anatomi perbandingan vertebrata

ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN
VERTEBRATA
Novi Febrianti
SEKILAS ANATOMI
• Anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti
memotong
• Istilah-istilah anatomi berasal dari bahasa
Yunani dan Latin
Cabang –cabang Anatomi:
• Microscopic anatomy/Anatomi mikroskopis
(Sitologi, Histologi)
• Developmental anatomy/Anatomi
perkembangan (Embriologi)
• Comparative anatomy/Anatomi perbandingan
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
• Mempelajari susunan tubuh hewan vertebrata
• Membandingkan susunan organ tubuh antar kelas
pada sub phylum vertebrata
• Tubuh hewan terbagi menjadi :
- caput / chepala : kepala
- collum / cervix : leher
- trunchus : badan
- cauda : ekor
- extremitas : anggota badan bebas
^ ant / pos
^ sup / inv
TERMINOLOGI
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Anterior – posterior (arah)
Superior – inferior (arah)
Dorsal
: daerah punggung
Ventral
: daerah perut
Lateral
: daerah samping / sisi
Cranial
: daerah kepala
Caudal
: daerah ekor
Abdominal
: daerah badan
Thoracal
: daerah dada (dalam dada)
TERMINOLOGI
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Sinister
: kiri
Dexter
: kanan
Medial
: daerah tengah
Linea mediana : garis tengah tubuh
Proximal
: lebih kearah / dekat LM
Distal
: lebih menjauhi LM
Origo
: titik pangkal tidak bergerak
Insersio :
: menimbulkan gerak
TERMINOLOGI
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Organ analog
Mayor = besar
Minor = kecil
Pectoral : dada
Pelvis
: punggung bawah
Bilateral simetri
Simetri tubuh
Dorsal
Bidang simetri
Bidang simetri
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Simetri radial
Anterior
Ventral
Simetri bilateral
Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik
Cacing pipih
Cacing gilig
Mesoderm (otot)
Ektoderm
Ektoderm
Endoderm
(usus)
Endoderm (usus)
Mesoderm
(otot)
Mesenkim
Aselomata
Pseudoselomata
Cacing tanah
Ektoderm
Mesoderm (otot)
Selom
Organ internal
Endoderm (usus)
Mesoderm
(peritoneum)
Selomata
Pseudoselom
Organ internal
Sistem penyokong tubuh hewan
Cangkang luar
Tubuh lintah
dibentuk oleh
cairan di dalam
tubuhnya
Endoskeleton
Eksoskeleton
Sistem tubuh pada hewan
Usus bagian dari sistem
saluran pencernaan
Saluran kelamin
Otak kecil
Lambung
Otak sederhana dengan
dua ganglion
Ovarium
Testis
Notokorda berada di
sepanjang tubuh
bagian ventral
Otak besar
Ginjal
Paru-paru
Jantung
Usus
Pembuluh
darah
Eksoskeleton
Kelenjar pencernaan
PHYLUM CHORDATA
Ciri – ciri :
• Adanya dorsal tubular nerve cord, pada
keadaan embrio, larva atau seumur hidup.
• Mempunyai notochord, minimal pada fase
embrio
• Pada dinding pharynx ada lubanglubang/celah-celah pada keadaan larva atau
seumur hidup (pharyngeal slits).
• Mempunyai ekor
Anatomy of a Chordate
Subphylum Urochordata
• sea squirts or tunicates
• notochord present only in free-swimming larvum
• notochord does not extend into head
• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
• adult is sessile filter feeder
Subphylum Urochordata
• sea squirts or
tunicate
• Campbell p 631
•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence.
Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins.
Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord,
disappear.
Subphylum Cephalochordata
• “head” cord
• lancelet or Amphioxus
• notochord present throughout life –
extends into head region
• shallow marine waters
• chordate characteristics developed and
apparent in adult
• tail has blocks of muscles called
myotomes
• adults resemble tunicate larvum
Anatomy
of
a lancelet
Cephalochordat
a: lancelet
Subphylum Vertebrata
General Characteristics:
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chordates with a backbone
exhibit cephalization
closed circulatory system
neural crest (p. 633)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Agnatha (without jaws)
• lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/
rasping tongue
• hagfish – mainly scavengers
• no paired appendages
• larvum resembles lancelet
Agnatha: a sea lamprey
Lamprey mouth
Subphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
• flexible endoskeletons of cartilage
strengthened by calcium granules
• sharks (internal fertilization)
▫ oviparous – egg laying
▫ ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within
the uterus
▫ viviparous – young develop in the uterus
• suspension-feeders (plankton)
Cephalochordat
a: lancelet
Subphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
• Bottom feeders – mollusks &
crustaceans
• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs
(defense)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
• Bottom feeders – mollusks &
crustaceans
• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs
(defense)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
• Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate
matrix
• Operculum- protective flap
• Swim bladder – controls buoyancy
Seahorse
Subphylum Vertebrata
Amphibia
(“two lives”)
• first tetrapods
• transition to land – still tied to water for
respiration and reproduction
• Gills  lungs (metamorphosis)
• Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts
Subphylum Vertebrata
Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644)
(to creep)
• lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila
monsters, crocodiles, alligators
• first true land animal
• Scales, lungs, amniotic egg
• no feathers
• cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy
conservation)
Hatching reptile
Subphylum Vertebrata
Fossil links…………
• Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and
birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc birdreptile
• Clawed forelimbs
• Teeth
• Long tail w/ vertebrae
Archaeoptery
x
Subphylum Vertebrata
Aves (bird)
• feathered
• few flightless: ostrich, kiwi, emu
• breastbone with keel – carina –
permitting flight
• jays, sparrows, warblers, etc
Subphylum Vertebrata
Mammalia (breast)
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Hair or fur of keratin
Active metabolism = endothermic
Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm
Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered heart
Layer of fat
Mammary glands, tooth differentiation
Subphylum Vertebrata
Mammalia (breast)
• Monotremes – egg-laying mammals
(Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters)
• Placental mammals
• Marsupial mammals – kangaroo, opossum
Marsupial
Placental
Marsupial
&
Placental
Mammals