Klas : Osteichthyes/ teleostei/ teleostomi • Subklas : Sarcoptrerygii /Paleopterygii Jumlah Ordo 2 : Coelacanthiformes & Dipteriformes • Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii Jumlah Ordo : 17 Sub klas Sarcopterygii • Ciri-ciri • Mempunyai P&V yg menonjol (lobate) dan berdaging • Sisik dengan endoskeletal yg kuat Ordo : Coelacanthiformes Bertulang rawan, sisik cycloid, bentuk ekor diphycercal, tanpa sub operculum Coelacanthiformes “Sarcopterygii” Actinistia • • • • • G: Latimeria 2 dorsal fins fleshy fins intracranial joint morphology constant throughout evolutionary history • Unbranched lepidotrichia Ordo Dipteriformes • Memp gelemb renang yg berhub dg usus berfungsi sbg paru-paru. • D,C,A bersatu ; V & P Lobate (menonjol) • Gigi palatin tanpa premaxilla &maxilla • Makanan Invertebrata & tb-an air • Kebanyakan telah jadi fosil SC: Dipnoi • earliest lungfishes- cosmoid scales • modern forms- embedded scales/ continuous dorsal, anal and caudal fins; spiral valve intestine • tooth plates • lack marginal tooth-bearing jaw bone • circulatory system Ceratodontidae (Australian Lung Fishes) • Tdpt sejak periode Triassic & banyak yg sudah punah • Conth species : Neoceratodus forsteri • Ciri-ciri : sisik cycloid, sirip tebal spt daun, distribusi Queensland, selama musim panas bernafas dg paru-paru. Neoceratodus forsteri Lepidosirenidae south American /African lung fishes • Tubuh angulliform, sisik kecil V &P spt cambuk. Saat musim kering membuat sarang dari lendir & lumpur (kepompong/cocoon) • Contoh Protopterus sp (Afrika tengah) Lepidosiren sp (Amerika Selatan) African lung fishes Protopterus annectans Cara mengambil udara Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii • Rangka dari tulang sejati, C homocercal • Vertebrae dg cekungan di depan dsbt amphicoelous. • sisik cycloid, ctenoid sedikit yg ganoid. • Lubang hidung tidak berhubungan dg rongga mulut • V & P tidak menonjol • tdpt sejak periode permian sd sekarang Ordo Polypteryformes (Bichirs) • Tubuh bulat panjang, P menonjol & bersisik, tanpa D diganti dg 8 finlet. C diphycercal. Pernafasan tambahan dg gelembung gas. Polypterus weeksi Polypteriformes • Originally placed with lobe- finned Highly specialized survivors of primitive actinopterygians • Dorsal fin spine pattern • Retains thick scales • Diphycercal tail • Highly vascularized ventral lungs-obligate air breathers • Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes • Primitive actinopt. has single dorsal fin • Teleosts- ant. spiny; post. soft rays • Ganoid scales • • • • Toothed marginal jaw bones • Toothed dermal bones in buccal (mouth) cavity • Dermal cheek bones form solid plate • Lateral movements of cheek and palatoquadrate limited • Heterocercal caudal fin Ordo Acipenceriformes Sturgeon & Spoon bill • • • • • Mulut di bagian ventral, bersisik atau tidak Hidung di ujung kepala & runcing C heterocercal Memp. Gelemb renang & operculum Fam : Acipenseridae, Hidung spt sekop tdpt 4 helai sungut di depan mulut, badan fusiform, mulut spt succer, usus spiral • Acipenser oxyrhynchus Sturgeon a. Acipenser fluvescens b. Acipenser medirostris “Chondrostei” Acipenseriformes • Living paddlefishes and sturgeons • Highly modified jaws • Heterocercal tail-cartilaginous • Sturgeons- suction feeders; bony scutes • Paddlefishes- filter feeder; reduced scales Spoon bill : Polyodon spathula terpedo, sisik ganoid di ekor, gigi kecil, hidung spt dayung Ordo : Amiiformes Hanya ada 1 sp hdp di Great Lake Florida • Rahang pendek, sisik cycloid, D panjang • Gel.renang dg ductus pneumaticus • Contoh Bowfin (Amia calva) spot = jantan Amiidae • Dorsal lung • New jaw opening mechanism via interopercular bone • Maxilla is free from cheek- able to suction feed more efficiently Lepisosteidae • Elongate jaws with toothed infraorbitals • Ganoid scales • Ambush predators • Dorsal bilobed lung Neopterygii - greater mobility of both fins and cranial elements Teleostei • Homocercal tail • Reduced scales • Increased emphasis on suction feeding • Major groups • Osteoglossomorpha • Elopomorpha • Clupeomorpha • Ostariophysi • Euteleostei- difficult to characterize with valid synapomorphies Osteoglossomorpha • 218 species • Tongue bite • Basihyal-parasphenoid bite • 2 palatal bones are also toothed Arapaima Mormyrid Knifefish Tongue bite Elopomorpha • 650 species • Mostly true eels • Bonefish, tenpounders (silvery-blue ex. F: Elopidae), tarpon (a large silvery elongate bony fish ex. F. Megalopidae) Leptocephalus larvae Clupeomorpha • Anchovies, bream & herrings • 290 species • Plankton feeders Bream Anchovies Clupea sp. Clupeomorph synapomorphies 1. Connection between swimbladder and inner ear 2. Unique foramina in skull 3. Keeled belly (a flat-bottomed) Ostariophysi • 75% of freshwater species of world • 6,000 species • Gonorhynchiformes,Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluriformes Ostariophysan synapomorphies • Alarm substance cells • Specialized anterior vertebrae allow for increased hearing ability Otophysi: Weberian apparatus Euteleostei • 25 Orders, 275 families, and 17,000 species • Poorly defined traits join them together – Nuptial breeding tubercles – Adipose fin – Membranous component to first uroneural • Retained in primitive euteleosteans and lost in more derived species “Protacanthopterygii” • Salmon and trout Onchorhynchus Salmo salar Esociformes • Pickerels and pikes • Toothless maxilla forming part of gape • Fin placement correlated with predatory habits Neoteleostei • retractor dorsalis (RD) or retractor arcus branchialium originates from anterior vertebrae and insert on pharyngobranchials Scopelomorpha-Lanternfishes • Pelagic marine fishes • 220 species • Daily vertical migrations-500m • Photophores • 2 components of the RD- increasing emphasis on 3rd pharyngobranchial Lampridomorpha -ribbonfishes and oarfishes Paracanthopterygii Greatly flattened skull roof • Percopsiformes- trout perches, pirate perches, cavefishes • Gadiformes- cods, hakes, eelpouts • Pelvic fins anterior to pectorals • Mental barbels • Prolific egg producers • Batrachoidiformes- toadfishes • Gobiesociformes- clingfishes; modified pelvic fins • Lophiformes- goosefishes, anglerfishes, frogfishes, batfishes Lophiiformesanglerfishes -ilicium and esca: modified dorsal spines Some local paracanthopterygians Merluccias productus Theragra chalcogramma Gadus macrocephalus Lycodes palearis paracanthopterygians Lycodes pacificus Porichthys notatus Percomorpha • More than 12,000 species • Phylogeny largely unresolved • Synapomorphies related to feeding • Pharyngeal jaws for crushing • Highly protrusible jaws • Atherinomorpha • Guppies, mosquitofish, flyingfish, halfbeaks Gasterosteiformes • Sticklebacks, seahorses, trumpetfishes • Bony abdominal plates Scorpaeniformes Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus • Suborbital stay • Strongly spinous fins • Many spines on the head Leptocottus armatus Sebastes Scorpaeniformes Enophrys bison Cyclopterus lumpus Perciformes Lepidogobius lepidus Trichodon trichodon Cymatogaster aggregata Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes • Bizzarofish • Cowfish, pufferfish, porcupinefish, molas Many use dorsal and anal fins for locomotion Ikan Mola-mola Trends in fish evolution • Maxilla moves out of gape • Premaxilla becomes sole toothed element • Movement of both pectoral and pelvic fins • Reduction in scales and increased flexibility • Swimbladder- increased hydrostatic function • Increasing cranial kinesis Ordo Clupeiformes / Malacopterygii / Isospondyli The hering like fishes • Sub ordo clupeoidei Bandeng lelaki Elops saurus • Famili Elopidae Famili Notopteridae • Badan pipih memanjang, tanpa sungut, badan & kepala bersisik kecil. D tunggal dan terpisah dari C. contoh ikan Belida Notopterus chilata Fam Albulidae (Bone fishes) • D didepan V, A jauh atau dekat dubur contoh Albula vulpes (Bandeng cerurut) Osteoglossidae • Celah mulut lebar &miring D<A; P memanjang di bag bawah badan bersungut Sclerophages formosus Fam. Clupeidae (Herring, Sardines) • Tanpa jari-jari sirip keras.D pendek di tengah. Tanpa V jika ada tidak sempurna • Contoh ikan layang.terubuk, alosa dll Famili Engraulidae (teri) terimakasih
