Ekonomi Politik - M. Mas`ud Said

BAHAN KULIAH
EKONOMI POLITIK
PROF. M. MAS’UD SAID, PhD
[email protected]
DOCTORAL DEGREE
FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA
TUJUAN DAN OUTPUT KULIAH
 TUJUAN UMUM:
 MAHASISWA DAPAT MEMAHAMI TEORI EKONOMI POLITIK
 MAHASISWA DAPAT MENJELASKAN BAGAIMANA KETERKAITAN ANTARA
EKONOMI DAN POLITIK DAN POLITIK DALAM EKONOMI
 MAHASISWA DAPAT MENJELASKAN BAGAIMANA EKONOMI BISA DIPENGARUHI
OLEH POLITIK DAN MENGGUNAKA ILMU POLITIK SEBAGAI POINT OF VIEW
PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI
 OUTPUT KULIAH:
 PADA AKHIR KULIAH, MAHASISWA MEMBUAT MAKALAH BERSTANDAR JURNAL
NASIONAL.
 PADA AKHIR KULIAH, MAHASISWA DAPAT MENJELASKAN BAHWA SISTEM
POLITIK, SISTEM HUKUM DAN IDEOLOGI BERPENGARUH PADA PEMBANGUNAN
EKONOMI
DEFINISI EKONOMI POLITIK
Ekonomi Politik adalah studi interdisipliner. Ekonomi Politik adalah cabang ilmu
yang mempelajari ekonomi dg perspektif ilmu politik. Ekonomi Politik mendalami
bagaimana institusi politik, lingkungan politik dan kapitalisme dapat saling
berpengaruh antara satu dengan lainnya.
In the present, political economy refers to a variety of different, but related,
approaches to studying economic and political behavior, which range from
combining economics with other fields, to using different fundamental
assumptions which challenge those of orthodox economics:
EKONOMI POLITIK:
STUDI INTERDISIPLINER
 ADALAH ILMU MENGENAI RELASI EKONOMI DALAM MAKNA PEMENUHAN
KEBUTUHAN MASYARAKAT DENGAN YANG DIPENGARUHI OLEH KEBIJAKAN NEGARA
,KEKUASAAN DAN POLITIK DAN PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN DOMINAN LAINNYA.
 WALAUPUN BEGITU PENGERTIAN EKONOMI POLITIK PUNYA MAKNA YANG SANGAT
LUAS. IA BAHKAN MENYANGKUT RELASI SOSIAL, PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI ,
HUKUM YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP EKONOMI
 Political economy is most commonly used to refer to interdisciplinary
studies that draw on economics, law, and political science in order to
understand how political institutions, the political environment and
capitalism influence each other.
Perbandingan antara
“Ilmu Ekonomi” dengan “Ekonomi Politik”
 Ilmu Ekonomi Ansich, mempelajari pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia, produksi,
konsumsi dari perspektif penggunaan modal ekonomis seperti tanah, tenaga
kerja dan proses produksi dan distribusi melalui pasar.
 Ekonomi Politik meletakkan Ekonomi sebagai pergumulan antara kebijakan
negara, politik, hukum, lingkungan sosial dan ideologi politik dengan proses
ekonomi konvesional
 Within political science, the term Political Economy refers to modern liberal,
realist, Marxian, and constructivist theories concerning the relationship
between economic and political power among states. This is also of concern to
students of economic history and institutional economics.
PERBANDINGAN EKONOMI DAN EKONOMI POLITIK
 IN ECONOMIC TERMS, the aforementioned DEFINITION OF
DEVELOPMENT indicates that for the population of a country, there are
employment opportunities, satisfaction -at least- of basic needs(food,
education, health, shelter, clothes, milk) and the achievement of a positive
rate of distribution and redistribution of national wealth..
 Economists often associate the term with approaches using game theory
Others, especially anthropologists, sociologists and geographers, use the
term "political economy" to refer to neo-Marxian approaches to
development and underdevelopment set forth by Andre Gunder Frank and
Immanuel Wallerstein
Ekonomi Politik, Ekonomi Kelembagaan
 Ekonomi Politik mempelajari perkembangan politik kemasyarakatan dan ekonomi
negara. Jadi Ekonomi Politik mempelajari bagaimana umat manusia memproses
sumber ekonomi dan makanisme distribusi hasil ekonomi baik dalam kondisi
kekurangan maupun dalam kondisi kelebihan dari proses tersebut.
 Political economy is centrally focused on the development of the polity. Political
economy, then, studies the mechanism of human activity in organizing material, and
the mechanism of distributing the surplus or deficit that is the result of that activity.
 Note the difference between this paradigm and that of economics which sees human
wants as unlimited, resources as generically scarce, historical context as not
particularly important, and income distribution issues as less important than
efficiency and growth. While for some there is no difference between the two terms, for
others the difference is one of basic method. Economics studies trade-offs through
measurable values, whereas political economy focuses on structural relationships.
However, there is no generally accepted distinction between these terms, and they are
most often used on a case by case basis.
EKONOMI POLITIK
LEBIH DARI SEKEDAR PROSES PRODUKSI
Tidak sama dengan ekonomi konvesional atau ekonomi Orthodox, Ekonomi
Politik mempelajari hal hal yang tak hanya berkaitan dengan proses produksi
dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam, namun ia adalah hal hal yang lebih luas,
semisal bagaimana faktor tenaga kerja manusia, dan juga teknologi berperan
penting pada masa era sesudah “ekonomi klasik’ dimana faktor hukum negara
dan ideologi politik sangat besar perannya dalam ekonomi bangsa.
In contradistinction to the economic theory, in which land was seen as the source
of all wealth, some political economists proposed the labour theory of value
(first introduced by John Locke, developed by Adam Smith and later Karl Marx,
according to which labour is the real source of value. Many political economists
also attracted attention to the accelerating development of technology whose
role in economic and social relationships grew ever more important.
Political Economy
 Awalnya, setidaknya akhir abad 19, istilah Ekonomi Politik bereitan erat dan tak lepas dari
istilah ekonomi pada umumnya, khususnya saat ahli matematika ekonomi dan studi filsafat
ekonomi muncul saat perkembangan setelah ekonomi konvesional yang hanya mempelajari
hubungan struktural dalam konteks produksi dan konsumsi.
 Namun kini Ekonomi Politik -walalupun masih berkaitan erat dengan pandangan ekonomi
umum- namun telah berkembang jauh pada tataran konteks hubungannya dengan perilaku
politik yang menghubungkan atau memakai pendekatan selain ilmu ekonomi dimana ia
justru merubah asumsi asumsi konvensional pada umumnya.
 In the late 19th century, the term "political economy" was generally superseded by the term
economics , which was used by those seeking to place the study of economy on a
mathematical and axiomatic basis, rather than studying the structural relationships within
production and consumption. (See Marginalism . Alfred Marshall)
 In the present, political economy refers to a variety of different, but related, approaches to
studying economic and political behavior, which range from combining economics with other
fields, to using different fundamental assumptions which challenge those of orthodox
economics:
•Political Economy
Political economy is most commonly used to refer to
interdisciplinary studies that draw on economics, law and
political science in order to understand how political
institutions, the political environment and capitalism
influence each other.
Within political science, the term refers to modern
liberal, realist, Marxian, and constructivist theories
concerning the relationship between economic and
political power among states. This is also of concern to
students of economic history and institutional economics.
BANDINGKAN DENGAN TEORI EKONOMI KLASIK
 Pada umumnya saat orang belajar Ilmu Ekonomi di Fakultas Ilmu Ekonomi,
maka orang akan pasti mempelajari Buku Utama yang ditulis oleh ADAM
SMITH, 1776, yang berjudul An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth
of Nations. Buku ini sangat berpengaruh bahkan menjadi paradigma mahasiswa
dan dosen serta semua kajian yang meyakini bahwa campur tangan peraturan
pemerintah (khususnya di Eropa barat) saat itu bisa merusak pertumbuhan
ekonomi negara dan juga mengurangi kesejahteraan masyarakat.
 Smith argued that the form of regulation made by the government in Western
Europe in the eighteen centuries as detrimental to the economic growt of the
country and greater wealth for all citizen.
 He also believed that the proposed system would be regulated by the invisible
hand of the market rather than the state. Individual will act in self interest....
CLASSICAL AND NEO LIBERAL ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
ADAM SMITH AND THE FREE MARKET,
TRADITIONAL
PRE CONDITION for TAKE OFF
KEYNESIANISM
MODERNIZATION THEORIES,
TAKE OFF
DEVELOPMENT AID,
DRIVE TO MATURITY
MASS HIGH CONSUMPTION
NEO LIBERALISM
Ruang Lingkup Ekonomi Politik
 Kebijakan Ekonomi
Ekonomi
 Strategi pembangunan
Politik
 Keberpihakan
 Ide ide dasar kesejahteraan
 Paradigma Pembangunan
Giovanni E. Reyes, 2008
Reyes defines development with respect to the stage of intended social, economic and
political conditions achieved by a nation. Therefore, Reyes believes that definition of
development could be seen in many respects; Economic, Social and Political.
Kattie Wlilis, 2005;3
People look at development largely in economic term. For example The World Bank
uses Groos National Product (GNP) to divide the country of the world in to
development categories. Low income countries are defined as those with US$ 745 or
less, lower – middle income have US$ 746-2,975 and upper-middle income countries
are those with GNP 2,976 – 9,205 and high income countries are those with GNP US$
9, 206 or more
Traditional economics, is concerned primarily with the efficient, least cost allocation
of scare productive resources and with the optional growth of these resources over
time so as to produce an ever-expanding range of good and services
PERUBAHAN
Definisi Ekonomi dan Pembangunan
Setelah Munculnya Ekonomi Politik.
 Ideas of development are linked to concepts of modernity.
Modernity in its broader sense means the condition of being
modern, new or update, so the idea of modernity situates people
in time ( Katie Wilis , Theories and Practices of Developmet, 2005)
 In economic term modernity encompasses industrialization,
urbanization and the increased use of technology within all
sectors of economy. (Katie Wilis (Theories and Practices of Developmet, 2005)
ILMU YANG BERKAITAN
DENGAN EKONOMI POLITIK
SOSIOLOGI
POLITIK
DEMOGRAPY
DAN
GOOPRAFI
PSIKOLOGI
ILMU
EKONOMI
SEJARAH
HUKUM
16
Ekonomi Politik, Multi Disiplin
 Economics, because it studies activity and price relationships and the effects of
scarcity, grew out of political economy. It is often used in political economy to argue
policy effects and study the results of actions, and it is often in opposition to political
economy, in that many, if not most, practicing economists see political economy as
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



being a hindrance to the operation of economic forces.
From the point of view of political economy, economics is a branch of the entire study,
and economics has, at its basis, a theory of political economy which should be open to
examination.
Law since it concerns the creation of policy, or the mediation of policy ends through
political acts which have specific individual results, is seen, in political economy, as
both political capital and social infrastructure, on one hand - and as the result of the
sociology of a society on the other.
Human Geography concerned, amongst others, with economic and political
processes with an emphasis on spatial and environmental aspects thereof.
Ecology is often involved in political economy, because human activity is one of the
single largest effects on the environment, and because it is the suitability of the
environment for human beings which is one of the central concerns of most human
beings.
The ecological effects of economic activity on the environment have spurred the
creation of a great deal of research studying means of changing the incentives balance
of the market economy. This work is particularly controversial in its interaction with
economics, since it questions the fundamental econometric assumptions of market
economics and their basic validity. See the commons.
Ekonomi Politik, Multi Disiplin
 Sociology is the study of the effects of involvement in society on
individuals as members groups, and how this changes their
ability to function. Many sociologists begin from a framework of
production determining relationship drawn from Karl Marx.
 Anthropology often studies political economy by studying the
relationship between the world capitalist system and local
cultures.
 Psychology is frequently the fulcrum around which political
economy centers, in that it deals with decision making, not as
being a black box whose effects are seen only in price decisions,
but as being a source of study, and therefore the assumptions in a
model of political economy.
 History since it documents change over time, is often used as a
means of arguing in political economy, and often historical works
have a framework of political economy which they assume or
argue as the basis for the narrative structure.
Ekonomi dan Sosiologi
Post modern
Modern,
ultra modern
Transisi
tradisional
menuju modern
Primitive
Tradisional
Economy dan Sosiologi: The Future
 Back to nature : gejala umum di AS, di Eropa di Jepang dan

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

beberapa negara ekonomi maju
Back to basic: gejala umum dan menjadi trend orang modern
orang lebih enjoy hidup di Kampung, merasa segar kalau berada
di gunung, menggelar tikar, tinggal di pantai yg natural, menyukai
huma, cottage, suka terhadap atraksi budaya dan tradisi
Simplicity, simpel life, tai chi, yoga, sholat dhuha
Back to religion, agama akselerasinya cepat di AS, Australia,
Inggris, Jepang, China dlsb
Seeking soul peace, kesejatian, Transendental,
Kajian Sosiologis
Keseimbangan Global Dalam Ekonomi:
Statement 1:
“We have collective responsibility to uphold the
principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the
global level” (United Nation, Millennium Declaration, September 2000,
Signed by the 189 UN member countries)
Statement 2:
“As leaders we have a duty therefore to all the world’s
people, especially that most vulnerable, in particular, the
children of the world, to whom the future belongs.”(United
Nation, Millennium Declaration, September 2000,
Signed by the 189 UN member countries)
Bahan 2
HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKONOMI DAN POLITIK
 Politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions.
Politik, segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan negara dan
kehidupan warga negara. Politik, segala sesuatu yang berkaitan
dengan kekuasaan dan pengambilan keputusan dalam negara.
 KAJIAN TENTANG HASIL DAN PROSES PEMBANGUNAN
EKONOMI DI SUATU NEGARA BANYAK ATAU SETIDAKNYA
DIPENGARUHI OLEH POLITIK
Ekonomi dan Ilmu Politik
 As political scientist Harold Lasswell said, politics is "who gets what,
when and how." Politik itu berkisar pada gejala dan proses siapa
mendapat apa, kapan dan bagaimana cara memperolehnya.
 Sedangkan Ilmu Ekonomi banyak membicarakan bagaimana aktor aktor
dalam negara (sebagai produsen, konsumen maupun penyalur)
berinteraksi sehingga dalam kacamata ekonomi akan didapat angka
siapa mendapat apa dan bagaimana.
BEBERAPA CONTOH IDEOLOGI POLITIK
DAN PENGHARUHNYA ATAS EKONOMI
 PADA NEGARA DEMOKRASI YANG MENGANUT SISTEM LIBERAL, MAKA
KONDISI EKONOMI NEGARA AKAN BERLANGSUNG TATA CARA
LIBERALIME DAN DEMOKRASI, CONTOHNYA USA, AUSTRALIA, CANADA,
EROPA, INDONESIA
 PADA NEGARA YANG MENGANUT SISTEM DEMOKRASI SOSIALISTIK,
MAKA KONDISI DAN SISTEM PERDAGANGAN JUGA MENGANUT SISTEM
DEMOKRASI SOSIALISTIK. CONTOHNYA CHINA, GERMANY,
 HAL YANG SAMA TERLIHAT DI NEGARA DENGAN SISTEM COMMUNISM
SEPERTI , KORUT, SOVIET, CHINA, CUBA, ATAU SISTEM CONSERVATISM
SEPERTI, IRAN ATAU NATIONALISM CAMPURAN ; MALAYSIA,
INDONESIA, ATAU RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM, IRAN, IRAQ,
AFGANISTAN, PAKISTAN
Power dan Economy
Robert A. Dahl:
“A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B
wouldn’t otherwise do.” (Dahl 1957, p. 203).
“ A memiliki kekuatan atas B dalam keadaan A dapat meminta B untuk
berbuat sesuatu walaupun B tidak setuju untuk melakukannya”
Nelson W. Polsby:
Power should be analyzed by investigating “…who participates, who gains and who
loses from alternative outcomes, and also who prevails in decision making.”
(Polsby 1970, p. 3f).
Kekuasaan harus dianalisis dengan cara mencari tahu “ siapa yang terlibat, siapa
yang mendapat keuntungan dan siapa yang dirugikan dari pilihan yang
ditetapkan dan juga siapa yang tetap dalam proses pengambilan keputusan”
Makna Political Power
(DALAM EKONOMI)
ARAH
EKONOMI
BESARAN
EKONOMI
POLITIK
MEKANISME
DISTRIBUSI
KONTROL
EKONOMI
NEGARA
EKONOMI
Bahan 3
PARADIGMA EKONOMI POLITIK
 Political economists are divided over the nature of two paradigms: the paradigm
of distribution and the paradigm of production. These paradigms may be
related, especially at the extremes, but there are a vast number of individuals
who hold almost diametrically opposite views on these two paradigms in the
same context.
 Ahli ekonomi politik memiliki pendapat yg berbeda atas dua paradigma:
paradigma distribusi dan paradigma produksi. Keduanya sesungguhnya saling
berhubungan namun beberapa diantaranya malah berhadap hadapan satu
dengan lainnya dalam kaitan hal yang sama.
Paradigma Distribusi
LIBERALISME,
CONSERVATISME,
SOSIALISME,
LIBERTARIANISME,
COMMUNISM
Bahan 4
Pembangunan Ekonomi Dunia
Evaluasi
Pembangunan Dunia
PERKEMBANGAN PENDEKATAN PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI
DECADE
MAIN APPROACHES
1950s
MODERNIZATION THEORIES, FOLLOWING EUROPEAN MODELS
STRUCTURALIST MODEL
1960s
MODERNIZATION THEORIES, dependency theories: Southern countries
poor because of exploitation by Nothern countries
1970s
DEPENDENCY THEORIES, basic need approaches, government should
provides the basic needs of the poorest people
1980s
NEO LIBERAL, focus on Market, lower level involvement of government in
economics activities
GRASS ROOT APPROACHES, considerning local context
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, need to ballance needs of current
generation against environtmental, future generations
GENDER MAINSTREAMING,
MAIN APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT
DECADE
MAIN APPROACHES
1990s
NEO LIBERAL MODELS,
POST DEVELOPMENT, ideas about development represent colinilaism
and Eurocentrism
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT, awarenes of how diferent social and
cultural group afected by development
2000s
NEO LIBERALISM, increased engangement with concept of
globelization
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
POST DEVELOPMENT
GRASS ROOT APPROACHES
BAHAN 5
MDGS
International Development Goals:
Attacking Poverty
The World Bank Report 2000
 Reduce the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by half
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between 1990-2015
Enroll all children in primary school by 2015
Make Progress towards gender equality and empowering women..
Reduce infant and child mortality
Reduce maternal mortality ratio
Provide access for all who need reproductive health service by 2015
Implement national strategies for sustainable development
Distribution of population on less than $1 a
day 1998 (1,2 billion)
 Europe and Central Asia
2.0%
 Latin America and Caribbean 6.5%
 East Asia and Pacific
23.2%
 Sub-Saharan African
24.3%
 South Asia
43%
 Middle-east and North Africa
0.5%
data
 If the developed country donates their GDP more 1%,
it will be able to uplift 1 billion people who live in
poverty
 The world’s richest 500 individual equal with 416
million
 2.5 billion people living with less than 2 $ a day,
Important (moral) Enquiries to the Meaning of
Development
“What is the meaning of the growth
if it is not translated into the lives
of the people?”
(United Nation Development Program,
Human Development Report 1995)
The statement of The World Bank
President
“Our primary goal in development must be reduce
the disparities across and within countries….The
key development challenge of our time is the
challenge of inclusion”
(James. D. Wolfensohn, President, The World Bank)
James D. Wolfensohn
The President of The World Bank, 2000

He stated in 2000 that “ Poverty amid plenty is the world’s
greatest challenge”

Wolfensohn, then recommended actions in the three
areas:
Promoting Opportunity: Expanding opportunity for the
poor by people
Facilitating empowerment: Making state institutions
more accountable and more responsible to the poor
Enhancing Security: Reducing poor people vulnerability
to ill health
1.
2.
3.
ACTORS IN SOCIAL. ECONOMY AND POLITICS
1) INDIVIDUAL, youth, students, artists,
2) HOUSEHOLD, COMMUNITY, peasant,
3) GOVERNMENT, POLITICAL PARTIES
4) NON –GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION
5) PRIVATE COMPANIES, government owned companies
6) MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATION,
7) CULTURAL GROUPS, urban society,
rural society
8) ACADEMICS, EDUCATIONS; UNIVERSITY
9) Cultural and relegious leaders
10) Mass media, bureaucracy, professionals, investors,
commuters, workers,
Contoh Struktur Ekonomi Politik
(fisik - alamiah)
•
Kondisi alam terisolir, sulit dijangkau
•
SDM dan budaya kerja rendah
•
Jumlah penduduk miskin besar
•
Infrastruktur minim
•
Makanan, tempat tinggal apa adanya
•
Rentan penyakit
•

JENIS KEMISKINAN:
ALAMIAH, KULTURAL DAN STRUKTURAL
JADI SATU
Lokasi, demografi, populasi, tradisi
KULTUR POLITIK dan kultur ekonomi
 Keyakinan dan pandangan masyarakat tentang kekuasaan, negara dan posisi
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pemimpin mereka.
Pola hubungan masyarakat dengan negara dan proses politik. Bagaimana
sebaiknya pemimpin memberikan dan menggunakan kekuasaan
Habbit dalam memilih dan mereaksi kondisi politik.Konsekuensi apa yang
terjadi atas sesuatu kegiatan politik.
Pandangan mesyarakat tentang baik dan buruk, apa yang seharusnya dan apa
yang tidak seharusnya dalam pencapaian tujuan bersama
Pandangan masyarakat terhadap sumber sumber kekuasaan dan siapa yang
disebut pemimpin.
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
KATIE WILIS
 CLASSICAL AND NEO LIBERAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
 STRUCTURALISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY
 NEO MARXISM AND SOCIALISM THEORY
 GRASS ROOT DEVELOPMENT
Pemimpin, berbagai strategi pembangunan
ekonomi
Political Ideology and Development
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 M Mas’ud Said
M MAS’UD SAID
 Guru Besar Ilmu Pemerintahan.
 Asisten Staf Khusus Presiden RI Bidang Pembangunan
Daerah dan Otonomi Daerah
 Email [email protected]
 Web: profmmasudsaid.com
M. Mas’ud Said