Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available ScienceDirect ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Energy (2019) 000–000 447–451 EnergyProcedia Procedia156 00 (2017) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 2018 5th International Conference on Power 2018, and Energy Systems 19–21 September Nagoya, Japan Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan Performance of a Low Cost Spoon-Based Turgo Turbine for Pico Performance of aInternational Low Cost Spoon-Based The 15th Symposium on DistrictTurgo Heating Turbine and Coolingfor Pico Hydro Installation Hydro Installation Assessing the using thea, Dendy heat demand-outdoor afeasibility Budiarsoa, Warjitoaa, M.of Naufal Lubis Adantaa,a,* a Budiarso , Warjito Naufal Lubis , Dendy Adanta * temperature function for a, M. long-term district heat demand forecast Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia a a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a Abstract IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France Abstract c Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, Nantes, France Pico hydro is Département a solution that may be appropriately applied to increase electrification ratio in remote44300 areas. To make this possible, Pico hydro must is a solution that investment may be appropriately applied to increase electrification ratio inofremote areas. To makemanufacturing this possible, pico have a low cost and simple piping systems. The embodiment this is Turgo turbine pico must a low investment cost and simple systems. The this efficiency is Turgo turbine manufacturing usinghydro spoons andhave ¾ inch pipe. The test results show that piping the Turgo turbine hasembodiment a realtively of stable on different flow rate using spoons and ¾ inch pipe. The test show that the Turgo turbine realtively efficiency different flow rate compared to Pelton turbine because theresults energy transfer in the next buckethasis anot blockedstable by the flow theonjet. In addition, the Abstract Pelton turbine because the energy transfer in the next bucket is not blocked by the flow the jet. In addition, the compared investmenttocost of Turgo turbine is $ 48, lower than Pelton turbine of $ 822. Moreover, the shape of Turgo turbine is also simpler investment cost of piping Turgo turbine $ 48, Pelton of $ Turgo 822. Moreover, thebeshape ofthe Turgo turbine is may also be simpler and uses a smaller system is than anylower otherthan study. Thus,turbine the tested turbine can one of methods that used networks are in commonly addressed the the literature as oneturbine of the can most the and uses aheating smaller piping ratios system than anyareas. other study. in Thus, tested Turgo beeffective one of thesolutions methodsfor thatdecreasing may be used toDistrict increase electrification remote greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat to increase electrification ratios in remote areas. sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. theaccess investment © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©prolonging 2018 The Authors. Published byperiod. Elsevier Ltd. This is an open articlereturn under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This ismain an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license The scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility license of using(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand This is an open access articleunder under responsibility the CC BY-NC-ND Selection and peer-review of the 2018 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 (Portugal), 5th International Conference on Power Energy Systems Engineering, forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon used as aConference case study.and district consisted of 665 Selection andCPESE peer-review under responsibility ofNagoya, the 2018 5th was International onThe Power andis Energy Systems Engineering, 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Japan. CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. renovation scenarios wereturbine; developed intermediate, Keywords: Pico hydro; Turgo Pelton(shallow, turbine; cost investment; deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. Keywords: Pico hydro; Turgo turbine; Pelton turbine; cost investment; The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation 1.(the Introduction scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). 1. Introduction The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the The lack of access is still one of during the world’s current problems. According the World Bank, around decrease in the number to of electricity heating hours of 22-139h the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and The lack of access to electricity is still one of the world’s current problems. According the World Bank, around 14% of the world’s population still lacks access to electricity. The number drops lower to 23% for population living renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the 14% of the world’s The population still lackscould access electricity. The lower for to 23% for population livingand coupled scenarios). values suggested betoused to modify thenumber functiondrops parameters the scenarios considered, improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-21-727-0032; fax: +62-21-727-0033. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-21-727-0032; fax: +62-21-727-0033. Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected] 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE This is an and openpeer-review access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 2018, 19–21 2018, Nagoya, Japan. of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE Selection andSeptember peer-review under responsibility 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.087 448 M. Naufal Lubis et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 447–451 Budiarso et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Nomenclature Symbols 𝑐𝑐� nozzle coefficient g gravitational constant (m/s2) 𝐻𝐻� nozzle head (m) 𝐻𝐻� net head (m) 𝑊𝑊� hydraulic power (W) 𝑊𝑊� shaft power (W) ρ density (kg/liter) litre Q flow rate (liter/s) in the rural areas. Factors that contribute to the low electrification rate in the rural area include remote area to low income of the population. A solution that can be implemented to provide electricity in the rural area and increase the electrification ratio is through the utilization of pico hydro [1]. Pico hydro is a hydropower plant that is capable of generating under 5 kW of electricity [2]. Pico hydro is suitable for rural electrification due to its low cost, environmental and easy manufacturing and maintenance process [3]. For example, compared to diesel and gasoline generator, pico hydro has lower generation cost with maximum cost at 0,15 US$/kWh [2]. A class of hydropower turbines is the impulse turbine. Pelton and Turgo turbines are examples of impulse turbines that convert kinetic energy of the jet into mechanical energy in the form of rotation and torque [4]. The main differences between Pelton and Turgo turbines are the shape of the bucket and the direction of the incoming jet. The buckets of a Pelton turbine comprises of two curved structures while the buckets of a Turgo turbine comprises of only one curved structure resembling half of a Pelton bucket. Furthermore, water jet is sprayed Directly with 0° angle in Pelton turbines while water jet is sprayed with an angle, typically 20° in Turgo turbines [5]. Both turbines are suitable for pico hydro power generation. Turgo turbines are very suitable for pico-hydro off-grid installations, because they are reliable, robust and able to operate efficiently over a range of flow rates [6]. Various researches have been done regarding methods to improve the performance of Turgo. Cobb and Sharp (2013) the relationship between efficiency, speed ratio and jet velocity. The study resulted in discovery regarding mmentum transfer that can be utilized for better Turgo operation [7]. Williamson et al. (2013) developed the 2d quasi-steady-state mathematical model for designing Turgo buckets [8]. Gaiser et al. (2016) analyzed the relationship between efficiency, angle of attack, number of blade, jet diameter and speed ratio on Turgo turbine for optimum design using response surface methodology [9]. Aaraj et al. (2014) recommended the design method of Turgo turbine blades that involves easy manufacturing process using the velocity triangle [10]. Warjito et al. (2017) recommended a simple Turgo turbine shape designed using pipes that can be manufactured in remote areas. One of the factors that must be considered in the implementation of a pico hydropower plant, specifically for rural electrification, is the initial cost of the installation. A pico hydropower installation must not only operate at a high efficiency but must also be affordable. This study is a continuation of the Warjito et al. (2013) study. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of a low-cost spoon-based Turgo turbine wheel under several operating conditions. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials This experiment uses a low-cost Turgo wheel that is manufactured using spoons. Spoons are cut and welded into a steel plate. The plate is then wrapped and fastened around a wooden runner. The runner is then connected to a stainless steel shaft. This experiment also uses a 3D printed Pelton wheel that is used as comparison. To determine the geometry of the Turgo turbine, the jet velocity and nozzle diameter must first be determined. The optimum ratio of wheel diameter (D) with jet diameter (d) is 11-16 [4]. Thus the optimum number of blade (z) can be determined from equation 1: M. NaufaletLubis et al. /Procedia Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 447–451 Budiarso al. / Energy 00 (2018) 000–000 449 (1) � � ����𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 2.2. Methods The experiment is conducted using an outdoor installation that consisted of a water tank in which the water-level is maintained. A centrifugal pump is used to pump the water from the tub through a series of pipes to deliver the water to the turbine. Two nozzles are used in the installation; one for Pelton turbine and one for the Turgo turbine. A bypass valve is also used in the installation. The function of this bypass valve is to regulate the flow of the water that is pumped to the wheel. An illustration of the installation can be seen fig. 1. Fig. 1. Experiment installation. The installation also consists of several measuring device. The first measuring device that is used in the installation is a dynamometer. The dynamometer is connected to a pulley which is connected to the turbine shaft. The dynamometer consisted of an analog scale that shows the amount of mass that is generated by the rotation of the turbine. From the scale the amount of torque that is generated can be obtained. From the experiment, the value of torque generated by the turbine can be obtained using the dynamometer. To measure the rotational speed of the turbine, a contact tachometer is used. A mounting is connected to the turbine shaft to facilitate contact between the tachometer and the turbine shaft. To calculate the mechanical efficiency that is yielded by both turbines is the initial power that is available from the jet must be determined. Thus mechanical efficiency can be calculated as follows: 𝜂𝜂���� � 𝑊𝑊� /𝑊𝑊� (2) 𝑊𝑊� � ����𝐷�� (3) Where; 𝑊𝑊� � ���𝐻𝐻� 𝐻𝐻� � 𝑐𝑐� 𝐻𝐻� (4) (5) Where, nozzle coefficient (𝑐𝑐� ) can be assumed as 𝑐𝑐� � ����. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1. Hydraulic Power The mechanical efficiency of the turbine depends on the initial hydraulic power that is available in the jet. This hydraulic power is influenced by the value of flow rate and head at the nozzle. To ensure the consistency of the flow rate for both the Turgo turbines, the flow rates were measured for each of the opening of the control valve using a container and a stop-watch. Three positions were used for the control valve; fully opened, ¾ opened, and ½ opened. The results of the flow rate measurement and the corresponding hydraulic power are as follows: M. Naufal Lubis et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 447–451 Budiarso et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 450 Table 1. Flow rates and hydraulic power in different control valve positions Control Valve Position Fully opened ¾ opened ½ opened Flow rate (liters/second) Hydraulic power (Watt) Pelton Turgo Pelton Turgo 2.40 2.25 2.11 2.37 2.28 2.04 117.72 110.36 103.5 116.25 111.83 100.06 From the table 1, it can be seen that the value of hydraulic power that is available for both turbines are quite consistent. The differences between the flow rates in Pelton and Turgo nozzles are influenced by the different paths that the water must flow to reach the nozzles. In the installation, for the Turgo turbine, water must first flow sideways through the horizontal pipe to provide an angled entry to the Turgo buckets. This flow is not experienced in the Pelton turbine due to its 0° entry angle. The amount of difference between the values of flow rates are still minimal however, with the highest value being 0.07 liter per second when the control valve is half opened. 3.2. Turbine Dimensions b a Fig. 2. (a) Turgo wheel; (b) Pelton wheel From equation (1) the wheel design can be obtained with the value of rotational speed to jet velocity ratio o 0.5. The difference between Pelton jet velocity of 8.42 m/s and the Turgo jet velocity of 8.32 m/s causes a different wheel diameter; 30.5 cm for Pelton wheel and 42 cm for Turgo wheel. Theoretically, the number of buckets should be 21. However, for this study the number of buckets is 18 for both wheels. This is because Zigonis and Aggidis (2016) reduced 3 buckets and obtained a higher efficiency by 0.4% [11]. Based on analytical approach, Pelton turbine has an efficiency of up to 83% and Turgo turbine has an efficiency of up to 85%. Fig. 2 is the Pelton and Turgo turbine that will be tested. 3.3. Mechanical Power and Efficiency From table 3, it can be seen that the low-cost Turgo turbine yields a mechanical efficiency from 0.26-0.28 depending the condition of the flow rate. This value of efficiency is far from previous literatures as well as the analytical results. Previous literatures show that Turgo turbines can reach an efficiency of 0.85 at higher head and flow rate. However the value of mechanical power and efficiency that is yielded by the Turgo turbine rivals the values that is yielded by the 3D printed Pelton wheel. This is due to the angle of which the jet enters the bucket in a way that the exiting jet does not interfere with the incoming jet such as that in Pelton turbine. The differences in efficiency are also resulted from the slight difference in wheel diameter. Table 2. Mechanical power and efficiency Control Valve Position Fully opened ¾ opened ½ opened Mechanical Power Generated (Watt) Mechanical Efficiency Pelton Turgo Pelton Turgo 30.42 25.63 20.99 32.80 28.12 26.25 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.28 0.25 0.26 M. Naufal Lubis et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 447–451 Budiarso et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 451 3.4. Discussions The Turgo buckets are derived from spoons that can be easily available and has a low price of $48. The Pelton buckets on the other hand are manufactured using 3D printing which requires the availability of the 3D printer as well as a high cost of $822. This is a crucial aspect especially in rural areas where manufacturing methods with advanced technology such as 3D printing might not be available. Furthermore, the low cost of the buckets is suitable for rural areas with low-income population. Gaiser et al. (2016) also used a similar Turgo blade derived from spoons with investment cost is $35 [9]. In this study Gaiser used table spoons as opposed to larger diameter spoons in this study. The larger value of diameter allows for a bigger jet diameter thus resulting in higher rotational speed. Also, although the investment cost of this study is expensive compared to Gaiser et al. turbines, the piping system (¾ inch pipes) used is smaller so that the system used is simpler and cheaper. Although this study shows a promising result for a low-cost solution for rural electrification, several improvements can contribute towards better results for further studies. One notable improvement that can be made is regarding the experiment installation of the turbine. Further studies can be done to develop a robust, simple, yet accurate experiment installation that can provide more accurate results for testing the performance of the turbines. 4. Conclusion Rural electrification requires a robust, low cost solution. From the experiment, it is shown that a low cost spoonbased pico-scale Turgo turbine yields an acceptable value of mechanical of power and efficiency. In addition, the turbine shape and piping system is simpler than previous studies, thereby increasing the portability of the turbine. Thus, such innovation can be utilized as an effort of rural electrification and further decrease the cost of a picohydro installation. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their thanks to the Directorate of Research and Service Community (DRPM) Universitas Indonesia, which has funded this research with grant No. 2404/UN2/R3.1/HKP05.00/2018. References [1] Warjito, D. Adanta, Budiarso, and A. P. Prakoso, “The Effect of Bucketnumber on Breastshot Waterwheel Performance,” IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science, vol. 105, no. 1, p. 12031, 2018. [2] B. Ho-Yan, “Design of a Low Head Pico Hydro Turbine for Rural Electrification in Cameroon,” pp. 1–175, 2012. [3] Dendy Adanta, “Aplikasi Model Turbulen pada Turbin Piko Hidro,” Universitas Indonesia, 2017. [4] Harinaldi, Budiarso, Sistem Fluida (Prinsip Dasar dan Penerapan Mesin Fluida, Sistem hidrolik dan Sistem Pnuematik). Jakarta: Erlangga, 2015. [5] J. S. Anagnostopoulos, P. K. Koukouvinis, F. G. Stamatelos, and D. E. Papantonis, “Optimal design and experimental validation of a Turgo model Hydro turbine,” in ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, ASME Paper No. ESDA201282565, 2012. [6] S. J. Williamson, B. H. Stark, and J. D. Booker, “Low head pico hydro turbine selection using a multi-criteria analysis,” Renewable Energy, vol. 61, pp. 43–50, 2014. [7] B. R. Cobb and K. V Sharp, “Impulse (Turgo and Pelton) turbine performance characteristics and their impact on pico-hydro installations,” Renewable Energy, vol. 50, no. Supplement C, pp. 959–964, 2013. [8] S. J. Williamson, B. H. Stark, and J. D. Booker, “Performance of a low-head pico-hydro Turgo turbine,” Applied Energy, vol. 102, no. Supplement C, pp. 1114–1126, 2013. [9] K. Gaiser, P. Erickson, P. Stroeve, and J.-P. Delplanque, “An experimental investigation of design parameters for pico-hydro Turgo turbines using a response surface methodology,” Renewable Energy, vol. 85, pp. 406–418, 2016. [10]Y. Aaraj, S. Mortada, D. Clodic, and M. Nemer, “Design Of A Turgo Two-Phase Turbine Runner,” 2014. [11]A. Židonis and G. A. Aggidis, “Pelton turbine: Identifying the optimum number of buckets using CFD,” Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 75–83, 2016.
