue 1% dan I2KI 1%. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas polen
menggunakan pewarna I2KI 1% lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pewarna anilin
blue 1%. Viabilitas polen fertil dengan I2KI 1% berkisar antara 96,4% hingga 98,9%,
sedangkan dengan anilin blue 1% berkisar 88,3% hingga 97,7%.
Kata kunci: Pembungaan, Buah, Viabilitas polen, Gaharu, Gyrinops versteegii
_________________________________________________________________
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D.Agarwood Formation
_________________________________________________________________
Agustini L, Wahyuno D, Santoso E. 2006. Keanekaragaman Jenis Jamur yang
Potensial dalam Pembentukan Gaharu dari Batang Aquilaria spp. (Biodiversity
of Potential Agarwood Inducer Fungi Taken from Aquilaria spp. Stems). Jurnal
Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 3(5): 555 -564
Terbentuknya gaharu diyakini sebagai respon pohon gaharu terhadap banyak
faktor, di antaranya fisiologis tanaman dan infeksi jamur.Sejumlah isolat jamur
3 yang berpotensi menginduksi gaharu telah diisolasi dari sampel kayu gaharu
dari berbagai daerah. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman
jenis isolat yang berhasil dikoleksi.Sampel kayu diambil dari beberapa lokasi
penanaman gaharu di Jawa, Sumatera, Kalimatan, dan Maluku. Kegiatan isolasi,
pemurnian, dan perbanyakan dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan pada berbagai
media.Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati ciri makroskopis dan mikroskopis
isolat yang dibiakkan pada media PDA dan BLA yang diinkubasi pada suhu
ruang dengan pencahayaan 300-400 lux selama 10-14 hari. Hasil identifikasi
menunjukkan bahwa biodiversitas isolat koleksi meliputi jenis Fusarium solani
(Mart.) Appell and Walenw.,F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc., F. sambucinum Fuckel,
dan Cylindrocarponsp.
Kata kunci:
Mikroskopis
Keanekaragaman,
Fusarium,
Cylindrocarpon,
Makroskopis,
_________________________________________________________________
Ramadhani RC. 2006. Jaringan Pengakumulasi Resin Gaharu pada Aquilaria
crassna. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Aquilaria crassna merupakan salah satu dari 17 spesies Aquilaria yang mampu
menghasilkan resin gaharu. Pembentukan resin gaharu antara lain dapat
disebabkan oleh invasi cendawan, pelukaan, dan perlakuan kimia. Resin yang
dihasilkan oleh Aquilaria dilaporkan terakumulasi dalam jumlah besar di included
phloem. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari waktu terbentuknya included phloem
pada akar, batang, dan daun A. crassna, serta mengamati peran jaringan lain
dalam mengakumulasikan resin setelah tanaman diinduksi dengan Acremonium
sp. Pembentukan dan perkembangan included phloem diamati pada tanaman umur
6 bulan dan 1 tahun, sedangkan pengamatan jaringan pengakumulasi resin gaharu
diamati pada tanaman umur 1 dan 3 tahun. Irisan melintang seluruh organ tanaman
umur 6 bulan, daun tanaman umur 1 dan 3 tahun dibuat dengan menggunakan
mikrotom putar, sedangkan sayatan melintang akar dan batang tanaman umur
1 tahun serta cabang tanaman umur 3 tahun dibuat dengan menggunakan
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39
mikrotom sorong. Tiga bulan setelah diinokulasi dengan Acremonium sp. jaringan
pengakumulasi resin gaharu diidentifikasi secara histokimia menggunakan larutan
tembaga asetat [Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O], sedangkan kandungan pati diamati dengan
larutan I2KI. Included phloem sudah terbentuk pada akar dan batang A. crassna
umur 6 bulan, sehingga induksi pembentukan gaharu dapat dilakukan pada
umur tersebut. Included phloem tidak ditemukan pada daun tanaman A. crassna.
Akumulasi resin pada jaringan tanaman yang terinfeksi oleh Acremonium sp.
ditemukan di included phloem, unsur trakea xilem sekunder, dan parenkima jejari.
Kata Kunci: Jaringan, Resin Gaharu, Aquilaria crassna
_________________________________________________________________
Rusliani D. 2008. Pengaruh Asam Salisilat Terhadap Sifat Kayu Gaharu
(Aquilaria crassna). Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
(IPB)
Asam salisilat merupakan lnolekul sinyal sekunder untuk pembentukan metabolit
sekunder yang berfungsi sebagai senyawa pertahanan. Pengaruh asam salisilat
terhadap pembentukan senyawa gaharu belum diketahui. lndikator pembentukan
senyawa gaharu adalah perubahan warna dan adanya akumulasi terpenoid.
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian asam salisilat terhadap
perubahan warna kayu dan akumulasi terpenoid pada A. crassna. Cabang pohon
A.crassna yang berumur 8 tahun (berdiameter 1cm) dibuang kulit dan kambiumnya
sepanjang 2 cm kemudian dioleskan asam salisilat dengan konsentrasi lOOn1M
(SA loo), 200mM (SA 200), 300mM (SA 300), 4001nM (SA 400), 700mM (SA 700)
dan lOOOmM (SA 1000). Tingkat warna kayu dan besarnya zona perubahan warna
kayu, akumulasi terpenoid (uji histokiinia dan Liebemian-Burchard) dan tingkat
wangi diamati pada 5, 10,25 dan 50 hari setelah pemberiana asam salisilat (hsa).
Pemberian asam salisilat menyebabkan perubahan warna kayu dari putih menjadi
putih kecoklatan yang disertai munculnya gejala fisiologis,seperti klorosis (SA 400
pada 50 hsa dan SA 700 pada 5 hsa), batang rapuh dan kematian cabang (SA
700 pada 25 hsa dan SA 1000 pada 50 hsa). Kandungan terpenoid inenyebabkan
perubahan warna kayu. Akumulasi terpenoid ditemukan pada parenkima jejari,
included phloem, unsur trakea xilem dan empulur kecuali pada kayu yang inendapat
perlakuan SA 700 dan SA 1000, akumulasi terpenoid hanya terdapat di parenkima
jejari dan unsur trakea xilem. Akurnulasi lemak ditemukan pada parenkima jejari,
includedphloem, dan unsur hitkea xilem. Sedangkan akumulasi pati ditemukan
pada 5-10 hsa di parenkima jejari dan inclsided phloem. Warna kuning pada uji
Lieberman Burchard menunjukkan adanya kandungan sterol. Pemberian asam
salisilat dapat menginduksi pembentukan senyawa terpenoid tapi tidak dapat
menginduksi wangi gaharu.
Kata Kunci: Asam Salisilat, Gaharu, Aquilaria crassna, Sifat Kayu
_________________________________________________________________
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Eurlings MCM, Heuveling van BeekH, Gravendeel B. 2010. Polymorphic
Microsatellites for Forensic Identification of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna).
Forensic Science International 197 (1): 30-34
Tropical agarwood (Aquilaria) is in danger of extinction in the wild due to illegal
logging. Its resin (Gaharu) is used for the production of highly valued incense
throughout Asia. We have isolated and characterized microsatellite loci of Aquilaria
crassna to detect the geographic origin of agarwood for forensic applications using
a modified enrichment procedure based on the capture of repetitive sequences from
restricted genomic DNA. We assessed the polymorphisms of five microsatellites
amplified from fresh leaves of 22 trees from seven plantations in Vietnam and
Thailand and dried leaves of a herbarium specimen of one wild tree. Cross specificity
of these markers was confirmed on two related Aquilaria species occurring in China
and Vietnam and one microsatellite locus was successfully amplified from wood
and incense samples. Four of the loci were polymorphic and the number of alleles
ranged from 3 to 15. The loci characterized here can provide a starting point for
forensic identification of traded material and certification of sustainably produced
agarwood.
Keywords: Gaharu, Microsatellites, Thymelaeaceae, Tropical forest products,
Wildlife forensics
_________________________________________________________________
Kumeta Y, Ito M. 2010. Characterization of [delta]-Guaiene Synthases
from Cultured Cells of Aquilaria, Responsible for the Formation of the
Sesquiterpenes in Agarwood. Plant Physiology 154 (4): 1998-2007
The resinous portions of Aquilaria plants, called agarwood, have been used as
medicines and incenses. Agarwood contains a great variety of sesquiterpenes, and
a study using cultured cells of Aquilaria showed the production of sesquiterpenes
(α-guaiene, α-humulene, and δ-guaiene) to be induced by treatment with methyl
jasmonate (MJ). In this study, the accumulation and production of sesquiterpenes
were quantified. The amounts accumulated and produced reached a maximum
at 12 h, and the most abundant product was α-humulene at 6 h and δ-guaiene
after 12 h. However, a headspace analysis of the cells revealed that α-humulene
is likely to be volatilized; so overall, the most abundant sesquiterpene in the cells
was δ-guaiene. A cDNA library from RNA isolated from MJ-treated cells was
screened using PCR methodologies to isolate five clones with very similar amino
acid sequences. These clones were expressed in Escherichia coli, and enzymatic
reactions using farnesyl pyrophosphate revealed that three of the clones yielded
the same compounds as extracted from MJ-treated cells, the major product being
δ-guaiene. These genes and their encoded enzymes are the first sesquiterpene
synthases yielding guaiene-type sesquiterpenes as their major products to be
reported. Expression of a fourth terpene synthase gene in bacteria resulted in
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the accumulation of the protein in insoluble forms. Site-directed mutagenesis of
the inactive clone and three-dimensional homology modeling suggested that the
structure of the N-terminal domain was important in facilitating proper folding of the
protein to form a catalytically active structure.
Keywords: Aquilaria, Agarwood, Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane, Ligases
_________________________________________________________________
Murtaip. 2010. Induction of Agarwood Formation by Combination of Acremonium
and Chemical Treatments. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam (IPB)
Agarwood is an aromatic resin produced by Aquilaria spp. The resin was formed
as a response to fungal infection, mechanical damage or chemical treatment.
This research was aiming at evaluation of the effectivity of single induction agent
(salicylic acid (A), methyl jasmonate (M), Acremonium (F)) and in comparison to
combination of induction agents. Trunks of Aquilaria crassna (±10 years old) was
induced by either a single induction agents (A, M or F) or its combination (AF, AM,
MF or AMF). Acremonium was given as pellets, while A and M were given at 100
mM and 750 mM, respectively. The tree was first drilled (4 mm diam. and one third
diameter of the stem), with 20 cm distance between holes. The trunk was then
injected with A, subsequently with M and inoculated with F, with a week interval of
teratments. Agarwood quality criteria such as wood discoloration, fragrance level,
and also terpenoid accumulation were observed monthly for four months periode.
The results indicated that intensity of wood discoloration of all treatments ranges
from brownish white to dark brown with AMF combination gave highest intensity.
Fragrance did not induce by all treatments with AMF combination given highest
mean score, but on the base at percentage of point induction, MF and F were
more effective to induce fragrance. All of treatments induced terpenoids formation.
AM and F treatments induced high triterpenoid accumulation with concentration
268.25 ppm. Wood discoloration was not correlated with fragrance level, but it was
correlated with terpenoid accumulation. AMF stimulated wood discoloration and its
fragrance level was better than the other treatments. However, only MF and F were
effective to induce spesific agarwood fragrance.
Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Acremonium, Salycilic acid, Methyl jasmonate,
discoloration, terpenoid.
_________________________________________________________________
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Nimnoi P, Pongsilp N, Lumyong S. 2010. Endophytic Actinomycetes Isolated
from Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lec and Screening of Plant Growth Promoters
Production. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 26 (2):193-203
A total of 10 endophytic actinomycete strains were successfully isolated from
healthy shoots and roots of Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lec (eaglewood). Analysis
of 16S rDNA sequencing of those isolates showed that they belong to members
of the genera Streptomyces (2 isolates), Nonomuraea (1 isolate), Actinomadura
(1 isolate), Pseudonocardia (1 isolate) and Nocardia (3 isolates). The remaining 2
isolates were unidentified. All of isolates produced the amount of indole-3-acetic
acid (IAA) and ammonia ranging between 9.85 ± 0.31 to 15.14 ± 0.22 μg ml^sup
-1^ and 2 to 60 mg ml^sup -1^, respectively. Among 10 isolates tested, the amount
of hydroxamate-type siderophore produced by 2 isolates was undetectable. While
the remaining 8 isolates produced the amount of hydroxamate-type ranging
between 3.21 ± 0.12 and 39.30 ± 0.40 μg ml^sup -1^. Also, catechols-type
siderophore produced by 9 isolates was undetectable. Actinomadura glauciflava
is only one isolate that produced catechols-type 4.12 ± 0.90 μg ml^sup -1^. In
addition, 10 endophytic actinomycetes showed protease activity ranging from
undetectable to 8.16 ± 0.15 unit ml^sup -1^. Genetic relatedness amongst these
isolates was determined base on Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and
Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC
PCR). Both methodologies generated specific patterns corresponding to particular
genotypes. RAPD fingerprinting proved to be slightly more discriminatory than ERIC
PCR. This study is the first published report that actinomycetes can be isolated as
endophytes within this plant. It is also the first published report that endophytic
actinomycetes are capable of producing IAA and siderophores.
Keywords: Endophytic actinomycetes, Idole-3-acetic acid, Siderophores,
Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC
PCR), Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
_________________________________________________________________
Wilarso SBR, Santoso E, Wahyudi A. 2010. Identifikasi Jenis-jenis Fungi
yang Potensial terhadap Pembentukan Gaharu dari Batang Aquilaria spp.
(Identification the Potential Types of Fungi on Establishment Agarwood Stem
of Aquilaria spp.). Jurnal Sivikultur Tropika 1 (01): 1 – 5
One of tree genus that becomes the main source of agarwood producer is Aquilaria.
The formation of agarwood was believed as response of agarwood trees to many
factors, likes plant physiological and pathogenic fungi infection. A number of
isolates that have the potential to induce agarwood has been isolated from wood
samples from different areas such as Bangka, Bogor, Bohorok, Gorontalo, East
Kalimantan, Lampung, Mentawai, Papua, and Sukabumi. This study aimed to obtain
information on the types of fungi isolated from stem-forming agarwood Aquilaria
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spp. that successful collection of Microbiology Laboratory of Forestry Research in
Bogor. Identification was done by observing morphological features from cultured
isolates on PDA and BLA. The results of identification of isolates collection include
species of Fusarium solani (Mart.), Appell and Walenw, F. tricinctum (corda) Sacc,
F sambucinum Fuckel, and F. Moniliformae.
Keywords: Identification, fungi, Fusarium, Aquilaria spp.
_________________________________________________________________
Hodijah RS. 2011. Cendawan dan Bahan Kimiawi sebagai Formula Inokulan
Penginduksi Gaharu. Skripsi Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh asam salisilat 0,1 mM dan metil
jasmonat 0,75 mM terhadap pertumbuhan Acremonium sp. (IPBCC 08.566, IPBCC
07.525) dan Fusarium sp. (IPBCC 08.568, IPBCC 08.569 dan IPBCC 08.570)
pada media laboratorium dan formula inokulan berbentuk pelet. Acremonium sp.
atau Fusarium sp. (diam. 5 mm) ditumbuhkan pada media PDA dan dipasangkan
dengan lempeng kertas saring (diam. 5 mm) yang mengandung 1 mL asam salisilat
0,1 mM atau metil jasmonat 0,75 mM. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap diameter
koloni dan jumlah konidia setiap dua hari sampai koloni memenuhi cawan. Senyawa
kimia yang tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan diteliti lebih lanjut sebagai
komponen formulasi pelet dan pelet diuji viabilitasnya. Uji viabilitas dilakukan
dengan menumbuhkan cendawan berupa pelet pada media PDA. Asam salisilat
0,1 mM atau metil jasmonat 0,75 mM tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan
miselium dan produksi konidia pada semua isolat. Namun asam salisilat 0,1 mM
merangsang pembentukan konidia Fusarium IPBCC 08.568 (sebesar 1,005x
produksi konidia kontrol). Secara umum Acremonium sp. maupun Fusarium sp.
pada pelet dengan penambahan asam salisilat 0,1 mM atau metil jasmonat 0,75
mM dan 750 mM memiliki viabilitas sebesar 85-95,8% dan tidak berbeda nyata dari
kontrol yaitu sebesar 90-96,6%. Sedangkan semua cendawan pada pelet yang
diberi asam salisilat 100 mM tidak tumbuh sehingga dianggap tidak viabel.
Kata kunci: Cendawan, Inokulan, Gaharu
_________________________________________________________________
Jin-long C, Shun-xing G, Pei-gen X. 2011. Antitumor and Antimicrobial Activities
of Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Parts of Aquilaria sinensis. Journal of
Zhejiang University - Science B 12(5): 385–392
The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize endophytic fungi from
the stem tissue which can produce fragrant ingredients in Aquilaria sinensis
(also called agarwood) to determine their antitumor and antimicrobial activities.
Twenty-eight fungal endophytes were isolated fromagarwood by strict sterile
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44
sample preparation and were classified into 14 genera and 4 taxonomic classes
(Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Zygomycetes) based
on molecular identification. Of the 28 isolates, 13 (46.4%) showed antimicrobial
activity against at least one of the test strains by the agar well diffusion method, and
23 isolates (82.1%) displayed antitumor activity against at least one of five cancer
cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)
assay. The diameters of inhibition zones of YNAS07, YNAS14, HNAS04, HNAS05,
HNAS08, and HNAS11 were equal to or higher than 14.0 mm against Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis, Aspergillus fumigatus, and B.
subtilis, respectively. The inhibition rates of YNAS06, YNAS08, and HNAS06 were
not less than 60% to 293-T, 293-T, and SKVO3 cells, respectively. These results
suggest that the endophytic fungi associated with agarwood will provide us with
not only useful micro-ecological information, but also potential antimicrobial and
antitumor agents.
Keywords: Agar diffusion method, Agarwood, Antimicrobial bioactivity, Antitumor
bioactivity, Endophytic fungi.
_________________________________________________________________
Lia PA. 2011. Studi Interaksi Fusarium sp. dengan Pohon Gaharu (Aquilaria
sp.) Menggunakan Pendekatan Sitologi. Skripsi Bogor Agricultural University
(IPB)
The research is aiming to study the pathogenesis mechanism of Fusarium sp.
IPBCC. 08.569 on Aquilaria sp. seedling in respect to the respons of the host towards
Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 infection. Penetration mechanism was determined by
observing the appresorium formation on the bark surface in vitro, the potency to
produce lignocellulase and toxin. While colonization was studied by histopathological
methods using both staining process and SEM. The respons of the tree towards
infection was observed at either cellular by histochemestry or organ level using
scoring system. Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 showed no appresorium formation
but had lignocellulolytic activity. Hypersensitivity reaction of tobacco leaf towards
crude extract of extracellular substance indicated that Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569
produce toxin. Direct penetration into the bark was not found, therefore penetration
had to be through wounded area. While modification of hyphae was observed in the
living cells of the wood tissue (parenchyma rays, included phloem, and pith) these
cells might contain terpenoid as conversion of starch. These cellular changes might
be observed as discolored wood and the wood became scented. Discolored wood
was extended outside the colonization area, indicated that the dark substance might
be part of hypersensitive respons to delimit the infection. Using scoring system,
after inoculation Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 can be stated as wound infection
fungi with limited colonization in living tissue and induce terpenoid formation in
certain tissue.
Keywords : Interaction, Fungi, Fusarium, Aquilaria sp.
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Rahayu G, Santoso E, Wulandari E. 2011. Effectivity and Interaction Between
Acremonium sp. and Fusarium sp. in Formation of Gaharu Clump in Aquilaria
microcarpa. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I)
R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 47- 57
Aquilaria microcarpa is one of the trees that produce gaharu. Gaharu is formed
as a response to a fungus infection. Acremonium sp. and Fusarium sp. were the
fungus which often used to induce clump formation. Both these fungus were often
isolated from one single clump symptom. Interaction between both fungus in clump
formation was unknown. Therefore the ability of Acremonium sp. and Fusarium
sp. and their interaction in clump formation were to be studied. Tree trunks of A.
microcarpa were drilled and then inoculant 1 (A= Acremonium sp. or F= Fusarium
sp.) was inserted into a sequence of holes and followed by inoculant 2 (F=Fusarium
sp. or A=Acremonium sp). into another sequence of holes with 1 week interval on
the same tree trunk. Before the inoculant Acremonium was inserted into the holes,
the holes were treated with 2% sugar solution. Range between a sequence of holes
of inoculant 1 and inoculant 2 was 15 cm. All treatments consisted treatment with
single inoculant AA and FF, with double inoculant AF and FA, without inoculant
(only drilled =B, drilled and treated with sugar=G), and negative control (K). Range
between holes of a pair of treatments was 30 cm. Every treatment was made in
3 different trees. Effectivity and interaction between inoculant were determined
by length, width of color-change zone on wood, color level, fragrant level, and
precentage of fragrant induction point, and terpenoid compound accumulation.
Wood color change level and fragrant level were determined by LiebermannBurchard method. Observation was carried every month for 4 months. Generally,
every treatment caused color change on wood and stimulated wood’s fragrant
change. Sugar solution caused the symptom of gaharu clump formation supressed.
Acremonium and Fusarium were relatively more effective in stimulating the gaharu
clump formation rather than holes- making or sugar solution treatment, especially in
inducing fragrance. Double inoculant treatments, especially AF was more effective
in inducing fragrance formation than FA and single inoculant. On the other side,
inoculant FA was better at other parameters. With 1 week interval, inoculant 1
did not raise resistence to inoculant 2, likewise, inoculant 2 did not seem to affect
inoculant 1. Terpenoid compound which is classified into triterpenoid was detected
in all double treatments and single treatment F. In other treatment, sterol compound
was found. The concentration of both compounds were lower than those found in
nature gaharu.
Keywords: Terpenoid compound, Aquilaria microcarpa, Acremonium, Fusarium
_________________________________________________________________
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Turjaman M, Santoso E, Sitepu IR, Osaki M, Keitaro T. 2011. Application of
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Four Speciesof Aquilaria. Indonesia’s Work
Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation
and Rehabilitation pp 79 – 87
The scarcity of natural gaharu (agarwood) production is due to excessive exploitation
in Indonesian tropical natural forest. The sustainability of mother trees which produce
gaharu is disturbed due to many activities of felling the trees, so that there is a
threat of extinction, particularly for species of Aquilaria. Afterwards, the availability
of natural regeneration seeds which produce gaharu, become also limited. The
main problems addressed in this research is the slow growth of Aquilaria, either in
the nursery or in the field, due to acid soil condition and nutrient deficiency. The use
of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is possible to help the initial growth of Aquilaria
species in the acid soils. The objective of this research was determining the effect
of several AM fungi species on Aquilaria species, either in the nursery or in the field.
Species of Aquilaria used in this reserach were Aquilaria malaccensis, A. crassna,
A. microcarpa and A. beccariana. Species of AM fungi being used in this study
were Entrophospora sp., Gigaspora decipiens, Glomus clarum, Glomus sp. ZEA,
and Glomus sp. ACA. This research used completely randomized experimental
design with 30 replications. Parameters observed in this research were AM fungi
colonization, heigth, diameter, dry weight, fresh weight, seedling survival rate,
and absorption of N and P in plant tissue. Research results showed that AM fungi
colonization was formed in the root of Aquilaria species, after six months being
inoculated in greenhouse condition. The use of AM fungi could increase all growth
parameters and nutrient absorption in species of Aquilaria. Species Entrophospora
sp. was very effective to be used for increasing the growth and nutrient absorption
in species of A. malaccensis, A. crassna and A. microcarpa. A. beccariana prefer
to have partner and is very effective with G. clarum to increase growth and nutirent
absorption of N and P. According to the results of this researh, the use of AM fungi
could help the regeneration of Aquilaria species, either at seedling stage or at the
field. The use of effective AM fungi is recommended for accelerating the growth of
Aquilaria species, starting from nursery condition. Availability of AM fungi inoculum
at the user level, and socialization for its use, should be pursued so that AM fungi
utilization become effective and efficient.
Keywords: Application, Aquilaria, AM fungi, Inoculation
_________________________________________________________________
Fazila KN, Halim KHK. 2012. Effects of Soaking on Yield and Quality of
Agarwood Oil. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24 (4): 557-564
The aims of this study were to investigate vaporisation temperature of agarwood
oil, determine enlargement of wood pore size, analyse chemical components
in soaking solvents and examine the chemical composition of agarwood oil
extracted from soaked and unsoaked agarwood. Agarwood chips were soaked
in two different acids, namely, sulphuric and lactic acids for 168 hours at room
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47
temperature (25°C). Effects of soaking were determined using thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and gas chromatographymass spectrum analysis. With regard to TGA curve, a small portion of weight loss
was observed between 110 and 200°C for agarwood soaked in lactic acid. SEM
micrograph showed that the lactic acid-soaked agarwood demonstrated larger pore
size. High quality agarwood oil was obtained from soaked agarwood. In conclusion,
agarwood soaked in lactic acid with concentration of 0.1 M had the potential to
reduce the vaporisation temperature of agarwood oil and enlarge the pore size of
wood, hence, improving the yield and quality of agarwood oil.
Keywords: TGA analysis, SEM analysis, GC-MS analysis
_________________________________________________________________
Gao ZH, Jian-He W, Huan-Ying X, Yun Y, Zheng Z, Wen-Ting Z. 2012. Identification
of Conserved and Novel microRNAs in Aquilaria sinensis Based on Small
RNA Sequencing and Transcriptome Sequence Data. Gene 505 (1): 167- 175
Agarwood is in great demand for its high value in medicine, incense, and perfume
across Asia, Middle East, and Europe. As agarwood is formed only when the Aquilaria
trees are wounded or infected by some microbes, overharvesting and habitat loss
are threatening some populations of agarwood-producing species. Aquilaria sinensis
is such a significant economic tree species. To promote the production efficiency
and protect the resource of A. sinensis, it would be critical to reveal the regulation
mechanisms of stress-induced agarwood formation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a key
gene expression regulator involved in various plant stress response and metabolic
processes, might function in agarwood formation, but no report concerning miRNAs
in Aquilaria is available. In this study, the small RNA high-throughput sequencing and
454 transcriptome data were adopted to identify both conserved and novel miRNAs
in A. sinensis. Deep sequencing showed that the small RNA (sRNA) population of
A. sinensis was complex and the length of sRNAs varied. By in silico analysis of
the small RNA deep sequencing data and transcriptome data, we discovered 27
novel miRNAs in A. sinensis. Based on the mature miRNA sequence conservation,
we identified 74 putative conserved miRNAs from A. sinensis and 10 of them were
confirmed with hairpin forming precursor. Interestingly, a novel miRNA sequence
was determined to be the miRNA* of asi-miR408, but with accumulation much
higher than asi-miR408. The expression levels of ten stress-responsive miRNAs
were examined during the time-course after wound treatment. Eight were shown to
be wound-responsive. This not only shows the existence of miRNAs in this Asian
economically significant tree species but also indicated its critical role in stressinduced agarwoodformation. The highly accumulated miRNA* of asi-miR408
implied miRNA*s would be functional as well as miRNAs in plants.
Keywords: Aquilaria sinensis, Agarwood, MicroRNA, Deep sequencing, Secondary
metabolism
_________________________________________________________________
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Karimi I, Becker LA, Chalechale A, Ghashghaii, A. 2012. Biochemical Plasma
Profile of Male Rats Exposed to Smoke of Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.).
Comparative Clinical Pathology 21(5): 1053-1058
In oriental regions, the resinous agarwood from Aquilaria trees is used during daily
Asian religious practices and/or ceremonies either alone or as a part of incense
burning. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect agarwood stick smoke
on certain biochemical parameters. Ten male adult rats were divided into two
groups (n=5 each): Smoke-treated animals were exposed to agarwood smoke in
a smoking apparatus for four sessions (1 h/day) per week and control animals
exposed only to compressed air in a smoking apparatus similar to the smokeexposed group. Blood samples were collected on the 28th day of the experiment to
determine levels of a number of biochemical parameters: lactate dehydrogenase,
aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline
phosphatase, total protein, globulin, albumin, total cholesterol, high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, cortisol, and
testosterone. The changes in body weight and biochemical parameters were not
statistically significant after exposure to agarwood smoke with respect to the control
group. The only significant decrease was in plasma testosterone level and was
observed in the smoking group in comparison to the control group which led us to
consider agarwood as an endocrine disruptor.
Keywords: Aquilaria spp., Agarwood, Biochemical parameters, Testosterone
_________________________________________________________________
Lancaster C, Edgard E. 2012. Evaluating Agarwood Products for 2-(2Phenylethyl) Chromones Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Time-of-Flight
Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 26(23): 264926561
Agarwood is the resinous material harvested from threatened Aquilaria species. We
investigated how many protonated 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone ions were sufficient
to make an accurate identification of agarwood. Analysis of 125 reference samples
was carried out by direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(DART-TOFMS). The identification criteria developed were applied to commercial
samples. We developed a technique that uses DART-TOFMS to detect 2-(2henylethyl) chromones. Additionally, we developed a set of criteria to infer the
presence of Aquilaria in commercial samples of wood chips, sawdust, incense
and liquids. Additionally, we examined other fragrant woods to determine if they
contained a chemical profile that could be falsely identified as agarwood.
Analysis of reference and commercial samples (na=a151) established that DARTTOFMS provides reproducible mass spectra that are useful for inferring the genus
of suspected agarwood samples. We identified 17 ions which were useful for
authenticating agarwood. Comparison of the number of chromone ions detected
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49
by direct analyses of dry wood chips versus eluent analysis of methanol-extracted
wood showed that results were similar. Lastly, analysis of 25 scented woods of other
species did not give false positive results. Reliable criteria for interring agarwood
include the presence of diagnostic ions, m/z 319.118 or 349.129, in addition to
ten or more ions characteristic of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. Wood anatomists
challenged with difficult morphological identifications can use this tool to assist in
their analyses. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the
public domain in the USA.
Keywords: Aquilaria, Agarwood, protonated 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone ions
_________________________________________________________________
Bhore SJ, Preveena J, Kandasamy KI. 2013. Isolation and Identification of
Bacterial Endophytes from Pharmaceutical Agarwood-Producing Aquilaria
species. Pharmacognosy Research 5(2): 134-137
Resins and gums are used in traditional medicine and do have potential applications
in pharmacy and medicine. Agarwood is the fragrant resinous wood, which is an
important commodity from Aquilaria species and has been used as a sedative,
analgesic, and digestive in traditional medicine. Endophytic bacteria are potentially
important in producing pharmaceutical compounds found in the plants. Hence, it
was important to understand which types of endophytic bacteria are associated
with pharmaceutical agarwood-producing Aquilaria species. Objective: This
study was undertaken to isolate and identify endophytic bacteria associated
with agarwood-producing seven (7) Aquilaria species from Malaysia. Materials
and Methods: Botanical samples of seven Aquilaria species were collected, and
endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized-tissue samples. The 16S
rRNA gene fragments were amplified using PCR method, and endophytic bacterial
isolates (EBIs) were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity based
method. Results: Culturable, 77 EBIs were analyzed, and results of 16S rRNA
gene sequences analysis suggest that 18 different types of endophytic bacteria
are associated with (seven) Aquilaria species. From 77 EBIs, majority (36.4%)
of the isolates were of Bacillus pumilus. Conclusion: These findings indicate that
agarwood-producing Aquilaria species are harboring 18 different types of culturable
endophytic bacteria
Keywords: Biodiversity, Endophytes, Natural products, Ribosomal DNA, Traditional
medicine
_________________________________________________________________
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Chen, Chao-rui, Yang-jung C, Chwen-jen S, Daina H, Chieh-ming JC. 2013. Oil
Production from De-shelled Aquilaria crassna Seeds Using Supercritical
Carbon Dioxide Extraction. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’
Society 90 (1): 9-16
This study examined the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) in the
extraction of triglycerides from de-shelled Aquilaria crassna seeds. A central
composite response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the effects
of pressure, temperature and solvent-to-solid ratio (SSR) on total yield (TY),
concentration of triglycerides (C ^sub TG^) and recovery of triglycerides (R ^sub
TG^). For this experimental design, pressures that ranged from 250 to 350 bar,
temperatures that ranged from 313 to 333 K and SSR that ranged from 80 to 120
were investigated for the SC-CO2 extractions of 15 g of powdered de-shelled A.
crassna seeds at a CO2 flow rate of 25 mL/min under the supercritical phase. The
values of TY, C ^sub TG^ and R ^sub TG^ achieved were 36.89 %, 709.5 mg/g and
95.4 %, respectively, under the conditions of a pressure of 340 bar, a temperature
of 333 K and an SSR of 115 obtained from the quadratic fitting models.
Keywords: Supercritical, De-shelled Aquilaria crassna seeds, Extraction Response
surface methodology
_________________________________________________________________
Ed-Har AA. 2013. Isolasi dan Identifikasi Mikrob Tanah Pendegradasi Selulosa
dan Pektin dari Rhizosfer Aquilaria malaccensis. Skripsi Departemen Ilmu
Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan Fakultas Pertanian (IPB)
Gaharu merupakan salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu yang telah dimanfaatkan sejak
ratusan tahun oleh nenek moyang dalam ritual keagamaan, pengharum ruangan,
bahkan obat-obatan. Tanaman yang menghasilkan gaharu umumnya berasal dari
genus Aquilaria. Berbagai hipotesa diajukan para peneliti mengenai pembentukan
gaharu, salah satunya adalah hipotesa patologi. Pada hipotesa patologi, para
peneliti meyakini terbentuknya gaharu diakibatkan oleh infeksi patologi berupa
mikrob yang masuk ke dalam jaringan tanaman. Adanya serangan patogen akan
membuat tanaman menghasilkan senyawa fitoaleksin sebagai perlindungan diri.
Jaringan tanaman yang rusak akibat serangan patogen itulah yang kemudian
menjadi gaharu karena adanya penumpukan senyawa fitoaleksin.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi mikrob tanah pada rhizosfer Aquilaria
malaccensis yang memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi selulosa dan pektin. Mikrob
tanah yang diisolasi dan diidentifikasi berasal dari kelompok bakteri dan fungi.
Isolat bakteri dan fungi yang diperoleh dari hasil isolasi diujikan dalam media
selektif. Pengujian dilakukan untuk melihat adanya aktivitas selulase secara khas
ditunjukan pada media CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), sedangkan media CPAF
(citrus pectin agar for fungi) dan CPAB (citrus pectin agar for bacteria) digunakan
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51
untuk melihat adanya aktivitas pektinase. Isolat yang menunjukkan adanya aktivitas
selulase dan pektinase ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona bening di sekeliling
koloni setelah digenangi larutan pewarna. Identifikasi dilakukan pada isolat yang
menunjukkan indeks zona bening tertinggi berdasarkan hasil pengujian aktivitas
selulase dan pektinase. Parameter tanah yang menunjang kehidupan mikrob di
alam turut diamati, yaitu pH, kadar air, bobot isi, C-organik, N-total, P-tersedia,
Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn dan Zn. Di dalam penelitian ini, 26 isolat fungi dan 29 isolat
bakteri telah diisolasi. Di antara isolat-isolat itu ditemukan tujuh isolat fungi dan
enam isolat bakteri yang menunjukkan hasil positif dengan adanya zona bening
di sekeliling koloni. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan mikrob tanah dengan indeks
pelarutan selulosa dan pektin paling baik dari jenis bakteri adalah Bacillus brevis,
sedangkan dari jenis fungi termasuk ke dalam genus Helicoma.
Kata kunci: Aquilaria malaccensis, Gaharu, Mikrob tanah
_________________________________________________________________
Nor Azah, MA, Saidatul HS, Mailina J, Sahrim L, Majid JA, Faridz ZM. 2013.
Classification of Agarwood (Gaharu) by Resin Content/Pengkelasan Gaharu
Menggunakan Kandungan Resin. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 25 (2): 213219
Classification of agarwood (gaharu) by resin content. Agarwood or gaharu is a
fragrant resinous heartwood that can develop in diseased trees from the genus
Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae). The wood is often classified into various grades
according to the colour, density, gaharu formation and scent. These parameters are
very subjective and depend on individual perception. In this study, several grades of
gaharu wood from natural sources and inoculated materials were evaluated for resin
content and the data classified using Z-score transformation technique. The results
demonstrated that resin content could be used as a guide for the classification of
gaharu, thus assisting the industry to reduce bias judgement among traders.
Keywords: Aquilaria, wood extractives, Agarwood classification
_________________________________________________________________
Putri MS. 2013. Eksplorasi Peran Mikrob dan Status Hara Tanaman terhadap
Pembentukan Gaharu pada Aquilaria malaccensis. Skripsi Departemen Ilmu
Tanah Dan Sumberdaya Lahan Fakultas Pertanian (IPB)
Gaharu merupakan salah satu komoditas hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) yang
sudah mendunia. Gaharu memiliki banyak kegunaan seperti, bahan dasar parfum,
dupa, kosmetik, dan sebagai obat beberapa penyakit. Indonesia memiliki potensi
sumberdaya pohon penghasil gaharu yang tinggi. Sampai saat ini, mekanisme
dan proses pembentukan gaharu belum diketahui dengan pasti. Ada tiga hipotesis
dalam pembentukan gaharu yaitu 1) hipotesis patologi, 2) pelukaan dan patologi,
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dan 3) hipotesis non patologi. Sementara itu, masyarakat awam menggunakan
cara tradisional untuk merangsang pembentukan gaharu dengan pelukaan seperti:
disayat, dipaku, pemangkasan cabang, dan mengelupas kulit batang.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh mikrob dan
status hara tanaman pada Aquilaria malaccensis serta hubungannya dengan
pembentukan gaharu. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kimia dan biologi.
Analisis kimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui status hara tanaman. Analisis biologi
dilakukan untuk mengetahui mikrob yang menyebabkan pembentukan gaharu.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terbentuknya gaharu dikarenakan adanya asosiasi
antara tanaman dengan mikrob ataupun adanya luka pada pohon. Populasi mikrob
terbanyak terdapat di bagian dahan yang terlindung oleh kanopi. Dari uji fisiologis
yang dilakukan, tidak semua mikrob yang ditemukan pada gaharu bisa melarutkan
selulosa dan pektin. Gaharu dengan jumlah yang banyak terbentuk pada tanaman
dengan kadar nitrogen (N) dan mangan (Mn) tinggi. Hasil uji lapang menunjukkan
bahwa fungi lebih berpotensi merangsang pembentukan gaharu dibanding
bakteri.
Kata kunci: Aquilaria malaccensis, Pembentukan gaharu, Status hara
_________________________________________________________________
Siburian RHS. 2013. Karakterisasi Interaksi antara Tanaman Aquilaria
microcarpa baill dengan Fusarium solani dalam Pembentukan Gaharu. Thesis
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
Aquilaria microcarpa is native to Indonesia and has been identified and promoted
as potential tree species to yield high quality agarwood (gaharu). Individual trees of
this species, both in its natural habitat and plantation, do not always yield agarwood
due to many influencing factors. It is estimated that only 10% trees would be able
to yield the resin. A clear mechanism of agarwood formation is unknown and there
is a lack of information on underlying causes and triggers of the formation due
to natural complexity and uncertainty. However, natural defense mechanisms
through a series of pathogenesis are presumed as naturally observed in other
resin producing tree species. Research on the characterization of host-pathogen
interaction in gaharu formation was carried out based on the above mentioned
problems with the following specific objectives, namely: i). to identify morphological
characters of A. microcarpa trees interacting with F. solani sp, ii). to determine wood
anatomical characters of A. microcarpa interacting with F. solani, and iii) to verify
the genotypes of A. microcarpa seedlings and trees interacting with F.solani based
on microsatellites. Results on tree morphological analysis showed that two out of
17 morphological characters (descriptor), namely tree height (m) and branching
angles (0), showed significant differences between inoculated and non-inoculated
individuals. In addition, microscopic observations on wood anatomical characters
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of A. microcarpa revealed that inoculated plants clearly deposited golden-brown
colored resin in pores and canticles with a distinct scent. Further verification using
GC MS on the sediment deposits identified common compounds as reported in many
previous research on agarwood, namely: baimuxinal, elemol, 3-phenyl-2-butanone
and chromone-3-one. On the other hand, tests on the viulence degrees of F. solani
showed that one out of 4 strains, i.e. F.solani FORDA 512, showed the highest level
of virulence and was significantly different with other F.solani, especially if inoculated
on seedlings A60, A68 and B30. Two microsatellite loci of A. crassna, i.e. 6Pa18
and 71Pa17, were successfully transferable to A. microcarpa and could be used to
characterize the genotypes of Fusarium-treated seedlings (n=40), inoculated trees
(n=20) and non-inoculated trees (n=20). There were differences in terms of genetic
structures between tree population and seedling population. Further sequence
analysis on the microsatellite fragments on the most virulent F.solani FORDA 512inoculated seedlings indicated genotype dependant responses for both seedling
and tree stages. In addition, Sequence based cladogram showed that inoculated
seedlings were closely placed with inoculated trees indicating certain genetic roles
in the agarwood formation. In conclusion, tree morphological (i.e. height growth and
branch habit) as well as genetic and genomic characters were clearly observed and
useful to provide early information on gaharu formation. It is also supported by the
wood anatomy analysis showing the presence of gaharu resin.
Keywords: Interaction, Agarwood, Fusarium solani, Aquilaria microcarpa baill
_________________________________________________________________
Yangyang L,Huaiqiong C,Yun Y, Zheng Z, Jianhe W, Hui M, Weiping C, Jindong
F, Bingchun G, Xuyu C, Zhihui G, Junqin H, Bo C, Hongjiang C. 2013. Whole-tree
Agarwood-Inducing Technique: An Efficient Novel Technique for Producing
High-Quality Agarwood in Cultivated Aquilaria sinensis Trees. Molecules
18(3):3086-3106
Agarwood is the fragrant resin-infused wood derived from the wounded trees of
Aquilaria species. It is a valuable non-timber forest product used in fragrances and
as medicine. Reforestation for Aquilaria trees in combination with artificial agarwoodinducing methods serves as a way to supply agarwood and conserve of wild
Aquilaria stock. However, the existing agarwood-inducing methods produce poorquality agarwood at low yield. Our study evaluated a novel technique for producing
agarwood in cultivated Aquilaria trees, called the whole-tree agarwood-inducing
technique (Agar-Wit). Ten different agarwood inducers were used for comparison of
Agar-Wit with three existing agarwood-inducing methods. For Aquilaria trees treated
with these ten inducers, agarwood formed and spread throughout the entire tree
from the transfusion point in the trunk to the roots and branches of the whole tree.
Agarwood yield per tree reached 2,444.83 to 5,860.74 g, which is 4 to 28 times higher
than that by the existing agarwood-inducing methods. Furthermore, this agarwood
derived from Agar-Wit induction was found to have a higher quality compared with
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the existing methods, and similar to that of wild agarwood. This indicates Agar-Wit
may have commercial potential. Induction of cultivated agarwood using this method
could satisfy the significant demand for agarwood, while conserving and protecting
the remaining wild Aquilaria trees.
Keywords: Agarwood, Alternative method, Cultivation, Fragrance, Whole-tree,
agarwood-inducing technique (Agar-Wit).
_________________________________________________________________
Dongli L, Yuchan C, Qingling P, Meihua T, Weiming Z. 2014. A New Eudesmane
Sesquiterpene from Nigrospora Oryzae, an Endophytic Fungus of Aquilaria
sinensis. Records of Natural Products 8(4):330-333
A new eudesmane-type sesquiterpene, 11-hydroxycapitulatin B (1), along with a
known related sesquiterpene, capitulatin B (2), was isolated from the endophytic
fungus Nigrospora oryzae A8 from Aquilaria sinensis, the only plant resource for
agarwood production in China. This research demonstrates that the endophytic
fungi from A. sinensis might play a role in the formation of agarwood.
Keywords: Endophytic Fungus, Eudesmane
_________________________________________________________________
Mohamed R, Jong P, Irdayu N, Ismail. 2014. Succession Patterns of Fungi
Associated to Wound-Induced Agarwood in Wild Aquilaria malaccensis
Revealed from Quantitative PCR Assay. World Journal of Microbiology &
Biotechnology 30(9):2427-2436
Aquilaria malaccensis produces agarwood in response to wounding and fungal
attack. However, information is limited regarding Aquilaria’s interaction with its
diverse fungal community. In this study, time-related changes of three natural fungal
colonizers in two wounded wild A. malaccensis were tracked, beginning a few hours
after wounding up to 12 months. Using species-specific primers derived from their
nrITS sequences in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we quantified the amount of
Cunninghamella bainieri, Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Because
time is a major factor affecting agarwood quantity and quality, 14 wood samples
were collected at different time points, i.e., 0-18 h, 2-13 days, 2-18 weeks, and
6-12 months after wounding. qPCR data revealed that the abundance of the three
species decreased over time. The fungi were detected in high numbers during the
first few hours and days after wounding (40- to 25,000-fold higher levels compared
with initial counts) and in low numbers (<1- to 3,200-fold higher than initially) many
months later. Consistent with its role in defense response, the accumulation of
secondary metabolites at the wounding site could have caused the decline in fungal
abundance. Succession patterns of the two trees were not identical, indicating
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that fungal populations may have been affected by tree environment and wound
microclimate. Our results are important for understanding the diversity of microbial
community in wild Aquilaria species and their association to wound-induced
agarwood formation. Fungi could be secondary triggers to agarwood production in
situations where trees are wounded in attempt to induce agarwood.
Keywords: Fungal community, nrITS, Thymelaeaceae
_________________________________________________________________
Zhang Z, Zhang X, Yang Y, Wei JH, Meng H, Gao ZH, Yan-hong X. 2014. Hydrogen
Peroxide Induces Vessel Occlusions and Stimulates Sesquiterpenes
Accumulation in Stems of Aquilaria sinensis. Plant Growth Regulation 72 (1):
81-87
Agarwood is highly valuable resinous and fragrant heartwood, produced principally
from tropical tree species in the genus Aquilaria, which is used widely in countries
of the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Japan. Generally, healthy trees will not
produce agarwood, but wounding of the tree initiates the production of agarwood.
In this study, the pruning of actively growing saplings of Aquilaria sinensis resulted
in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) burst, which was followed by formation of vessel
occlusions and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the pruned stems. Treatment of
the pruned stems with scavenger of H2O2 (ascorbate, AsA) greatly reduced the
amount of H2O2 released, the number of vessel occlusions, and the amount of
sesquiterpenes produced. In addition, exogenous H2O2 also induced A. sinensis
plants to form vessel occlusions and produce sesquiterpenes as pruning treatment.
The results indicated that H2O2 may be an important post-wounding signal in A.
sinensis that leads to the induction of vessel occlusions formation and sesquiterpene
biosynthesis, and thus H2O2 might play a vital role in agarwood formation in pruned
stems of A. sinensis.
Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria sinensis, Hydrogen peroxide, Sesquiterpene,
Vessel occlusions
_________________________________________________________________
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E.Chemical Compound
_________________________________________________________________
Yagura T, Shibayama N,Ito M, Kiuchi F, Honda G. 2005. Three Novel Diepoxy
Tetrahydrochromones from Agarwood Artificially Produced by Intentional
Wounding. Tetrahedron Letters 46(25): 4395-4398
Three novel diepoxy tetrahydrochromones, oxidoagarochromones A (1), B (2), and
C (3), were isolated from agarwood artificially produced by intentional wounding of
Aquilaria crassna. Inductive production of these compounds was also confirmed
at the early stage of wounding in A. sinensis and A. crassna. These diepoxy
tetrahydrochromones would play an important role in understanding the biosynthesis
of chromone derivatives in agarwood.
Keywords: Diepoxy tetrahydrochromone, Oxidoagarochromone, Agarwood,
Aquilaria crassna, Aquilaria sinensis, Thymelaeaceae, Intentional wounding
_________________________________________________________________
Waluyo TK, Kulsum U, Sumadiwangsa ES. 2006. Penyulingan Gaharu
Kamedangan dan Gaharu Buaya dengan Metoda Kohobasi. Info Hasil Hutan:
12 (1): 59-65
Gaharu merupakan komoditi hasil hutan bukan kayu yang harganya sangat mahal,
banyak diburu di hutan alam sehingga keberadaannya di hutan dan di pasar
semakin langka, terutama gaharu kualitas tinggi (gaharu gubal/super). Saat ini
yang ada di pasar umumnya gaharu dengan kualitas rendah dan harganya relatif
murah seperti gaharu buaya dan gaharu kamedangan. Untuk meningkatkan nilai
tambah, maka perlu usaha diversifikasi produk gaharu, salah satunya adalah
dengan cara penyulingan. Penyulingan gaharu dilakukan dengan menggunakan
metode sederhana (kohobasi), yaitu penyulingan dengan cara merebus. Sebelum
penyulingan gaharu dijadikan serbuk berukuran 40 - 50 mesh, selanjutnya
direndam dalam air selama 5 hari, 10 hari dan tidak direndam dalam air. Pada
waktu penyulingan ditambah satu sendok garam dan tanpa ditambah garam.
Perendaman 5 hari menghasilkan rendemen minyak gaharu tertinggi, yaitu gaharu
kamedangan 0,85% dan gaharu buaya 0,75%.
Kata kunci: Gaharu buaya, Gaharu kamedangan, Kohobasi, Rendemen
_________________________________________________________________
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Ito M. 2008. Studies on Perilla, Agarwood, and Cinnamon Through a
Combination of Fieldwork and Laboratory Work. Journal of Natural Medicines 62(4): 387-395
Fieldwork is one of the primary methods for studying medicinal plants and materials,
and information thus obtained can be valuable for experiments performed in the
laboratory. Meanwhile, results of experiments in the laboratory can be brought
back to the field for verification and further investigation. A combination of field
and laboratory work has led to effective progress in studies of medicinal plants in
the field of pharmacognosy. However, the collection of samples with information
through fieldwork is not easy, and it fundamentally requires a great deal of
research experience. Geographical, ethnical, and political affairs often affect its
performance, and to establish a good cooperative relationship with foreign localities
is inevitably required. Beyond these difficulties, fieldwork can provide a framework
for the research project and excellent and unique viewpoints concerning the target.
This review article describes studies on perilla, agarwood, and cinnamon, focusing
mainly on the results of fieldwork performed in Indochina on these species. All three
of these medicinal plants contain essential oils, and their composition varieties,
biosynthetic pathways, pharmacological activities, or induction mechanisms for
production are principally investigated through shuttling between fieldwork and
laboratory experiments.
Keywords: Fieldwork, Perilla, Agarwood, Cinnamon, Indochina
_________________________________________________________________
Rosita R. 2008. Efektivitas Pemberian Metil Jasmonat secara Berulang
dalam Meningkatkan Deposit Senyawa Terpenoid Pohon Gaharu (Aquilaria
crassna). Skripsi Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam (IPB)
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pemberian metil jasmonat
(MeJA) 750 mM secara berulang dalam meningkatkan deposit senyawa terpenoid
pada pohon gaharu (Aquilaria crassna). cabang pohon Aquilaria crassna yang
berumur 8 tahun (berdiameter ± 1 cm) dibuang kulit dan kambiumnya sepanjang
2 cm kemudian diolesi MeJA secara berulang dengan satu kali, dua kali, tiga kali
atau empat kali pemberian dengan interval waktu tertentu. Deposit terpenoid
dideteksi dengan metode histokimia (menggunakan pewarna ternbaga asetat) dan
Ueberrnann Burchard. Adanya deposit terpenoid yang terbentuk berkaitan dengan
respon kesegaran cabang, perubahan warna kayu dan pembentukan wangi.
Pengamatan dilakukan pada 10, 25, SO dan 75 hari setelah induksi. Pemberian
MeJA (secara berulang) mampu eningkatkan eposit senyawa terpenoid. Deposit
senyawa terpenoid ditemukan paling banyak pada parenkima jejari, included
phloem, unsur trakea xylem dan empulur. Senyawa terpenoid yang teridentifikasi
mengandung komponen triterpenoid. Akumulasi terpenoid menyebabkan adanya
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perubahan warna kayu. Perubahan warna kayu tidak hanya disebabkan karena
perlakuan MeJA, tetapi juga pelukaan. Semakin lama waktu inkubasi, warna kayu
akan semakin gelap. Perubahan warna kayu tidak berkolerasi dengan pembentukan
wangi. Aroma wangi mengandung senyawa terpenoid yang mudah menguap, yaitu
sesquiterpen. Aroma wangi akan meningkat kembali setelah diberi perlakuan MeJA
(secara berulang) dan bertahan hanya sampai dengan 25 hari setelah aplikasi
MeJA yang terakhir.
Kata Kunci: Metil Jasmonat, Senyawa Terpenoid, Gaharu, Aquilaria crassna
_________________________________________________________________
Takemoto H, Ito M, Shiraki T, Yagura T, Honda G. 2008. Sedative Effects of
Vapor Inhalation of Agarwood Oil and Spikenard Extract and Identification of
Their Active Components. Journal of Natural Medicines 62 (1): 41-46
Agarwood oil and spikenard extract were examined for their sedative activity
using a spontaneous vapor administration system. It was shown that inhalation
of agarwood oil vapor sedated mice. The main volatile constituents of the oil were
found to be benzylacetone [agarwood oil from a Hong Kong market (1)], or [alpha]gurjunene and (+)-calarene [agarwoodoil made in Vietnam (2)]. A hexane extract of
spikenard contained a lot of calarene, and its vapor inhalation had a sedative effect
on mice. Individual principles benzylacetone, calarene, and [alpha]-gurjunene
were administered to mice, which reproduced the result of the corresponding oil
or extract. However, the most effective dose of the compounds was lower than
their original content in the oil and extract (benzylacetone 0.1%, calarene 0.17%,
[alpha]-gurjunene 1.5%).
Keywords: Agarwood oil, Nardostachys chinensis, Spikenar, Sedative effect,
Inhalation, Spontaneous motor activity
_________________________________________________________________
Okudera Y, Ito M. 2009. Production of agarwood fragrant constituents in
Aquilaria calli and cell suspension cultures. Plant Biotechnology 26 :307–315
(2009).
Calli and suspension cell culture were established from Aquilaria species whose
resinous portion was called agarwood and used as medicine and incense.
Four different strains of calli were analyzed for fragrant compounds such as
sesquiterpenoids and chromone derivatives which were the major components of
agarwood. Main sesquiterpenoids detected from calli were a -guaiene, a -humulene
and d -guaiene, and those of chromone derivatives were phenylethyl chromones
(AH3, AH4, AH5, AH6). Amount of these compounds differed among the four
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strains, indicating that Aquilaria plants may have variation in capacity for fragrant
compound production. Incubation temperature analysis was also done from 20°C
to 40°C and resulted that cell growth was the best at 25°C, whereas the amount of
fragrant compounds was largest at 20°C. Salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate
(MJ) were added to calli and suspension cell culture respectively in order to induce
production of fragrant compounds. Both SA and MJ apparently induced production
of three sesquiterpenoids, a - guaiene, a -humulene, and d -guaiene at early stage
of treatment of SA or MJ, but did not induce that of chromone derivatives directly.
Further studies of time course of chromone production and cell viability suggested
that cell death may take part in chromone production, and that phenylethylchromones
would be produced via oxydoagarochromones (OACs). These results indicate that
sesquiterpenoids are synthesized in living cells, but chromone derivatives may be
produced from debris of dying cells.
Key words: Aquilaria, Calli, Cell Suspension Cultures, Sesquiterpenoids, Chromone
derivative
_________________________________________________________________
Andianto. 2010. Ciri Anatomi Lima Jenis Kayu Penghasil Gaharu dan Dua Jenis
Kerabatnya (Anatomical Features of Five Species Producing-Eaglewood and
Two Related Species). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 28(2): 169-183
Identifikasi jenis kayu penghasil gaharu dapat dilakukan berdasarkan ciri anatomi
kayu. Beberapa jenis kayu penghasil gaharu adalah anggota suku Thymeleaceae.
Bahan kayu dari lima jenis yang diketahui sebagai penghasil gaharu dan dua jenis
sekerabatnya disayat dengan mikrotom untuk memperoleh sayatan tipis guna
pengamatan struktur anatomi. Dimensi pembuluh dan serat diukur melalui preparat
maserasi. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa Aquilaria spp., Gyrinops versteegii
dan Gyrinops cumingiana memiliki kulit tersisip sedangkan Amyxa pluricornis dan
Phaleria sp. tidak. Aquilaria spp. memiliki pembuluh ganda radial umumnya 2(-3)
sel. Gyrinops versteegii dan Gyrinops cumingiana memiliki pembuluh ganda radial
umumnya 2-4 (-6-8) sel. Gyrinops versteegii dapat dibedakan dengan Gyrinops
cumingiana dari lebar jari-jari, yaitu 1 seri pada Gyrinops versteegii, tetapi 1 sampai
2 seri pada Gyrinops cumingiana. Amyxa pluricornis dapat dibedakan dengan
Phaleria sp. dari bentuk parenkim, yaitu parenkim konfluen pada Amyxa pluricornis,
namun vasisentrik pada Phaleria sp. Bagian batang Aquilaria malaccensis dan
Aquilaria microcarpa memiliki persen pembuluh soliter, tinggi jari-jari dan panjang
serat lebih besar dibandingkan bagian akar, namun sebaliknya diameter dan
panjang pembuluhnya lebih kecil.
Kata kunci: Thymeleaceae, Jenis kayu penghasil gaharu, Ciri anatomi
_________________________________________________________________
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Gusmailina. 2010. Peningkatan Mutu Pada Gaharu Kualitas Rendah (Quality
Improvement on Low Grade Agarwood). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 28 (3):
291-303
Agarwood is one of the non wood forest products commodity (NWFP), that having
a high value, compared to other commodity. Due to its distinct and specific fragrant
the high grade agarwood has been selling in international market as an elite
commodity. However, there have been larger amount of the low grade agarwood
that generally sold at low price paid less or lesser marketable. This article presents
an effort to increase the quality of the low grade agarwood by resin impregnation.
The results indicated that low grade quality of agarwood can be improved as
indicated by increasing color, specific gravity, and resin content. Specific gravity
increament of the improved agarwood varies from 0,03 to 0,20. Resin content in
the treated agarwood increased of 29,5 to 52,0 %, or approximately 3 to 5 times
compared to the untreated (control).
Keywords: Agarwood, Low quality, Improvement quality, Impregnating
_________________________________________________________________
Kakino M, Tazawa S, Maruyama H, Tsuruma K, Araki Y, Shimazawa M, Hara H.
2010 Laxative effects of agarwood on low-fiber diet-induced constipation in
rats. Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10:68
Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis), well known as incense in Southeast Asia, has been
used as a digestive in traditional medicine. We investigated the laxative effects
of an ethanol extract of agarwood leaves (EEA) in a rat model of low-fiber dietinduced constipation. A set of rats was bred on a normal diet while another set was
placed on a low-fiber diet to induce constipation. The laxative effect of agarwood
was then investigated on both sets of rats. Pretreatment of normal rats with single
dose of EEA (600 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased frequency and weight of
stools. Also, treatments with EEA (300 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days caused a
significant increase in stool frequency and weight. Feeding of the animals with a
low-fiber diet resulted in a decrease in stool weight, frequency, and water content
and also delayed carmine egestion. A single treatment with EEA (600 mg/kg) or
senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly increased stool frequency, weight, and
water content and also accelerated carmine egestion in the model rats. Once daily
administrations of EEA (150 mg/kg), for 14 days, caused a significant increase in
water content of stools. The higher doses of EEA (300 and 600 mg/kg) significantly
increased frequency, weight, and water content of the stools while accelerating
carmine egestion in the constipated rats. Senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) produced
similar effect as the higher doses of EEA but, in addition, induced severe diarrhea.
These findings indicate that EEA has a laxative effect, without causing diarrhea, in
a rat model of lowfiber diet-induced constipation. These findings suggest that EEA
may be highly effective on constipation as a complementary medicine in humans
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suffering from life style-induced constipation.
Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria sinensis, Laxative effects
_________________________________________________________________
Farid A. 2011. Identifikasi Komponen Kimia Empat Tingkat Mutu Gaharu. Skripsi
Depertemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Telah diidentifikasi komponen kimia empat mutu gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)
perdagangan. Empat mutu gaharu tersebut, dari mutu tertinggi ke terendah ialah
kacangan B, teri B, medang A, dan medang B. Dalam penelitian ini, diketahui
kandungan damar wangi dalam gaharu cenderung meningkat sesuai dengan
peningkatan mutu gaharu. Namun, rendemen kadar damar wangi tidak berkorelasi
dengan kadar senyawa seskuiterpena dan kromon yang merupakan penentu
mutu gaharu. Dalam langkah isolasi, sampel gaharu difraksinasi dengan kolom
kromatografi bergradien dengan eluen heksanaetil asetat dan dikelompokkan
sesuai dengan nilai Rf-nya. Identifikasi senyawa menggunakan kromatografi gasspektrofotometer massa menunjukkan keberadaan 10 senyawa seskuiterpena dan
tiga kromon yang berbeda dalam keempat mutu gaharu dengan kandungan yang
berbeda-beda.
Kata Kunci: Gaharu, Komponen kimia, Identifikasi
_________________________________________________________________
Novriyanti E, Santosa E. 2011. The Role of Phenolics in Agarwood Formation
of Aquilaria Crassna Pierre Ex Lecomte andAquilaria microcarpa Baill Trees.
Journal of Forestry Research 8 (2): 101–113
Phenolic is well known as a secondary metabolite that plays an important role
in plant defense system. Information about the fungi-impeded role of secondary
metabolite is important in achieving success of artificial agarwood production, in
that fungi induction imparted to the selected potential trees will be more effective
and efficient. This research was aimed to investigate the correlation of agarwood
tree phenolics in relation with the susceptibility of corresponding trees to Fusarium
solani attack in the formation of agarwood and observing total phenolics content
of Aquilaria crassna and Aquilaria microcarpa trees prior to inoculation. Twenty
trees of A. microcarpa at Carita, a Forest Area for Special Function (FASF) and
ten of at Dramaga Research Forest were inoculated with isolate of in spiral pattern
around their stem from ground level to about 1.5 m in height. Prior to inoculation,
wood strips were taken off from the stem for total phenolics content. The result
revealed that total phenolics content and infection area tended to have a negative
correlation. Since the quantity of agarwood is highly related with the infection area,
then trees with lower phenolics content should be selected for the more effective
and efficient artificial agarwood production.
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Keywords: Agarwood-producing trees, Fusarium solani, Inoculation, Phenolics
content, Infection area
_________________________________________________________________
Novriyanti E, Santoso E, Wiyono B, Turjaman M. 2011. Chemical Study of
Eaglewood (Gaharu) Resulting from Inoculation of Fusarium sp. on Aquilaria
microcarpa. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D
Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 15 – 29
Gaharu is highly economy-valued product with enormous vary of utilization. Knowing
the content of product we widely used, such as gaharu, is essential, moreover it
will provide information of alternative usages as some other new compounds have
been revealed, gaharu production development through biotechnology, and else.
Chemical analysis were carried out on artificial gaharu produced by inoculating
Fusarium sp. from some origin to Aquilaria microcarpa, which were Bahorok (North
Sumatera), Tamiang Layang (Central Kalimantan), Mentawai (West Sumatera)
and Seram Island (Maluku). Though quantitatively or infection site area, there
was indifferent effect of origins, but it was revealed that there were distinctions in
compounds composition and relative concentration. Artificial gaharu produced by
inoculating Fusarium sp. of Tamiang Layang’s origin showed the highest confirmed
constituents of gaharu but isolate of Maluku’s origin noted to have the highest total
concentration of odorant compounds.
Keywords: Gaharu, Fusarium sp., A. microcarpa, Chemical analysis
_________________________________________________________________
Santoso E, Irianto RSB, Turjaman M, Sitepu IR, Santosa S, Najmulah, Yani A,
Aryanto. 2011. Gaharu-Producing Tree Induction Technology. Indonesia’s Work
Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation
and Rehabilitation pp 31 – 45
Gaharu is formed as an gaharu producing-tree responsed to particular factors
which are the plant physiology and fungal infection. Fungi isolates which are
potential to induce gaharu-forming have been isolated from various regions. This
activity was carried in order to provide information about the diversity of isolates
that have been collected. Wood samples were taken from several locations, from
cultivated plants as well as nature (Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and
Maluku). Isolation, purification, and cultivation were done with adding standard
medium, while qualification was carried with observing Aquilaria malaccensis and
A. microcarpa characteristics. Cultured isolates on (Potato Dextrose Agar) PDA
medium were incubated in room temperature for seven days. Isoalates that have
been collected include Fusarium solani (Mart), Appell and Walenw, F. sambunicum,
and F.tricinctum. Inoculation of four isolates of Fusarium to Aquilaria microcarpa
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was carried in KHDTK Carita, Banten. Inoculation of Gorontalo-originated Fusarium
to Aquilaria microcarpa stems caused the largest and fastest infection compared
to Fusarium originated from West Sumatera, West Kalimantan, or Jambi in 2-6
months.
Keywords: Gaharu, Induction technology, Aquilaria spp., Fusarium spp.
_________________________________________________________________
Ito T, Kakino M, Tazawa S, Oyama M, Maruyama H, araki Y, hara H,Iinuma M.
2012. Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Aquilaria crassna Leaves Via
Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy. Food
Science and Technology Research 18 (2): 259-262
In this study, we extracted Aquilaria crassna with aqueous ethanol and water
and analyzed the extracts via liquid chromatography diode array detection and
electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC- ESI-MS) methods. Phenolics were
separated using semi-micro HPLC and were identified as iriflophenone 3,5-C-βdiglucoside (1). iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside (2). mangiferin (3). iriflophenone 2-Oα-rhamnoside (4). genkwanin 5-O-β-primeveroside (5). genkwanin 5-O-β-glucoside
(6). genkwanin 4’-methyl ether 5-O-β-primeveroside (7). and genkwanin (8). via
a comparison with authentic samples. The collision-induced dissociation (CID)MS/MS spectra of these polyphenols and the unknown chromatographic peaks
were detected using hybrid ion trap time-of-flight (IT-TOF) mass spectrometry. The
results of the present study demonstrated that LC-ESI-MS can be useful for the
specific quality control of extracts of extracted A. crassna.
Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Agarwood leaves, LC–ESI–MS, Quality control,
Polyphenols, Laxative effect
_________________________________________________________________
Muntaqo FA. 2012. Korelasi Kadar Seskuiterpena dengan Mutu Gaharu Standar
Nasional Indonesia. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) dengan tiga mutu perdagangan yang berbeda
telah diidentifikasi kadar seskuiterpenanya. Ketiga mutu gaharu tersebut, dari
mutu terendah ke tertinggi ialah kemedangan, super tanggung A, dan super A.
Penentuan mutu pada Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) pada komoditas ini hanya
didasarkan pada sifat fisik secara kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mendapatkan
parameter kimia yang bersifat kuantitatif guna melengkapi parameter SNI yang ada.
Dalam langkah identifikasi, sampel gaharu diekstraksi dengan dua jenis pelarut,
yakni aseton dan etil asetat. Identifikasi senyawa menggunakan kromatografi
gas-spektrometer massa menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa seskuiterpena
pada semua mutu gaharu. Kadar resin ekstrak aseton dalam kemedangan, super
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tanggung A, dan super A berturut-turut adalah 8.5%, 13.3%, dan 19.9%. Kadar
senyawa seskuiterpena ekstrak aseton untuk kemedangan, super tanggung A, dan
super A berturut-turut adalah 6.1%, 7.1%, dan 11.9%, dan untuk ekstrak etil asetat
5.4%, 9.6%, dan 13.4%. Baik kadar resin maupun kadar senyawa seskuiterpena
dalam ekstrak aseton secara konsisten meningkat sesuai dengan peningkatan mutu
gaharu komersial. Senyawa penciri yang didapat pada semua mutu dan ekstrak
gaharu adalah aromadendrena. Kadar aromadendrena ekstrak aseton dari gaharu
mutu terendah sampai tertinggi berturut-turut ialah 1.2%, 1.6%, dan 2.2%.
Kata kunci: gaharu, seskuiterpena, Standar Nasional Indonesia
_________________________________________________________________
Azziz SSSA, Arriffin NM, Alimon H, Sukari MA, Naz H. 2013. Chemical Study of
Aquilaria crassna. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 49(3) :575-576
Gaharu or agarwood (aloeswood, eaglewood) is a valuable plant commonly found
in rain forest countries. This plant is resinous, fragrant, and a precursor of highly
valuable heartwood produced by Aquilaria species of the Thymelaeceae family. The
major compounds in Aquilaria species are sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenylethyl)
chromone derivatives. There are few reports in the literature on the uses of gaharu
in various folk remedies for the treatment of weakness, stomachache, fever, body
pain, rheumatism, women’s disease, and dropsy. In contrast, people in China orally
use the leaves of this plant to treat trauma-related diseases such as fracture and
bruise. However, to date only the heartwood has been studied and there are only
few reports on the leaf part.The leaves were air-dried for 2-3 weeks and grounded
into powder using grinder. Six hundred grams of the powdered leaves were
exhaustively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol, respectively.
The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to
obtain 29.0, 25.2, and 109.3 g of the crude extract. Then 20.0 g each of the hexane
and dichloromethane crude extracts were subjected to column chromatography
using silica gel as the stationary phase. All fractions were monitored using thinlayer chromatography (TLC). Fractions 40-44 and fractions 32-35 from the hexane
extract gave compounds 1 and 2, respectively, while fractions 9-11 from the
dichloromethane extract gave compound 3. The structures of these compounds
were elucidated based on UV, IR, [sup.1]H, and [sup.13]C NMR, including 2D
NMR, COSY, HMBC, HSQC, and MS spectroscopic techniques.Two compounds,
5-hydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyflavone (1) and epifriedelanol (2), were isolated from the
hexane extract, while squalene (3) was isolated from the dichloromethane extract
of Aquilaria crassna.
Keywords: Aquilaria, Agarwood, Sesquiterpenes
_________________________________________________________________
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Dewi KS. 2013. Toksisitas dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Pohon
Penghasil Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika
dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Daun gaharu diduga mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang tinggi
sebagai respons terhadap infeksi jamur pada pohon penghasil gaharu. Penelitian
ini bertujuan menentukan kandungan fitokimia, toksisitas, dan aktivitas antioksidan
daun pohon penghasil gaharu jenis Aquilaria microcarpa dan A.malaccensis dengan
dan tanpa inokulasi oleh jamur. Daun gaharu diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut
metanol. Uji fitokimia pada ekstrak kasar yang diperoleh menunjukkan keberadaan
tanin, steroid, fenol, dan flavonoid. Uji toksisitas dengan menggunakan larva udang
menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel berpotensi sebagai bahan aktif, namun hanya
daun muda A. microcarpa hasil inokulasi jamur asal Papua dan Gorontalo yang
berpotensi antikanker dengan nilai LC50 < 30 μg/mL. Aktivitas penangkalan radikal
bebas 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil oleh ekstrak menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan
yang tinggi dengan nilai IC50 < 200 μg/mL. Aktivitas tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh daun
muda A. microcarpa hasil inokulasi jamur asal Timor dan daun tua A. malaccensis
tanpa inokulasi.
Kata kunci: antioksidan, Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria malaccensis, daun gaharu,
toksisitas
_________________________________________________________________
Dharmadasa RM, Siriwardana A, Samarasinghe K, Adhihetty P. 2013.
Standardization of Gyrinops Walla Gaertn. (Thymalaeaceae): Newly
Discovered, Fragrant Industrial Potential, Endemic Plant from Sri Lanka.
World Journal of Agricultural Research 1 (6): 101-103
Gyrinops walla Gaertner. (Thymelaeaceae), is an endemic resinous plant used in
traditional medicine, perfume production, incenses, aroma therapy and cosmetic
industry. Due to the high economic value, large-scale smuggling of G. walla from Sri
Lanka has been practiced for a long time. Therefore, present study was undertaken
to study the phytochemical and volatile oil components of G. walla. Phytochemical
analysis of leaf, bark and stems were performed according to the methods described
in WHO guidelines. Aerial parts were hydro-distilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus
for 8 h. Oil was analyzed using GC-MS and identification of components of volatile
oils was carried out based on retention indices and fragmentation patterns of the
mass spectra. Phytochemical screening of leaf, stem and bark crude extracts of G.
walla revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroid glycosides, flavonoids
and alkaloids in all three parts tested. Thin layer chromatographic profiles observed
under UV light at 366 nm exhibited higher number of spots in CH2Cl2 extracts for all
three parts followed by hexane and methanol fractions, respectively. Sky blue spot
present in all three fractions [hexane (Rf = 0.83), dichloromethane (Rf = 0.66) and
methanol (Rf = 0.77)] of stem extracts was characteristic to the stem extract. The
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yield of the essential oils obtained from stem parts of G. walla was 0.20 ± 0.01%.
Major constituents, which exist more than 1% in heartwood of G. walla oil, were
gamma-selinene (72.49%), 3-Phenyl-2-butanone (2.04%), 3-pentanone (2.02%),
beta-patchoulene (1.37%) respectively. Present study reports the presence of
preliminary phytochemicals, TLC finger prints and GC-MS analysis of essential oil
of G.walla for the first time in Sri Lanka. Presence of high content of γ-selinene
and β-patchoulene (73.86%) indicates potential for commercial production of world
class perfume and other scented products.
Keywords: Gyrinops walla Gaertner, Thymelaeaceae, essential oil, Thin Layer
Chromatography, GC-MS, phytochemicals
_________________________________________________________________
Pasaribu G, Waluyo TK, Pari G. 2013. Analisis Komponen Kimia Beberapa
Kualitas Gaharu dengan Kromatografi Gas Spektrometri Massa (Analisys of
Chemical Compound in Some of Agarwood Quality by Gas Chromatography
Mass Spectrometry). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 31 (3): 181-185
This paper presents the resin content and the chemical composition of some of
agarwood quality using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The quality of
agarwood that tested are kemedangan C, teri C, kacangan C and super AB. The
results showed that the extracts yield of various solvent of agarwood are decreasing
from super AB toward kacangan C, teri C, and kemedangan C. The agarwood
samples contain furan compounds and ester aromatic groups that responsible for
agarwood’s nice scent. This research showed that traditional agarwood quality
classification were not objectives.
Keywords: Agarwood, Resin, Chemical compound, GCMS
_________________________________________________________________
Patulun W, Yusakul G. Saensom P, Sritularak B, Tanaka H. 2013. Determination
of Iriflophenone 3-C-[Beta]-D-Glucoside from Aquilaria spp. by an Indirect
Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Using a Specific Polyclonal
Antibody. Journal of Food Science 78 (9): c1363-1367
Polyclonal antibody against iriflophenone 3-C-β-d-glucoside (IP3G), a major
compound from the leaves of Aquilaria spp., was produced for the development
of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that
the antibodies were specific for IP3G. The produced antibody has low cross
reactivity with iriflophenone 3,5-C-β-d-diglucopyranoside (13%), genkwanin 5-Oβ-primeveroside (3.55%) and no cross reactivity found in other compounds. The
range of ELISA assay extends from 100 to 1560 ng/mL with coefficient of variation
(CV) 1.19% to 2.07% for intra-assay and 3.76% to 7.15% for inter-assay precision
levels. The recovery rates of IP3G in the leaves of Aquilaria spp. were in the range
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of 96.0% to 99.0% with CV 4.50% to 5.32%. A correlation between ELISA and highperformance liquid chromatography methods was obtained when analysis of IP3G
in the plant samples (R2 = 0.9321). These results suggest that the developed ELISA
method can be applied to determine IP3G content with high specificity, rapidity, and
simplicity. The developed immunosorbent assay in this study provides a useful tool
for the analysis of IP3G in plant samples and products.
Keywords: ELISA, Analysis, Chemical composition, Diabetes
_________________________________________________________________
Ramadhan PM. 2013. Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Kemedangan Pohon
Penghasil Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi Jenis Aquilaria microcarpa dan Gyrinops
versteegii. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam (IPB)
Gaharu merupakan komoditas hasil hutan bukan kayu yang diperdagangkan
karena mempunyai aroma yang khas. Kemedangan gaharu diduga memiliki
senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini
bertujuan menentukan kandungan fitokimia, toksisitas, dan aktivitas antioksidan
pada kemedangan gaharu dari jenis Aquilaria microcarpa dan Gyrinops versteegii
yang diinokulasi dan tidak diinokulasi dengan jamur Fusarium. Uji fitokimia pada
ekstrak etil asetat dan metanol menunjukkan keberadaan fenolik, flavonoid,
triterpenoid, dan alkaloid. Uji toksisitas dengan metode letalitas larva udang
menunjukkan semua ekstrak kemedangan gaharu berpotensi sebagai bahan
bioaktif dengan nilai konsentrasi mematikan 50% ≤1000 ppm. Aktivitas antioksidan
yang diukur dengan menggunakan metode penangkapan radikal bebas 2,2-difenil1-pikrilhidrazil menunjukkan bahwa semua ekstrak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan
dengan nilai konsentrasi penghambatan 50% ≤200 ppm, kecuali ekstrak etil asetat
A. microcarpa yang mempunyai nilai IC50 411 ppm.
Kata kunci: Antioksidan, Aquilaria, Gaharu, Gyrinops, Kemedangan
_________________________________________________________________
Sari MK. 2013. Uji Aktivitas Antikanker Ekstrak Kemedangan Pohon Penghasil
Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Kandungan fitokimia dan aktivitas antikanker pada kemedangan pohon penghasil
gaharu hasil inokulasi jamur telah diteliti untuk meningkatkan nilai gunanya.
Simplisia dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana untuk menghilangkan
lipid pada sampel, kemudian residu dimaserasi kembali berturutturut dengan etil
asetat dan metanol. Uji fitokimia ekstrak etil asetat dan metanol menunjukkan hasil
yang sama, tetapi dengan kuantitas berbeda. Uji toksisitas dengan larva udang
menunjukkan seluruh sampel berpotensi sebagai bahan aktif dan nilai konsentrasi
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mematikan 50% terendah ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etil asetat Aquilaria microcarpa
tanpa inokulasi dan ekstrak metanol A. microcarpa dengan inokulasi, berturutturut 18.77 dan 44.01 ppm. Uji antikanker in vitro ekstrak metanol A. microcarpa
inokulasi menunjukkan nilai konsentrasi penghambatan 50% sebesar 298.53 ppm,
jauh lebih tinggi daripada obat antikanker komersial doksorubisin. Berdasarkan
hasil ini, ekstrak tersebut tidak berpotensi sebagai antikanker payudara.
Kata kunci: Antikanker, Fitokimia, Gaharu, Kemedangan, Toksisitas
_________________________________________________________________
Sirilak K, Nawarat N, Kumkrai P, Luecha P, Kupittayanant S, Chudapongse
N. 2013. Antibacterial Activity of Aquilaria crassna Leaf Extract Against
Staphylococcus Epidermidis by Disruption of Cell Wall. Annals of Clinical
Microbiology and Antimicrobials 12: 20
Based on Thai folklore information, several parts of agarwood have been used for
a long time in the treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery
and skin diseases. Recently, the antibacterial activities of A. crassna leaf extract
againstenteric bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostoridium difficile,
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Bacteroides fragilis, have been reported.
However, its inhibitory effect on S. epidermidis, the pathogen known to cause skin
disease and one of the most important opportunistic pathogens, has never been
documented. In the present study, the antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis of
the aqueous extract of A. crassna leaves and possible mechanism were investigated.
The phytoconstiuents, antioxidant properties and acute toxicity of the extract were
studied as well. The present study has reported the screening phytochemistry, total
phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of A. Crassna
leaves. More importantly, the antibacterial activity and inhibitory effect on biofilm
formation of the extract against S. epidermidis were demonstrated. The postulated
underlying mechanism was disruption of bacterial cell wall. In addition, high dose of
the extract showed the absence of acute oral toxicity in mice. The data also suggest
that A. crassna may be a potential source for the discovery of new antibacterial
agents against S. epidermidis and probably other Gram-positive bacteria as well.
Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Antioxidant, Anti
bacterials, Cell wall, Acute toxicity
_________________________________________________________________
Verina R. 2013. Optimisasi Waktu Perendaman Kemedangan Gaharu Hasil
Inokulasi pada Rendemen dan Komponen Kimia Minyak Gaharu. Skripsi
Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)
Minyak gaharu sering digunakan dalam industri obat-obatan, parfum, dan kosmetik.
Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan waktu optimum perendaman kemedangan
gaharu hasil inokulasi untuk mengisolasi minyak atsiri dan menganalisis komponen
kimia di dalamnya dengan menggunakan kromatograf gas-spektrometer massa
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(GC-MS). Waktu perendaman gaharu yang optimum adalah 21 hari dengan kisaran
rendemen 0.22−0.92%. Identifikasi senyawa menggunakan GC-MS menunjukkan
keberadaan senyawa seskuiterpena pada semua minyak gaharu. Jumlah senyawa
seskuiterpena yang terkandung pada minyak gaharu alam dan hasil inokulasi tidak
berbeda jauh, sebanyak 9−15 senyawa. Minyak gaharu mengandung senyawa
penciri sebanyak 3−6. Minyak gaharu hasil inokulasi memiliki mutu yang hampir
sama, tetapi rendemennya lebih rendah daripada gaharu alam.
Kata kunci: Gaharu, GC-MS, Inokulasi, Minyak atsiri
_________________________________________________________________
Nor Azah MA, Ismail N, Mailina J, Taib MN, Rahiman MHF, Hafizi ZM. 2014.
Chemometric Study of Selected Agarwood Oils by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 26 (3): 382-388
Agarwood oils are concentrated volatile aromatic compounds mainly produced by
the distillation of an agarwood (Aquilaria spp.). Currently, grading of an agarwood
oil is done by trained personnel based on colour and odour. This technique is done
manually and limited to sample repeatability. In this study, the chemical compositions
of several selected agarwood oil samples were analysed by gas chromatography
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their pattern recognition profiles
were examined by chemometric analysis using principal component analysis (PCA).
The samples were categorised into two groups according to their quality: group A
(high quality) and group B (unknown quality). At least 43 chemical compounds
were identified from both groups. From PCA, six significant compounds were
obtained, i.e. 4-phenyl-2-butanone, α-guaiene, ar-curcumene, 10-epi-g-eudesmol,
β-dihydroagarofuran and valencene. Correlation analysis revealed significant and
high correlation between groups A and B. This is due to samples from group B
showing similarity to major compounds found in group A.
Keywords: Chemical compounds, Correlation, High quality, Gaharu oil, Principal
component analysis
_________________________________________________________________
Pei YT, Chin PT, Abas, Faridah, Hip SY, Chun W. 2014. Assessment of Extraction
Parameters on Antioxidant Capacity, Polyphenol Content, Epigallocatechin
Gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin Gallate (ECG) and Iriflophenone 3-C-β-Glucoside
of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) Young Leaves. Molecules 19 (8): 1230412319.
The effects of ethanol concentration (0%-100%, v/v), solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10-1:60,
w/v) and extraction time (30-180 min) on the extraction of polyphenols from agarwood
(Aquilaria crassna) were examined. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid
content (TFC) and total flavanol (TF) assays and HPLC-DAD were used for the
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determination and quantification of polyphenols, flavanol gallates (epigallocatechin
gallate—EGCG and epicatechin gallate—ECG) and a benzophenone (iriflophenone
3-C-β-glucoside) from the crude polyphenol extract (CPE) of A. crassna. 2,2’Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was used to evaluate
the antioxidant capacity of the CPE. Experimental results concluded that ethanol
concentration and solid-to-solvent ratio had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the
yields of polyphenol and antioxidant capacity. Extraction time had an insignificant
influence on the recovery of EGCG, ECG and iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside, as
well as radical scavenging capacity from the CPE. The extraction parameters that
exhibited maximum yields were 40% (v/v) ethanol, 1:60 (w/v) for 30 min where
the TPC, TFC, TF, DPPH, EGCG, ECG and iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside levels
achieved were 183.5 mg GAE/g DW, 249.0 mg QE/g DW, 4.9 mg CE/g DW, 93.7%,
29.1 mg EGCG/g DW, 44.3 mg ECG/g DW and 39.9 mg iriflophenone 3-C-βglucoside/g DW respectively. The IC50 of the CPE was 24.6 mg/L.
Keywords: Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna), Antioxidant capacity, Epicatechin gallate
(ECG), Iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside, polyphenol
_________________________________________________________________
Phai LJ, Pascale T,Mohamed R. 2014. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Analysis of Agarwood Extracts from Mature and Juvenile Aquilariamalaccensis. International Journal of Agriculture &Biology 16(3):644-648
Chemical composition of crude extracts from infected woods of Aquilaria
malaccensis were compared to that of healthy wood and commercial agarwood.
Infected woods were collected six months after drilling of wild mature trees or
after fungal inoculation into the stem of 4-year-old trees. Agarwood substances
were extracted in methanol and were subjected to GC-MS analyses. The major
compounds were chromone derivative, aromatic compounds, sesquiterpenes,
monoterpenes, sterols and fatty acid methyl ester. Aromatic compounds constituted
of aldehyde, phenol, ether and ketone groups. In the agarwood extract of the juvenile
fungal-elicited tree but not in the healthy wood, some major compounds found
were 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivative, 4-phenyl-2-butanone,(lS,4S,7R)-l,4dimethyl-7-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 octahydroazulene [guaiene], 1,1,4,7tetramethyl-,3,4,5,6,7,7a,7b- octahydro-laH-cyclopropa[h]azulen-4a-ol [palustrol],
and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl) butan-2-one [anisylacetone]. These were also found from
agarwood of different grades and agarwood collected from the wild mature tree,
in addition to agarospirol, alloaromadendre oxide (2), α-elemol, γ-eudesmol, and
guaiol. This work demonstrated that in young A. malaccensis trees, fungi may be
associated to the formation of important agarwood compounds and can be detected
as early as six months after inoculation.
Keywords: Agarwood extracts, Aromatic compound, Chromone, Gaharu, GC-MS,
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Monoterpene, Sesquiterpene, Sterol
_________________________________________________________________
Yi W, Chang L, Hui-Fen L, Jian-Bo S, You-Ying L, Wei G, De-Yun W, Jia-Guo L,
Yuan-Liang H. 2014. A Novel Neolignan Glycoside from Aquilaria sinensis.
Biochemical Systematics & Ecology. 55 (5): 41-45
Phytochemical investigation of Aquilaria sinensis afforded one novel neolignan
glycoside (1) and fourteen known compounds (2-15). Their structures were
elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Among them, compounds 1-3, 5 and 7-9
were obtained from the genus Aquilaria for the first time. The profile of chromone
glycosides and iriflophenone glycosides may have chemotaxonomic significance
within this genus.
Keywords: Aquilaria, Chemotaxonomy, Dihydrobenzofuran neolignan glycoside,
Thymelaeaceae
_________________________________________________________________
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F.Social and Economy
_________________________________________________________________
Wollenberg, E.K. 2001. Incentives for Collecting Gaharu (Fungal-infected
Wood of Aquilaria spp.; Thymelaeaceae) in East Kalimantan. Economic Botany
55 (3): 444-456
The economic importance of gaharu is assessed in three villages on the Bahau
River in north-central Borneo to gain insights about the incentives for harvesting and
management of a valuable nontimber forest product. Three indicators of economic
value--level and proportion of income, returns to labor, and proportion of gaharu
collecting households per village--are used to demonstrate the multiple incentives
that NTFP income can generate. The concept of incentive logic is developed as an
analytical technique to show how economic values can be linked to incentives for
different types of management actions. The article discusses how incentives from
gaharu income were most likely linked to the stake local people had in the resource,
their preferences about which forest product to harvest, and their willingness to
engage in collective action. These incentives contributed to sustainability to the
extent they induced actions that reduce threats to the resource. The article suggests
that an understanding of the influence of economic incentives on people’s resource
management can be improved by recognizing three factors: the multiple incentives
created by an income, the logical link of those incentives to a management action,
and the influence of other socio cultural and biophysical factors on management.
Keywords: gaharu, Aquilaria spp., nontimber forest products, forest income,
economic incentives, East Kalimantan.
_________________________________________________________________
Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2002. The gaharu trade in Indonesia: Is it sustainable?
Economic Botany 56(3): 271-284
When subjected to fungal attack, Aquilaria spp. (Thymelaeaceae) produce a fragrant
resin that is traded internationally as gaharu. Socioeconomic aspects of the gaharu
trade were investigated via interviews with collectors and local and international
traders. In addition, the extent of local and international trade was evaluated by
reference to official government statistics. Evidence that gaharu resources are
declining was obtained from the personal experience of gaharu collectors, and
official statistics relating to the declining number of gaharu export companies
in operation. Traders also reported that the main source of gaharu has recently
switched from Sumatra and Kalimantan to sources in eastern Indonesia (Maluku and
Irian Jaya), a finding supported by official statistics. Disparities recorded between
official figures for the price and volume of gaharu in local and international trade,
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supported by comments made by export traders, indicate that a high proportion of
the more valuable, high-grade gaharu is traded illegally by personal transaction.
Interviews with gaharu collectors indicated that traditional approaches to harvesting
are declining, as more nonlocal people become involved in collection, leading to
more intensive harvesting practices. Together, these findings suggest that the
current Indonesian trade in gaharu is not sustainable.
Keywords: Harvesting, Sustainability, Gaharu, CITES, NTFP
_________________________________________________________________
Siran SA, Ngatiman, Yusliansyah. 2006. Gaharu, Komoditi HHBK Andalan
Kalimantan Timur. Prosiding Gelar dan Dialog Teknologi 2006 pp 29-48
Gaharu merupakan hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) yang mempunyai peranan
penting untuk meningkatkan devisa negara dan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan
masyarakat di sekitar hutan. Dalam makalah ini diuraikan antara lain gambaran
umum tumbuhan penghasil gaharu di Kalimantan Timur, jenis penghasil
gaharu,pemungutan dan pengolahan gaharu, kandungan dan manfaat gaharu, tata
niaga dan klasifikasi mutu gaharu, tata niaga gaharu, status penelitian gaharu dan
program penelitian dan pengembangan gaharu. Status penelitian gaharu di Balai
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan kalimantan antara lain budidaya meliputi
teknik produksi bibit gaharu melalui biji, cabutan, dan stek pucuk, pembentukan
gaharu dengan menginokulasikan Fusarium sp. Pada pohon penghasil gaharu
menggunakan inokulasi padat dan cair, teknik penyulingan dengan menggunakan
gaharu mutu rendah untuk menghasilkan minyak gaharu, habitat tempat tumbuh
gaharu yang mempelajari mengenai penyebaran jenis gaharu secara alami dan
ekologinya.Konservasi in- situ dan ex-situ pada jenis-jenis gaharu yang ada di
kalimantan Timur, mempelajari beberapa kajian yang menyangkut manfaat gaharu,
tata niaga gaharu, serta standarisasi produksi gaharu untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup
masyarakat di sekitar hutan, promosi, dan alih teknologi pengembangan gaharu
yang dilakukan pada beberapa kabupaten seperti Berau, Kutai barat, Malinau,
Pasir, dan Nunukan, penerbitan publikasi khusus mengenai gaharu, monitoring
pengembangan gaharu serta sosialisasi dan diseminasi pengembangan gaharu
dengan cara penyebaran informasi melalui media cetak dan media elektronik
(RRI dan TVRI) dan penyebaran informasi dengan ekspose hasil-hasil penelitian.
Program penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan Kalimantan mengenai pohon
penghasil gaharu meliputi: litbang budidaya gaharu, teknik pemanenan, pengelolaan
dan standarisasi mutu, pembentukan gaharu, habitat tempat tumbuh gaharu, kajian
sosial ekonomi masyarakat pencari gaharu dan pemasaran gaharu serta kajian
pemanfaatan pohon penghasil gaharu untuk bahan baku MDF dan pensil.
Kata Kunci: Gaharu, HHBK, Kalimantan Timur
_________________________________________________________________
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Suharti S. 2009. Prospek Pengusahaan Gaharu Melalui Pola Pengelolaan
Hutan Berbasis Masyarakat (PHBM) (Prospect of Gaharu Business Through
Community Based Forest Management Model). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan
Konservasi Alam 7 (2): 141-154
Agarwood is a fragrant resinous wood coming from trees belonging to the genera
Aquilaria, Gyrinops, and Gonystylus. Due to habitat destruction and unsustainable
harvesting many species of agarwood are nowadays potentially threatened to extinct.
On the other hand, agarwood price tends to increase that hasinduced cultivation
of agarwood especially in South East Asia region. In Indonesia, agarwood has
continued to become a very prospective business due to several supporting factors
i.e its biological potency (wide variety of tree species producing agarwood are native
to Indonesia), abundant suitable land for agarwood cultivation and technology
for artificial induction is already available. Agarwood cultivation is feasible to be
carried out based on financial analysis by using several criteria and could generate
Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Benefit Cost Ratio of Rp 147.74
million/ha, 48.53%, and 3.32 respectively. However, since agarwood business is
capital intensive, only few people with enough capital could afford this. In order
to increase agarwood cultivation more widely, it is urged to develop a partnership
model between capital owner and local community. One prospective partnership
model that could be developed is Community Based Forest Management (CBFM).
Through CBFM partnership model, it is expected that agarwood cultivation could
be expanded widely, community income is significantly increased and people
dependency toward forest could be decreased considerably. Main principles
persist in agarwood cultivation by using CBFM partnership model are sustainable
economic feasibility based on period of partnership contract, mutual advantage
based on each contribution to achieve common social, economic and ecological
objectives.
Keywords: Agarwood business, Partnership, Community, CBFM
_________________________________________________________________
Winarni E. 2009. Pertumbuhan Semai Gaharu (Aquilariamalaccensis Lamk)
pada Berbagai Dosis Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair NASA. Jurnal Hutan
Tropis Borneo 10 (27): 237-246
The objective of this research was to find out the growth response of Gaharu
(Aquilariamalaccensis Lamk) to The various dosage of NASA Liquid Organic
Fertilizer. This research was conducted in the Shade House of Forestry Faculty of
Unlam Banjarbaru, for 3 months (May –July), used 4 treatments and 10 replications.
The data was analyzed by using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The
growth parameters measured were the height of seedling and total amount of leaves.
The best response was shown by the highest value of the growth parameters.
The results showed that response of the various dosage of NASA Liquid Organic
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Fertilizer were significant to all of the growth parameter. The 3cc/l water dosage
of NASA Liquid Organic Fertilizer was shown the best response to the height of
seedling and total amount of leaves, compared to the others.
Keywords: Gaharu, Aquilariamalaccensis, shade house
_________________________________________________________________
Jensen A, Henrik M. 2010. Returns from Harvesting a Commercial Nontimber Forest Product and Particular Characteristics of Harvesters and Their
Strategies: Aquilaria crassna and Agarwood in Lao PDR1. Economic Botany
64 (1): 34-45
Returns from Harvesting a Commercial Non-timber Forest Product and Particular
Characteristics of Harvesters and Their Strategies: Aquilaria crassna and agarwood
in Lao PDR. This paper explores associations between the returns from harvesting
a commercial non-timber forest product and particular characteristics of harvesters
and their strategies. Data originate from a survey in Laos of the harvest and trade
of agarwood, a highly valuable commodity harvested mainly from tree species in
the genus Aquilaria. Five groups of harvesters were identified, with considerable
differences in returns between them. Foreign harvesters, i.e., ethnic Vietnamese,
earned approximately USD 13 per day on average, while nonlocal full-time harvesters
earned approximately USD 9, and nonlocal part-time harvesters USD 7 per day.
Local people earn approximately USD 5 per day and only USD 4 if harvesting only
took place in village forests. Factors observed to determine returns are market
access, especially access to national and international markets, and knowledge
and experience in trading, harvesting, and the organization of harvesting trips. It
is suggested that interventions should be made to address these factors, to level
out returns from harvesting, and to increase the share of returns captured by local
people.
Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria, Eaglewood, Non-timber forest products, Poverty,
Trade, Laos
_________________________________________________________________
Mamat MF, Yacob MR, Fui LH, Rdam A. 2010. Costs and Benefits Analysis
of Aquilaria Species on Plantation for Agarwood Production in Malaysia.
International Journal of Business and Social Science 1(2): 162-174
The establishment of Aquilaria plantation for agarwood production has been regarded
by the planters as a green ‘gold mine’ of the future. This study examines the costs
and benefits of planting Aquilaria spp. for agarwood production. The analysis shows
that whether planting Aquilaria spp. integration with banana (Musa spp.) or planting
Aquilaria spp. as a single crop for agarwood production, both options are viable.
An investment return for planting Aquilaria spp. integrated with banana (Musa spp.)
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on 1,000 hectares of land is higher with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 54.85%
compared with 38.49% for a single crop Aquilaria plantation. The NetPresent Value
(NPV) of investment at a 10% discount for 1,000 hectares integrated planting is
RM185.6 million (1 RM=USD0.32 in 2008) while the option involving single crop
Aquilaria plantation for agarwood production is RM153.6 million.
Keywords: Cost Benefits Anaylsis, Net present value, Agarwood, Production,
Malaysia, Aquilaria species
_________________________________________________________________
Mucharromah. 2010. Pengembangan Gaharu di Bengkulu, Sumatera (The
Development of Agarwood in Bengkulu, Sumatra). Jurnal Fakultas Pertanian
Jurusan Perlindungan Tanaman, Universitas Bengkulu 7 (2): 117-128
Agarwood or gaharu is a resinous product of certain tree species that has a high
economic value. This paper presented a review on the development of gaharu in
Bengkulu Province, Sumatra. Indonesia is well known of having diverse gaharuproducing tree species. However, natural gaharu in the wild has become scarce
due to over exploitation. It is necessary to protect gaharu-producing tree species
diversity in the nature and at the same time sustain its production by appropriate
management of gaharu. Forest communities living around gaharu forests have long
practiced gaharu harvesting and carving. However, they have little knowledge on the
process of gaharu formation as well as its artificial induction. A knowledge transfer
of gaharu and capacity building are important to sustain gaharu existence that
may assist the community to improve their income. Gaharu development requires
considerable capital and investments, and the involvement of multi stakeholders,
i.e. government, private sectors, research and development institutes, and forest
community. Institutions that facilitate A-Z gaharu development should be established
in the area. Here, we provided an analysis for setting up gaharu business.
Keywords: Resinous product, High economic value, Sustainability, Management,
Capacity building
_________________________________________________________________
Salaka FJ. 2010. Strategi Kebijakan Pemasaran Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu di
Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat Provinsi Maluku. Skripsi Bogor Agricultural
University (IPB)
Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (SBB) merupakan salah satu daerah pemekaran
di wilayah Provinsi Maluku berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 40 tahun 2003.
Wilayah ini memiliki hutan yang cukup luas dengan beragam potensi di dalamnya
yang jika dikelola dengan baik dapat memberikan tambahan pendapatan bagi
masyarakat di dalam dan di sekitar hutan, serta menjadi salah satu sumber
pendapatan daerah. Selain hasil hutan kayu, wilayah ini juga memiliki potensi hasil
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hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) seperti minyak kayu putih, kopal, rotan, gaharu, dan lainlain. HHBK secara umum berperan tidak hanya pada aspek ekologis, tetapi juga
pada aspek ekonomis dan sosial budaya. Dari aspek ekologis, HHBK merupakan
bagian dari ekosistem hutan dan mempunyai fungsi dan peran tertentu yang
ikut menunjang keberlangsungan dari ekosistem tersebut. Dari aspek ekonomis,
HHBK dapat menjadi salah satu sumber penghasilan bagi masyarakat maupun
pemerintah. Sedangkan dari aspek sosial budaya, masyarakat ikut dilibatkan dalam
pemanfaatan dan pengolahan HHBK. Di samping itu, dengan adanya kegiatan
produksi dan pengolahan HHBK, maka dapat menyerap tenaga kerja dalam jumlah
yang cukup besar sehingga dapat mengurangi angka pengangguran.
Kata Kunci: HHBK, Pemasaran, Gaharu
_________________________________________________________________
Semiadi G, Wiriadinata H, Waluyo EB, Darnaedi D. 2010. Rantai Pasokan Produk
Tumbuhan Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) asal Merauke, Papua. Buletin Plasma
Nutfah 16 (2): 150-159
Papua is claimed to have high production of Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) that is Mminly
extracted from Swamp Areas. However, it is still a polemic whether this claim is
true and what is the real production level. Therefore, a field survey was conducted
in Jayapura and Merauke (Papua) and Probolinggo (East Java) to unveil the actual
condition of the gaharu production and its condition. Interviews were made with local
forestry officers (BBKSDA) and local traders in Jayapura and Merauke, shipping
companies, warehouse administrators and port administrators in Probolinggo, East
Java as the final destination sea port. The results showed that the gaharu taken
from swamp areas in the region of Merauke was proven by BBKSDA officials. In
one year, the legal production of gaharu in the form of kamedangan reached 100
tons, while similar amount was thought to be slipped away in the illegal trades. Field
survey in 2007 conducted by local BBKSDA officers in Asmat and Mappi districts
showed a high production of gaharu in the form of wet kamedangan. Gaharu sea
freighters at least carried 175 sacks/trip, with special freighters could carry up to
2.100 sacks/trip. The mean weight of each sack was between 58-90 kg with the
mean water content ranged from 54-87.39%. Special quota criteria is required to
be established on the basis of its quality for Merauke region to avoid problems on
undervalue or misconception of the products and production level. Verification on
the gaharu tree species originated from Papua region is also still needed.
Keywords: Gaharu, Aquilaria spp., water contents Merauke, Papua.
_________________________________________________________________
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Wiriadinata H, Semiadi G, Darnaedi D, Waluyo EB. 2010. The Concept of
Cultivation on Agarwood Trees (Aquilaria spp.) in Bengkulu Province. Jurnal
Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 7 (4): 371-380
Aquilaria spp. are a group of aromatic plants of high commercial value with the
products being called gubal gaharu and kamedangan. The high level of exploitation
on this species has raised concerns on the population status and its conservation
strategic. Cultivation is a mean of strategic step for the sustainable use of any wild
harvest. A survey was conducted to evaluate the cultivation of agarwood trees
and its condition in Bengkulu Province. A rapid assessment survey technique was
conducted in April 2008 by visiting the agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) cultivation areas
in Bengkulu. In depth interviews were made with the local farmers who had the
agarwood trees cultivation. Diameter at breast height (dbh), height of agarwood
trees, water content of freshly cut agarwood tree and agarwood chips formed by
artificial inoculation process were measured. The results showed that cultivation of
agarwood trees was initiated and coordinated by a local enterprise called CV. 88
since 2003. Until July 2008 the members had reached 29 farmers with total area
covering 38 ha. No less than 5,000 agarwood trees were planted, whilst inoculation
on natural agarwood trees had reached 53 ha. The perception on the meaning of
cultivation was not accordance with the legislation concept; therefore, socialization
on the legal concept was needed. The majority species being cultivated and
those grow wildly in the plantation areas were Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. And
A. malaccensis Lam. The average weight of inoculated agarwood chips was 18.79
grams/piece (Std.= 8.85) with the water contents of 11.2-12.97%, whilst water
contents of freshly cut agarwood tree was 46.3%. Single agarwood tree at the
height of 35 m and dbh of 118 cm could produce at least 637.65 kg of commercially
dry chips (kamedangan).
Keywords:
Cultivation
Agarwood,
Aquilaria
malaccensis,
A.
microcarpa,
Bengkulu,
_________________________________________________________________
Maryani D. 2011. Karakteristik Usaha Gaharu Alam (Aquilaria malaccensis)
di Provinsi Bengkulu: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan, Kabupaten
Kaur, dan Kabupaten Seluma. Skripsi Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
Forest is a natural resource that can be used for the people walfare. One of forest
product which has potential to be used is resin agarwood. Gaharu has high sold
price with production qualification that consist of gubal, kemedangan and ash. Each
of product contains Oleo Chromone which are produce unique aroma, so that it often
used in many industries such as parfum industry, cosmetic industry and religion
ritual need. High demand of agarwood cause the demand of it increase more, so that
influence to the decrease more, but the agarwood exertion process still do so that
it is important to do investigation of natural agarwood characteristics nowdays. This
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research aims to know the characteristic of the natural agarwood exertion in Bengkulu
Province, that consist of the characteristic of agarwood enterpreneur (finder small,
collector seller and big collector seller), the process of agarwood exertion, kinds
and quality characteristic, marketing system and also policy in agarwood exertion.
The methodology of this research is qualitative by describing the characteristic of
natural agarwood exertion and quantitative by counting the margin of profit. There
are three groups of gaharuenterprenuer namely: agarwood finder, small collector
and big collector. The group of agarwood finders do the gaharu exertion. On the
process of agarwood exertion need the specific skill about the characteristic of tree
that contain agarwood. The products then sell to collector seller of agarwoodthrough
its selling channel. The selling of agarwood begun by determining the condition and
price, where there are seven agreed quality. This quality class is so determining
the price, better quality of agarwood higher the price and lower quality of agarwood
lower the price. The differences of price from each quality of agarwood can reach
3-15 times from the increasing each quality. Enterprenuers have role in determining
namely big collector seller so that margin of highest price gotten by them is 1,4-2
multiple times with their income that they gotten 28 times from income of agarwood
finders group. In order to manage marketing of agarwood, government determines
policy in the form of quota in a year, the license that is given to big collector seller
in 5 year and the rate of dues determined based on gubal class Rp 20.000,-/kg and
kemedanganRp 2.000,-/kg.
Keyword: Enterprenuers, Agarwood, Aquilaria malaccensis
_________________________________________________________________
Suhartati, Wahyudi A. 2011. Agroforestry Pattern of Agarwood Species and Oil
Palm. Jurnal Balai Penelitian Teknologi Serat Tanaman Hutan 8(4): 363-371
The development of agarwood (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk) plantation the mid of
oil palm plantation is of agroforestry systems, which needs to be further observed,
especially spacing. The spacing influenced light intensity, which is the further the
distance the more light could be capture by agarwood plants, and the shaded area
decreases. The study is aimed to observe the optimum spacing in the oil palm
plantation. The study site was located in Rokan Hulu Riau. The study employed a
Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three treatments for spacing: 2, 3, and 4
m. Parameters observed are the growth (height, diameter, and survival rate and
micro climate, and biophysicalcharacteristics). The result of the study indicators
the spacing as treatment did not show significant effect to the growth of Aquilaria
malacensis Lamk up tot 24 months old. However after 30 months the effects of the
spacing is demonstrated for which four m spacing is the better for the growth and
diameter of Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.
Keywords: Agroforestry, Agarwood, Light intensity, Spacing, Oil palm
_________________________________________________________________
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Saikia P, Khan ML. 2012. Agar (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.): a Promising
Crop in the Homegardens of Upper Assam, Northeastern India. Journal of
Tropical Agriculture 50 (1-2): 8-14
One hundred and thirty five randomly selected homegardens were surveyed in the
Golaghat and Jorhat districts of Upper Assam to assess the economic prospects of
agar (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) cultivation and the socio economic background
of the growers. Almost 50% of the households had agriculture as the main vocation
and all households practiced home gardening, despite variability in garden size
based on socio economic factors. Home garden products including agar and tea
contributed to 1 to 45% (mean 14% ±1.15) of the total annual income of the family.
Returns from agar to an individual family ranged from Rs 3,000 (US$ 60: from 10
trees after 10 years) to 9,00,000 (US$ 18,000: from 500 trees after 20 years) with
an average of Rs 1,14,393 (US$ 2,288: from 106 trees after 13 years). Low input
needs and flexibility in site requirements as well as suitability for intercropping make
agar a preferred cash crop in the homegardens of Upper Assam.
Keywords: Economic returns, Agar oil, Socio economic status
_______________________________________________________________
Pertiwi AG. 2013. Analisis Nilai Tambah dan Pemasaran Minyak Gaharu (Studi
Kasus di CV Aromindo). Skripsi Departemen Agribisnis FEM IPB
CV Aromindo adalah perusahaan pengolah gaharu yang terletak di Bogor. Minyak
gaharu merupakan hasil produksinya yang menghasilkan nilai tambah yang dapat
meningkatkan pendapatan bagi perusahaan dan faktor-faktor produksi lainnya.
Akan tetapi, penjualan minyak gaharu masih jauh dari target perusahaan, itu
diindikasikan karena kurang baiknya proses manajemen pemasaran yang dilakukan
oleh CV Aromindo. Penjualan minyak gaharu berimplikasi pada nilai tambah.
Keberhasilan dalam mencapai tujuan pemasaran yang ditetapkan oleh proses
manajemen pemasaran yang baik. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
analisis nilai tambah dan pemasaran minyak gaharu. Berdasarkan persentase
rasio nilai tambah 51,032 persen, maka CV Aromindo dapat dikatakan memiliki nilai
tambah yang besar. Dalam pelaksanaan manajemen pemasaran, CV Aromindo
telah menerapkan manajemen pemasaran di perusahaannya. Peluang belum
dimanfaatkan seluruhnya, contohnya peluang untuk masuk ke pasar China yang
sudah ada. Strategi pemasaran sudah dilakukan. Namun, CV Aromindo perlu untuk
memperbaiki manajemen pemasarannya, perusahaan harus memiliki karyawan
khusus yang berfokus pada kegiatan pemasaran, memperluas pasar, bekerjasama
dengan pihak terkait gaharu untuk mendapatkan rendemen yang lebih tinggi dan
mengembangkan produk minyak gaharu menjadi minyak wangi atau aromaterapi
sehingga dapat meningkatkan keuntungan.
Kata kunci: Minyak gaharu, Nilai tambah, Pemasaran
_________________________________________________________________
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INDEX
A
Acremonium · 9, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 83, 87, 89
actinomycetes · 42
Antimicrobial · 43, 44, 85
Antitumor · 43, 44, 85
Aquilaria agallocha · 15, 16, 18, 83, 87
Aquilaria beccariana ·
2, 27, 28, 85
Aquilaria crassna · 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 21, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50, 56, 57,
58, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90
Aquilaria filarial, · 2
Aquilaria hirta · 2, 32, 33, 84
Aquilaria malaccensis · 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32,
46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 78, 79, 80, 82,
83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
Aquilaria microcarpa · 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 29, 30, 45, 52, 53, 59, 61, 62,
63, 65, 67, 68, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
Aquilaria sinensis · 12, 16, 17, 43, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 71, 72, 83, 84,
85, 93
auksin · 29, 31
B
Bacillus thuringiensis · 33, 36, 37, 86
Beavureia bassiana · 33
biosynthesis · 11, 15, 55, 56
Burkholderia · 32
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C
Calmodulin genes · 12
Chromobacterium · 32
CITES · vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, 15, 16, 24, 28, 31, 32, 73
Cross amplification · 13
Cucurbitacin · 16
Cylindrocarpon · 38
D
DNA barcoding ·
16
E
Endophytic · 42, 43, 44, 49, 54, 83, 85, 86
F
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase · 11, 14
fertilizer · 25
Fusarium · 36, 38, 43, 44, 45, 52, 53, 54, 61, 62, 63, 67, 73,
83, 86, 87, 89, 90
G
Genetic diversity ·
9, 13, 14
Genome · 16
Gyrinops versteegii · 10, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 37, 59, 67, 82, 84, 86,
88, 90, 92
Gyrinops walla · 65, 66, 83
H
habitat characteristics · 5, 6, 34
Heavy Metals · 6, 86
Heortia vitessoides · 33, 36, 37, 86
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I
Impregnating · 60
In Vitro · 8, 12, 18, 28, 82, 84, 85, 86
Inoculation ·
32, 44, 46, 61, 62, 63, 70, 78, 87
Intercropping system · 35
IUCN · 1, 3
M
Methyl jasmonate · 11, 14, 41
Micropropagation · 18
Microsatellite · 13, 14, 83, 86, 92
N
Non timber forest product · 33
O
Oecophylla smaradgina · 22
P
Pembiakan vegetative · 24
Phylogenetic analyses · 8, 16
phylogeny · 8
Phytoremediation · 6
Pollination · 2
Polymorphic microsatellite · 14, 40, 83
Population dynamics · 2, 5
Q
Quantitative genes expression · 12
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R
Reference gene · 12, 84
Reproductive phenology · 2
rhizobacteria · 32, 90
S
Seedfall · 5
Seedling · 2, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 32, 35, 44, 46, 53, 75, 82
Sensitivity analysis · 5
Sesquiterpene · 11, 15, 17, 40, 41, 54, 55, 71, 83
Sesquiterpenes · 11, 15, 17, 40, 41, 55, 64, 70, 86, 93
Shoot cutting · 23, 91
sitokinin · 29, 31
Stek pucuk · 21, 22, 23, 73, 84, 91
T
terpenoid · 14, 36, 39, 41, 44, 45, 57, 58
Terpenoid · 45, 57, 58, 89
Thymelaeaceae · vii, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 13, 40, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 72, 73,
83, 86, 90, 92, 93
Traditional medicine · 18, 49, 60, 65
Transcriptome · 15, 47, 84, 93
trnL- trnF · 8, 16, 83
W
Wood anatomy · 16, 53
Wood identification · 16
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