Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, Fourth Edition 3 3 Learning Objectives Menjelaskan unsur-unsur manajemen proyek dan tanggung jawab seorang manajer proyek Menjelaskan Inisiasi dan aktivitas project dalam fase SDLC Mendeskripsikan bagaimana lingkup sistem yang baru ditentukan. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 2 3 Learning Objectives (continued) Membuat jadwal proyek menggunakan PERT dan Gantt chart Membuat analisis biaya manfaat dan menilai kelayakan proyek yang diusulkan Discuss how to staff and launch a project Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 3 3 Overview Prinsip dasar manajemen proyek Faktor keberhasilan proyek Peran manajer proyek Pengetahuan manajemen proyek How information system projects initiated Part of overall strategic plan Merespon kebutuhan bisnis secara langsung The project planning phase of SDLC Project planning examples for RMO Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 4 3 Faktor Keberhasilan Proyek Project management important for success of system development project 2000 Standish Group Study Only 28% of system development projects successful 72% of projects canceled, completed late, completed over budget, and/or limited in functionality Thus, project requires careful planning, control, and execution Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 5 3 Alasan Kegagalan Proyek Persyaratan tidak lengkap / berubah Keterlibatan pengguna terbatas Kurangnya dukungan eksekutif Kurangnya dukungan teknis Perencanaan tujuan proyek yang jelek yang tidak jelas Kurangnya sumber daya yang dibutuhkan Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 6 3 Alasan Keberhasilan Proyek Kejelasan tentang definisi sistem Besarnya keterlibatan pengguna Dukungan Perencaan Jadwal penuh dari pihak menejemen proyek yang detail dan terperinci kerja yang realistis Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 7 3 Role of the Project Manager management – organizing and directing people to achieve a planned result within budget and on schedule Project Success or failure of project depends on skills of the project manager Beginning of project – plan and organize During project – monitor and control Responsibilities are both internal and external Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 8 3 Tanggung Jawab Internal Mengidentifikasi tugas tugas proyek dan membangun struktur pekerjaan. Membuat jadwal proyek Merekrut dan melatih anggota tim Menugaskan anggota tim Mengkoordinasikan tugas anggota tim dan sub tim Menilai risiki kegagalan Monev dan control proyek Verify the quality of project deliverables Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 9 3 Tanggung Jawab Eksternal Melaporkan status dan kemajuan proyek Membangun hubungan kerja dengan orang yang dibutuhkan dalam persyaraktan sistem The people who will use the system Bekerja secara langsung dengan klien (sponsor proyek) dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya Mengidentifikasi kebutuhan sumber daya dan mendapatkan sumber daya Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 10 3 Peran Manajer Proyek (Figure 3-1) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 11 Participants in a System Development Project (Figure 3-2) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 3 12 3 Project Management Tasks Beginning of project Perencanaan proyek secara keseluruhan During project Project execution management Project control management Project closeout Project management approach differs for Predictive SDLC Adaptive SDLC Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 13 Project Management and SDLC Tasks for a Predictive Project (Figure 3-3) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 3 14 Project Management and SDLC Tasks for an Adaptive Project (Figure 3-4) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 3 15 3 Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Scope management Control functions included in system Control scope of work done by team Time management Build detailed schedule of all project tasks Monitor progress of project against milestones Cost management Calculate initial cost/benefit analysis Monitor expenses Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 16 Project Management Body of Knowledge (continued) Quality 3 management Establish quality plan and control activities for each project phase Human resource management Recruit and hire project team members Train, motivate, team build Communications management Identify stakeholders and their communications Establish team communications Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 17 Project Management Body of Knowledge (continued) Risk 3 management Identify and review risks for failure Develop plans to reduce these risks Procurement management Develop requests for proposals (RFPs) Evaluate bids, write contracts, monitor performance Integration management Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 18 3 Project Initiation and the Project Planning Phase Driving forces to start project Respond to opportunity Resolve problem Conform to directive Project initiation comes from Long-term IS strategic plan (top-down) prioritized by weighted scoring Department managers or process managers (bottom-up) Response to outside forces (HIPAA) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 19 3 Initiating Customer Support System RMO Strategic IS plan directs IS development’s project priorities Customer support system (CSS) selected John MacMurty – creates project charter Barbara Halifax – project manager Steven Deerfield – senior systems analyst Goal is to support multiple types of customer services (ordering, returns, online catalogs) Project charter describes key participants Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 20 3 RMO Project Charter (Figure 3-5) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 21 3 Activities of the Project Planning Phase Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 22 Activities of the Project Planning Phase and Their Key Questions (Figure 3-7) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 3 23 3 Defining the Problem Review business needs Use strategic plan documents Consult key users Develop list of expected business benefits Identify expected system capabilities Define scope in terms of requirements Create Build system scope document proof of concept prototype Create context diagram Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 24 3 Context Diagram for Customer Support Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 25 3 Defining the Problem at RMO Barbara – Completed problem definition statement Steve – Conducted preliminary research on alternative solutions Barbara, Steve, and William McDougal – Proceeded with analysis before making solution decisions Barbara and Steve – Began schedule, budget, feasibility statement for new system Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 26 3 Producing the Project Schedule Develop work breakdown structure (WBS) List of tasks and duration required for project Similar to outline for research paper WBS is foundation for project schedule Build a PERT/CPM chart Assists in assigning tasks Critical path method Gantt chart and tracking GANTT chart Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 27 3 Partial PERT/CPM Chart Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 28 3 Gantt Chart for Entire Project (with overlapping phases) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 29 3 Gantt Chart for Iterative Project Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition (Figure 3-14) 30 3 Confirming Project Feasibility Risk management Economic feasibility Cost/benefit analysis Sources of funds (cash flow, long-term capital) Organizational Technological and cultural feasibility feasibility Schedule feasibility Resource feasibility Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 31 3 Risk Management Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 32 3 Economic Feasibility Cost/benefit analysis Estimate project development costs Estimate operational costs after project Estimate financial benefits based on annual savings and increased revenues Calculate using table of costs and benefits Uses net present value (NPV), payback period, return on investment (ROI) techniques Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 33 Supporting Detail for Salaries and Wages for RMO (Figure 3-16) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 3 34 3 Summary of Development Costs for RMO (Figure 3-17) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 35 Summary of Annual Operating Costs for RMO (Figure 3-18) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 3 36 3 Sample Benefits for RMO (Figure 3-19) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 37 3 RMO Cost Benefit Analysis (Figure 3-20) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 38 3 Intangibles in Economic Feasibility Intangible benefits cannot be measured in dollars Increased levels of service Customer satisfaction Survival Need to develop in-house expertise Intangible costs cannot be measured in dollars Reduced employee morale Lost productivity Lost customers or sales Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 39 3 Organizational and Cultural Feasibility Each company has own culture New system must fit into culture Evaluate related issues for potential risks Low level of computer competency Computer phobia Perceived loss of control Shift in power Fear of job change or employment loss Reversal of established work procedures Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 40 3 Technological Feasibility Does system stretch state-of-the-art technology? Does in-house expertise presently exist for development? Does an outside vendor need to be involved? Solutions include Training or hiring more experienced employees Hiring consultants Changing scope and project approach Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 41 3 Schedule Feasibility Estimates needed without complete information Management Project deadlines may not be realistic managers Drive realistic assumptions and estimates Recommend completion date flexibility Assign interim milestones to periodically reassess completion dates Involve experienced personnel Manage proper allocation of resources Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 42 3 Resource Feasibility Team member availability Team skill levels Computers, equipment, and supplies Support staff time and availability Physical facilities Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 43 3 Staffing and Launching the Project Develop resource plan for the project Identify and request specific technical staff Identify and request specific user staff Organize the project team into workgroups Conduct preliminary training and team building exercises Key staffing question: “Are the resources available, trained, and ready to start?” Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 44 3 Launching Project Scope defined, risks identified, project is feasible, schedule developed, team members identified and ready Oversight committee finalized, meet to give goahead, and release funds Formal announcement made to all involved parties within organization Key launch question: “Are we ready to start?” Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 45 3 Recap of Project Planning for RMO Created schedule and plans for CSS Addressed all aspects of project management (project planning and scope) Included project communication and quality Identified desired team members Refined internal working procedures Taught tools and techniques used on project Planned kickoff meeting to officially launch Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 46 3 Kesimpulan Tugas manajemen proyek Memulai tahapan SDLC Perencanaan Proyek Melanjutkan fase SDLC Mengorganisasikan dan mengarahkan Pencapaian hasil yang direncanakan Gunakan jadwal dan anggaran yang telah ditetapkan Bidang Pengetahuan yang dibutuhkan Ruang lingkup, waktu, biaya, kualitas, sumber daya manusia, komunikasi, risiko, pengadaan Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 47 3 Summary (continued) Inisiasi Proyek Kebutuhan sistem informasi diidentifikasi dan diprioritaskan dalam rencana strategis Fase Perencaaan Mendefinisikan masalah ( Menghasilkan jadwal proyek (WBS) Mengevaluasi resiko Tenaga ahli proyek (know people’s skills) Launch project (executive formal approval) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition 48