INKLUSI Maulana Prayogo IDENTITAS Sarifa Hisdayasha Saraswati Leny Aprilia Elvira Linda Sihotang NEED TO BELONG kebutuhan untuk memiliki EKSKLUSI proses yg menghalangi dan menghambat individu untuk ikut berpartisipasi dalam kelompok Ostracism Pengucilan. Dgn mengabaikan, menghindari, atau secara eksplisit mengusir mereka. Cyberostracism The exclusion of one or more individuals from a technologically mediated group interaction, such as a computer-based discussion group. RESPON DARI EKSKLUSI Flight or Fight A physiological response to stressful events characterized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (increased heart rate, pupil dilation) that readies the individual to counter the threat (fight) or to escape the threat (flight). Tend-to-be-friend An interpersonal response to stressful events characterized by increased nurturing, protective, and supportive behaviors (tending) and by seeking out connections to other people (befriending). SOCIOMETER THEORY Self-Esteem A conceptual analysis of self-esteem proposed by Mark Leary that argues self-esteem is not an index of perceived self-worth, but instead is a psychological monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in social groups. relationship between exclusion and self-esteem by hypothesizing that self-esteem provides individuals with feedback about their degree of inclusion in groups. Social Acceptance EVOLUSI DAN INKLUSI The Herd Instinct Kurangnya pengambilan keputusan dan kepedulian individu, menyebabkan orang berfikir dan bertindak dengan cara yang sama dengan mayoritas orang di sekitar mereka RELASI SOSIAL individualism A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals. collectivism A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person. Exchange Relationship An interpersonal association between individuals based on each person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the relationship Communal Relationship An interpersonal association between individuals who are more concerned with what others get rather than what they themselves receive RELASI SOSIAL Norm of Reciprocity A social standard that enjoins individuals to pay back in kind what they receive from others Norm of Equality VS Norm of Equity equity norm A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources to members in proportion to their inputs. equality norm A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources equally among all members. SOCIAL OBLIGATION As described by Jean Jacques Rousseau, an agreement, often only implicitly recognized, that obligates the individual to support the “general will” of society as an “indivisible part of the whole.” Responded by Individualist Social Contract Responded by Collectivist self-serving Emphasizing one’s own needs, perspective, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of other individuals or the group (egocentric). group-serving Emphasizing the group’s needs, perspectives, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of individual members or oneself (sociocentric). SOCIAL SELF Independent independent(or idiocentric) An individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put his or her own personal interests and motivations above the group’s interests and goals. interdependent(or allocentric) An individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put the group’s goals and needs above his or her own. Interdependent personal identity The “me” component of the selfconcept that derives from individualistic qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills. social identity (or collective self ) The “we” component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and society VARIATIONS IN COLLECTIVISM Culture Differences Regional and Ethnic Differences Classifying entire cultures along a continuum from individualistic to collectivistic also overlooks significant variations across subgroups within a culture and across individuals within a culture Generational Differences They also include information about how a group is different from other groups (the metacontrast principle). IDENTITAS SOSIAL • Self Categorization Social identity theory is based, fundamentally, on the process of social categorization - Yogo adalah seorang lelaki berusia 21 tahun (dewasa). Ia keturunan Pakistan dan bertubuh tinggi dengan tinggi mencapai 190 cm social categorization The perceptual classification of people, including the self, into categories. prototypes (or stereotypes) A socially shared set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs, expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a particular group or social category Karakteristik tersebut sering dijadikan prototype • Self Stereotyping • Self Identification Accepting socially shared generalizations about the prototypical characteristics attributed to members of one’s group as accurate descriptions of oneself. SELF & IDENTITY Mendahulukan grup lalu individu Mengangkat kembali aspek individualnya ketika berada di grup yang berbeda dengannya MOTIVASI DAN SOSIAL IDENTITAS Evaluating The Self (Michael Hogg) 2 dasar yang mempengaruhi dalam proses pembentukan sense of self 1. Berikir positif terhadap dirinya 2. Memahami diri sendiri JENNIFER CROCKER dkk meneliti tentang hubungan antara harga diri dan perasaan mereka tentang kelompok tempat mereka berada dengan mengembangkan ukuran harga diri kolektif. A person’s overall assessment of that portion of their self-concept that is based on their relationships with others and membership in social groups. Membership esteem Private collective self esteem Public collective self esteem Identity basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) Seeking direct or indirect association with prestigious or successful groups or individuals. cutting off reflected failure (CORFing) Distancing oneself from a group that performs poorly. 1. PROTECTING THE COLLECTIVE SELF : start to think we, our, they Berpikir bahwa kelompok mereka lebih baik • When individuals identify with their group, they also tend to exaggerate the differences between their group and other groups. Once people begin to think in terms of we and us, they also begin to recognize them and they. The tendency to look more favorably on the ingroup is called the ingroup–outgroup bias. Gang members view their group more positively than rival gangs. Teammates praise their own players and derogate the other team. If Group A and Group B work side by side, members of A will rate Group A as better than B, but members of B will rate Group B more favorably than A. 2. PROTECTING THE PERSONAL SELF Mereka menyangkal bahwa kelompok mereka memiliki kualitas negative. Menyalahkan pengaruh dari luar jika ada masalah dalam kelompok mereka 1. Social identity theory, developed by Tajfel, Turner, Hogg, and their colleagues, traces the development of a collective identity back to two key processes (categorization and identification) that occur even in minimal intergroup situations. 2. Social categorization involves automatically classifying people into categories. ■ Through self-categorization individuals classify themselves into categories. ■ Self-stereotyping occurs when individuals apply the prototypes (stereotypes) of those categories to themselves. 3. Identification involves bonding with and taking on the characteristics of one’s groups. ■ When people identify strongly with a group, their self-descriptions become increasingly depersonalized as they include fewer idiosyncratic elements and more characteristics that are common to the group (see Hogg’s research). ■ Identification and categorization become more likely when outgroups are salient and when people are members of smaller groups.
