mesir kuno Mesopotamia Mesoamerica

mesir kuno
Mesopotamia
Mesoamerica
Mesir
(4000 - 3000 SM)
Mesopotamia
(4000 - 2000 SM)
Yunani
Etruria
Mesir Kuno & Mesopotamia
merupakan cikal bakal peradaban
Barat
MESIR
Romawi
Kristen Awal
(0 - 400 SM)
Romanesque
(1000 – 1200 M)
Byzantine
(400 – 1400 M)
Gothik
(1200 - 1400 M)
MESOPOTAMIA
Renaissance
Manerisme
Baroque
Rococo
Geografis
Terlindung di antara Gurun Barat dan
Gurun Timur
Iklim
Tropis – subtropis
Sosial – Budaya
Firaun = tuhan
Kekuasaan raja absolut
Bertani
Budaya statis dan abadi
Klasisisme
Geografis
Terbuka di antara 2 sungai
Iklim
Subtropis
Sosial – Budaya
Banyak dewa
Kolonialis
Bertani dan berdagang
Budaya selektif
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Mesir
Geografis
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Terletak di sepanjang Sungai Nil
Terlindung di antara Gurun Barat dan Gurun Timur
Sosial Budaya
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Pandai berorganisasi (pengaturan daerah sekitar
sungai)
Mengembangkan bentuk-bentuk pemerintahan, religi,
& keterampilan teknik & budaya sebagai bagian dari
peradaban
Homogenitas budaya
Sudah mengenal tulisan (hieroglyph) pada papyrus &
batu untuk arsip, perintah, sejarah, & syair
Mengenal ilmu kedokteran dan hitungan
Memuja dewa alam: Ra (dewa matahari), Isis (dewa
bumi), Osiris (dewa Sungai Nil)
Raja (Pharaoh) dianggap sebagai tuhan, sebagai
simbol kekuasaan, bukan pribadi
Percaya akan kehidupan sesudah mati
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Arsitektur & Seni
Sifat-sifat
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Formal  formalitas
geometri & bentuk 2D
Frontalitas 
menunjukkan gairah akan
keutuhan
Naturalisme
Ukuran menunjukkan
tingkat eksistensi 
arsitektur gigantis untuk
menunjukkan kekuasaan
Keabadian 
mengembangkan ars.
pasca kematian dengan
bahan yang tahan lama
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Arsitektur
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Bangunan berorientasi ke Sungai Nil
Eksterior berkembang
Kolom merupakan elemen penting
Geometri persegi, termasuk untuk kapling
bangunan
Ornamen: tumbuhan
Material:
– Material alam yang mudah pengerjaannya
(pohon) & plester lumpur (bangunan
nonreligius)
– Batu terpotong rapi (bangunan religius)
Produk:
– Makam (makam tebing, mastaba, piramid)
– Kuil (kuil pharaoh, kuil dewa)
– Monumen (obelisk, sphinx)
makam
Makam tebing
Mastaba
Piramid
kuil
Kuil Pharaoh
Kuil Dewa
monumen
Obelisk
Sphinx
makam
MAKAM TEBING
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Untuk rakyat biasa
MASTABA
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Untuk keluarga bangsawan
Atap datar, dinding miring, ukuran sedang, orientasi
utara-selatan
Terdiri dari: kuil/chapel, serdab/cellar, tempat mummi,
& pintu palsu (untuk keluar-masuk roh)
Dekorasi mural
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makam
PIRAMID
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Untuk pharaoh & keluarganya 
dibangun pada masa pemerintahan
pharaoh tersebut
Berupa satu kompleks bangunan
Dibutuhkan ribuan pekerja 
kekuasaan raja yang kuat
Material: batu terpotong rapi
Perkembangan Piramid
Kuburan batu
Dolmen
Mastaba
Piramid patah/
false pyramid/
pointed pyramid
Piramid tangga/
step pyramid
Piramid
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makam
PIRAMID
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Sakkara
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makam
PIRAMID
Great Pyramid of Cheops, Gizeh
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GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU - CHEOPS - 3rd Great Pyramid Builder
THE PYRAMID OF KHAFRE - CHEPREN ~ He supposedly built the Sphinx
SPHINX
THE PYRAMID OF MENKAURE
QUEENS' PYRAMIDS - MORTUARY TEMPLE - VALLEY TEMPLE SMALLEST AND FINAL PYRAMID
TO BE BUILT AT THE GIZA PLATEAU
The Giza Valley Plateau consists of 11 Pyramids, 4 Valley Temples, 3 Mortuary Temples, 3 Procession ways,
a Sphinx, as well as several boat pits all of which follow the blueprint of Sacred Geometry.
| -2600 Great Pyramid of GIZA
a: Pyramid of Cheops b: Queens' pyramids c: Western cemetery d: Eastern cemetery
e: Remnants of the valley temple of Cheops
f: Pits for the solar ships f1: Museum for the
solar ships
g: Pyramid of Chephren
h: Mortuary temple of Chephren
i: Causeway
j: Sphinx k: Valley temple of Chephren l: Sphinx temple
m: Monument of Queen
Chentkaue n: Pyramid of Mykerinos
o: Mortuary temple of Mykerinos p: Remnants of
the causeway
q: Remnants of the valley temple
THE GRAND GALLERY
The Grand Gallery has 7-step corbeled side walls.
Some parts of the Grand Gallery walls contain salt
deposits, but not as much as in the Mid Chamber.
The length of the Grand Gallery is 1881.5985600+
PI, and its width just above the ramp stones is 82.41
PI. The Grand Gallery is 28 feet high by 1881-1/3 PI
long.
KING'S CHAMBER
Above the roof of the Upper
Chamber are 5 Ceiling Chambers.
The Pit in the Subterranean Chamber
The western half of the Subterranean Chamber
Subterranean Chamber showing contour round the Pit and
entrance doorway
Arsitektur & Seni
More than 4,000 years ago the valleys of
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers began to
teem with life--first the Sumerian, then
the Babylonian, Assyrian, Chaldean, and
Persian empires. Here too excavations
have unearthed evidence of great skill
and artistry. From Sumeria have come
examples of fine works in marble, diorite,
hammered gold, and lapis lazuli.
Dating from about 2400 BC, they have
the smooth perfection and idealized
features of the classical period in
Sumerian art.
Clay was the Sumerians' most abundant
material. Stone, wood, and metal had to
be imported.
Marble (granite) figure
Art was primarily used for religious
purposes. Painting and sculpture was
the main median used.
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Arsitektur & Seni
This system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C.
in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, most likely by the Sumerians. The characters
consist of arrangements of wedge-like strokes, generally on clay tablets. The history
of the script is strikingly like that of the Egyptian hieroglyphic.
The famous votive stone/ marble sculptures from Tell
Asmar represent tall, bearded figures with gigantic,
staring eyes and long, pleated skirts.
Enlarged eyes were found on many figure
The tallest figure is about 30 inches in height. He
represents the god of vegetation. The next tallest
represents a mother goddess-mother goddesses were
common in many ancient cultures. They were
worshipped in the hope that they would bring fertility
to women and to crops. (Another connection to
African culture.)
Enlarged eyes were
found on many figure
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Arsitektur & Seni
The detailed drawing above was made from tracing a
photograph (from Campbell, Shepsut) of the temple
vase found at Uruk/Warka, dating from approximately
3100 BCE. It is over one meter (nearly 4 feet) tall.
On the upper tier is a figure of a nude man that may
possibly represent the sacrificial king. He
approaches the robed queen Inanna. Inanna wears a
horned headdress.
The Queen of Heaven stands in front of two looped
temple poles or "asherah," phallic posts, sacred to
the goddess. A group of nude priests bring gifts of
baskets of gifts, including, fruits to pay her homage
on the lower tier. This vase is now at the Iraq
Museum in Bagdad.
"The Warka Vase, is the oldest ritual vase in carved
stone discovered in ancient Sumer and can be dated
to round about 3000 B.C. or probably 4th-3rd
millennium B.C. It shows men entering the presence
of his gods, specifically a cult goddess Innin
(Inanna), represented by two bundles of reeds placed
side by side symbolizing the entrance to a temple.
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Arsitektur & Seni
The Sumerian temple was a small brick house
that the god was supposed to visit
periodically. It was ornamented so as to recall
the reed houses built by the earliest
Sumerians in the valley. This house, however,
was set on a brick platform, which became
larger and taller as time progressed until the
platform at Ur (built around 2100 BC) was 150
by 200 feet (45 by 60 meters) and 75 feet (23
meters) high. These Mesopotamian temple
platforms are called ziggurats, a word derived
from the Assyrian ziqquratu, meaning "high."
They were symbols in themselves; the
ziggurat at Ur was planted with trees to make
it represent a mountain. There the god visited
Earth, and the priests climbed to its top to
worship.
Most cities were simple in structure, the
ziggurat was one of the world's first great
architectural structures.
White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk
(Warka), 3200 -3000 B.C.
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Arsitektur & Seni
This temple was
erected at Warka or
Uruk (Sumer),
probably about 300
B.C.It stood on a
brick terrace, formed
by the construction
of successive
buildings on the site
(the Ziggurat). The
top was reached by a
staircase. The temple
measured 22 x 17
meters (73 x 57 feet).
Access to the temple
was through three
doors, the main
located at its
southern side.
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Arsitektur & Seni
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