patogen

FUNGI
Eukaryotic, spore-bearing, heterotrophic
organisms that produce extracellular
enzymes and absorb their nutrition.
JAMUR
■ Natural decomposers of organic matter –
saprophytic
■ Plant pathogens
● Obligate parasites, species dependent eg
rusts and mildews
● Facultative parasites eg smut fungi
■ Industrial importance
● Fermentation processes eg yeasts in beers,
wines (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
● Antibiotic production eg
Penicillium notatum (penicillin)
■ Human and animal pathogens –
superficial and systemic mycoses
& allergies
■ Mycotoxins
■ Research – genetics, biochemistry,
molecular biology
Characteristics of fungi
■ Eukaryotes
■ No chlorophyl (distinguishes them from
plants and algae)
■ Unicellular to filamentous
■ Rigid cell wall
■ Spore bearing stages in the life cycle
■ Usually reproduce by sexual and asexual
■ Insensitive to antibacterial antibiotics
Spores - a minute propagative unit functioning
as a seed, but differing from it in that a
spore does not contain a preformed
embryo
Fruiting body - any complex fungal
structure that contains or bears
spores; a sporocarp
TUBUH VEGETATIF
■ unicellular (yeast),
■ filamentous, or both (=dimorphic)
■ Hypha (pl. hyphae) is the basic “cellular” unit in
filamentous fungi; they may be septate or coenocytic
(aseptate); collectively a mycelium
MODIFIKASI HIFA
Sklerotium
Rizomorf
Rizoid
•
•
•
•
•
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Heterotrophic
Secrete extracellular enzymes
Absorptive nutrition
Saprobes: decay dead organic matter
pathogens: biotroph, necrotroph
symbionts: parasites - commensals - mutualists
mitokondria
Dinding sel
Badan golgi
glikogen
mikrotubul
vakuola
Membran
sitoplasma
Inti sel
Retikulum endoplasma
ribosom
Asexual reproduction
■ Asexual spore formation:
• chlamydospores (formed within sporangia)
• conidia (formed naked at tips of hyphae)
■ Budding (cell division)
■ Fragmentation (of mycelium)
Sporangium
Peronosclerospora
maydis
Phytophthora sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Alternaria sp.
Fusarium sp.
Phytium sp.
Helminthosporium
Pertunasan (budding) pada
khamir (yeast)
Sexual spores
■ Some fungi also produce sexual spores as a
result of sexual reproduction
– Result of fusion of
• unicellular gametes or
• specialised hyphae (gametangia)
• from the fusion of 2 haploid cells to yield a diploid
cell which then undergoes meiosis and mitosis to
yield individual spores
• The nature of the spore depends on the group of
fungus
– Ascospores (Ascomycetes)
– Basidiospores (Basidiomycetes)
– Zygospores (Zygomycetes)
Ascospores
(Ascomycetes)
Pembentukan spora seksual pada kelas Basidiomycetes
Basidiospore
Zygospore
Spora seksual pada kelas
Zygomycetes