Kedudukan anatomi tumbuhan

Kedudukan anatomi tumbuhan
Botani
Anatomi
Fisiologi
Taksonomi
Morfologi
Embriologi
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Sitologi tumbuhan : ilmu yang mempelajari
bentuk, susunan, sifat fisik dan kimia sel
tumbuhan serta perkembangan dinding selnya
Histologi : ilmu yang mempelajari sekelompok
atau sekumpulan sel yang membentuk suatu
jaringan, dimana sekelompok sel tersebut
memiliki ciri yang serupa, baik bentuk, sifat,
maupun fungsinya sam
Organologi :ilmu yang mempelajari alat-alat
pada tubuh tumbuhan yang tampak dari luar,
yaitu akar, batang, daun, bunga, buah, biji
Konsep sel tumbuhan
CELL
-The
cell is the structural and functional unit of all
known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of an
organism that is classified as living, and is often
called the building block of life. Some organisms,
such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a
single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are
multicellular.
-Eukaryotic cells are about 10 times the size of a
typical prokaryote and can be as much as 1000 times
greater in volume. The major difference between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells
contain membrane-bound compartments in which
specific metabolic activities take place. Most
important among these is the presence of a cell
nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that
houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA. It is this nucleus
that gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true
nucleus." Other differences include
Berdasarkan ada tidaknya
selubung/membran inti, serta membran
yang mengikat berbagai macam organela,
sel dibedakan menjadi 2 :
 Prokariota
sel yang tidak mempunyai membran inti/ membran
yang mengikat organela-organela, DNA terkonsentrasi
pada daerah yang disebut nukleooid
contoh : bakteri dan cyanobakteri
 Eukariota
sel yang mempunyai struktur yang komplek, inti dan
organel lainnya terbungkus oleh membran inti dan
terdapat pada suatu larutan semi cair disebut sitosol
contoh : tumbuhan, hewan
Perbedaan utama sel hewan dan sel
tumbuhan :
► Pada
tumbuhan memiliki membran plasma dengan
dinding sel yang kuat
pada hewan hanya mempunyai membran plasma
saja
► Pada tumbuhan dijumpai plastida
pada hewan tidak ada
► Pada sel tumbuhan beberapa vakuola yang kecilkecil dapat bersatu menjadi vakuola yang besar
pada sel hewan vakuola tetap kecil
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell wall
none
yes
Plastids
no
yes
Vacuole
One or more small
vacuoles
One, large central
vacuole taking up 90%
of cell volume
Shape
round
rectangular
Glyoxysomes
no
Some plant cells have
glyoxysomes
Centrioles
Always present
Only present in lower
plant forms
Lysosomes
Occur in cytoplasm
Usually not evident
Plasma Membrane
Only cell membrane
Cell membrane & cell
wall
Chloroplast
Don’t have chloroplast
Have chloroplast
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
EARLY MICROSCOPES
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Zacharias Janssen - made 1st compound
microscope
a Dutch maker of reading glasses (late
1500’s)
Leeuwenhoek
made a simple microscope (mid 1600’s)
 magnified 270X
 Early microscope lenses made images larger but
the image was not clear

Leeuwenhoek's microscope
A) a screw for adjusting the
height of the object being
examined
B) a metal plate serving as
the body
C) a skewer to impale the
object and rotate it
D) the lens itself, which was
spherical
MODERN MICROSCOPES
A microscope is simple or compound depending on
how many lenses it contains
 A lens makes an enlarged image & directs light
towards you eye
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• A simple microscope has one lens
• Similar to a magnifying glass
• Magnification is the change in
apparent size produced by a
microscope
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
 A compound microscope
has multiple lenses
(eyepiece & objective lenses)
STEREOMICROSCOPE
 creates a 3D
image
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
 Powers of the eyepiece (10X) multiplied by
objective lenses determine total magnification.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
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More powerful; some can
magnify up to 1,000,000X
Use a magnetic field in a
vacuum to bend beams of
electrons
Images must be
photographed or
produced electronically
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Electron microscope image of a spider
 produces realistic 3D image
 only the surface of
specimen can be observed
Electron microscope image of a fly foot
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
produces 2D image of
thinly sliced specimen
detailed cell parts (only
inside a cell) can be
observed
CELL THEORY
• A theory resulting from many scientists’
observations & conclusions
CELL THEORY
1. The basic unit of life is the cell. (Hooke)
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In 1665, an English scientist
named Robert Hooke made
an improved microscope and
viewed thin slices of cork
viewing plant cell walls
Hooke named what he saw
"cells"
CELL THEORY
2. All living things are made of 1 or more cells.
Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants)
Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying
animals) stated that all living things were
made of cells
Schwann
Schleiden
CELL THEORY
3. All cells divide & come from old cells. (Virchow)
Virchow