FILSAFAT ILMU-2

SEJARAH FILSAFAT
Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH
Departemen Gizi Kesehatan
FKM UNAIR
Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
• Pemikiran filsafat banyak
Barat → zaman (Kuno, Abad
dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan
Pertengahan, Modern, Kini)
• Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India,
Cina) muncul → sifat yg religius • Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
Cina → zaman (Kuno,
• Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda,
Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme,
Hindu), Cina (confusius)
Modern)
• Barat: mitos → diganti rasio
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
• India: tidak pernah lepas induknya
India → periode (Weda,
→ Agama Hindu
Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik)
• Periode Filsafat Yunani → sangat
penting → menjadi acuan
Historisitas
• Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga,
yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri
pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris
• Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri
pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris
• Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya
yang bercorak antroposentris
• Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran
logosentris.
FILSAFAT
THEOLOGI
19M
ILMU CABANG
AGAMA
FILSAFAT
20M
FENOMENOLOGI
STRUKTURALISME
NEOPOSITIVISME
18M
ABAD KONTEMPORER
RASIONALISME
EMPIRISME
KRITISISME
IDEALISME
POSITIVISME
14-15M
AUFKLARUNG
14M
ABAD MODERN
RENAISSANCE
3SM - 6M
LOGOS
MITOS
6SM
ABAD TENGAH
ANCILLA
THEOLOGIAE
YUNANI - KUNO
FILSAFAT
FAKTOR HEURISTIK
BIOLOGI
ASTRONOMI
MATEMATIKA
FISIKA
KIMIA
SOSIOLOGI
KOMPUTER
PARIWISATA
DLL.
YUNANI KUNO
MITOS
..... - 6SM
LOGOS
3SM - 6M
FILSAFAT
Phylo
= menyenangi
Sophia
= bijaksana
MITOLOGI
Dongeng, Takhayul
Pertanyaan timbul
(ingin tahu)
DE-MITOLOGI
Dipikirkan
(secara kritis)
LOGOS
(ilmu)
Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?
Thales (624 - 548 SM)
AIR
Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)
APEIRON
Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)
UDARA
Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)
BILANGAN
Demokritos (460 - 370 SM)
ATOM
SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)
Dialektika
PLATO (427 - 347 SM)
Rasionalisme
ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)
Metafisika
Logika
Biologi
Empirisme
• Abad 6 SM – 0 M
– Periode Filsafat Yunani
– Ahli filsafatnya Thales
– Menggunakan pola
deduktif
– Kemunculan ilmu sangat
berkembang
• Abad 0 – 6 M
– Periode Kelahiran Nabi
Isa
– Pertentangan Gereja
– Filsafat mengalami
kemunduran
– Raja membatasi
kebebasan berfikir
ABAD PERTENGAHAN
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
ABAD KEGELAPAN
BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN
RENAISSANCE
14 - 15 MASEHI
AUFKLARUNG
(PENCERAHAN)
18 MASEHI
LEONARDO DA VINCI
COPERNICUS
KEPLER
GALILEO GALILEI
FRANCIS BACON
VOLTAIRE
JJ. ROUSSEAU
MONTESQUIEU
IMMANUEL KANT
AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN
AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN)
FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI)
RASIONALISME
EMPIRISME
KRITISISME
IDEALISME
POSITIVISME
TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (“MENINGGALKAN FILSAFAT”)
BIOLOGI
ASTRONOMI
MATEMATIKA
FISIKA
KIMIA
SOSIOLOGI
SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN
perkembangan
• Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi
dan dongeng-dongeng.
• Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin
teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat
digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama.
• Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan
renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.
• Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai
dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis
Mythology
 Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find
natural rather than supernatural explanations
for natural practices
Natural Philosophers
 Nature of the physical world
 Science
 Thales – 625BC – 545BC – Greek colony in Asia
Minor – first know philosopher – everything from
water – single basic substance
 Anaximander – 610-546 BC – all created things
are limited – that which comes before and after
must be “boundless” - basic stuff could not be as
ordinary as water
 Anaximenes – 570-526 BC – source of all things
must be air of vapour
Democritus
 460-370 BC
 “everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks” (p.
43)
 Each block was eternal and immutable
 firm and solid
 not all the same – different shapes and sizes
 unlimited number
 Called atoms, “un-cuttable” (p. 43)
How accurate is Democritus
theory to what we know today?
 Atoms theory still exists
 P. 84 – the lego horse – Plato’s idea of the
model plan – “World of ideas”
Athens – circa 450 BC
 “Cultural center of the Greek world.” (p. 61)
 Focus changed from natural philosophy to
“the individual and the individual’s place in
society.” (p. 62)
 Democracy evolved
 Art of rhetoric – “saying things in a
convincing manner.” (p. 62)
Prominent Philosophers
• Sophist – “a wise and informed person” (p. 62) – “
man and his place in society” (p. 62)”
• “No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.” (p.
63)
• Protogoras (485-410 BC) “Man is the measure of all
things” (p. 62)
Socrates
 470-399 BC
 there are norms
 wrote nothing down
 greatest influence on western thinking
 taught in the city squares
 known to us through Plato’s writings
 we must use our reason to grasp
“philosophical truths” p. 65
 feigned ignorance – “Socratic irony”
Socrates
died because of his convictions
Plato
 428-347 BC
 Pupil of Socrates
 theory of ideas
 Myth of the cave –
denies the reality of
the natural world
 We must become
enlightened
Myth of the Cave
 From The Republic
 What we take in with our senses is not real,
but rather a poor copy of it – we see only
shadows – imprisoned by our senses – the
shadows are less real than the actual
 Should take in the world intellectually
 Ignorance is likened to imprisonment
Plato and
Aristotle
Aristotle
 384-322 BC
 student of Plato
 Elemental theory – fire, water, wind, earth
 Rejected Plato's “world of ideas”
 Senses are important
 Women as inferior
Medieval/Baroque
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Machiavelli – 1469-1527 – control populace
– politics, government - two books, The
Prince is still used today in politics (Stalin
really liked The Prince)
Spinoza – 1632-1677 - in God (one
substance) tolerance and free thought –
“Rationalist Mystic”
Hobbes – 1588-1679 – materialist – natural
world – political thinking - The Leviathan –
“The value or worth of a man is, as of all
things, his price.”
THOMAS HOBBES
1588-1679
• “Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat
korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi
besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman”
• Yang ada hanyalah materi,
• Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia,
adalah mesin
• Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang
ada dalam kepala manusia.
• Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya
setelah mengunjungi Galileo.
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Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism
and liberalism, education. “All mankind is
good and ought not to harm one another.”
“No man’s knowledge here can go beyond
his experiences.”
Hume – 1711-1776 – nothing is certain
(complexity), empiricist, take actions because
of morals
Leibniz – 1646 – 1716 – rationalist –
borrowed reality – “There is a reason why
every fact is as it is and not otherwise.” –
calculus (Leibniz or Newton)
Existentialism/Modernism
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Kierkegaard – 1813-1855 – father of existentialism individual finds own identity a problem – mystery of
own existence
deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 – French existentialist –
Sartre - feminism
Sartre – 1905-1980 – fate doesn't exist – man is
what he conceives himself to be “Hell is other
people.”
Descartes – 1596-1650 – father of modern
philosophy – method of doubt - “Cogito ergo sum - I
think therefore I am.”
Camus– 1913-1960 – French writer – absurd that
humans demand significance in an indifferent
universe - “Man is the only creature who refuses to
be what he is.”
Senses or Reason
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Empiricists – believe that we learn through
our senses; we learn based on observation,
experience ; we are born with a clean slate
(tabula rasa)
Rationalists – believe one has to have an
understanding of one’s self to learn “Know
thyself”; senses offer a limited world; rely on
“truths,” logic and intuition
Kant synthesized the two – need reason and
the senses to learn