MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY AN OVERVIEW MMPI • ORIGINAL INSTRUMENT DEVELOPED IN LATE 1930’S • MOST WIDELY USED AND EXTENSIVELY RESEARCHED OF ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS • REVISED IN 1989--MMPI-2 MMPI • POPULARITY OF THE INSTRUMENT DUE TO 3 ASPECTS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT – MULTIPHASIC NATURE OF THE TEST – FORMAL ASSESSMENT OF TEST TAKING ATTITUDE – EMPIRICAL BASIS FOR ITEM SELECTION MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT • AUTHORED BY HATHAWAY AND S McKINLEY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA HOSPITALS • SELECTED A POOL OF OVER 1000 ITEMS FROM A VARIETY OF SOURCES, PSYCH TEXTS, INTERVIEWS, AND THEIR OWN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT • DELETED DUPLICATE ITEMS AND ELIMINATED THOSE NOT USEFUL FOR THEIR PURPOSES LEAVING A POOL OF 504 ITEMS • THESE ITEMS PRESENTED AS FIRST PERSON DECLARATIVE STATEMENTS TO WHICH SUBJECT RESPONDED EITHER TRUE OR FALSE MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT • TESTED A GROUP OF “NORMALS” AND COMPARED THEIR RESPONSES WITH THOSE OF CAREFULLY IDENTIFIED GROUPS OF PATIENTS FROM SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT • ORIGINAL 8 DIAGNOSTIC COMPARISON CATEGORIES WERE HYPOCHONDRIASIS, DEPRESSION, HYSTERIA, PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE, PARANOIA, PSYCHASTHENIA, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND HYPOMANIA MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT • THE PROPORTION OF TRUE VS. FALSE RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP WAS COMPARED TO THE PROPORTION OF TRUE VS. FALSE GIVEN BY THE “NORMAL” GROUP • TESTED FOR SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES AT .05 LEVEL MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT • RETAINED ITEMS THAT WERE SIGNIFICANT AND CROSSVALIDATED THEM AGAINST 4 ADDITIONAL REFERENCE GROUPS • TO BE RETAINED AN ITEM HAD TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN THE PATIENT GROUP AND PRIMARY NORMAL GROUP & CROSS VALIDATE MMPI CLINICAL SCALE DEVELOPMENT • EACH SCALE WAS THEN NORMED BY CALCULATING THE MEAN AND SD IN THE PRIMARY NORM GROUP • MASCULINITY-FEMININITY SCALE AND SOCIAL INTROVERSION SCALES WERE DEVELOPED LATER AND DIFFERENTLY THAN THE ORIGINAL 8 SCALES MMPI Mf SCALE DEVELOPMENT • 55 ITEMS RELATING TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION OR GENDER INTEREST PATTERNS WERE ADDED TO THE POOL • TEST WAS ADMINISTERED TO AN IDENTIFIED GROUP OF MALE HOMOSEXUALS AND A GROUP OF MALE SOLDIERS MMPI Mf SCALE DEVELOPMENT • FEW ITEMS ACTUALLY DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS SO ITEMS THAT DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN WERE USED FOR THE Mf SCALE MMPI SI SCALE DEVELOPMENT • MMPI ITEMS THAT DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN STUDENTS SCORING ABOVE THE 65TH PERCENTILE FROM THOSE SCORING BELOW THE 65TH PERCENTILE ON THE MINNESOTA TS-E, A TEST OF SOCIAL INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION WERE INCLUDED ON SI SCALE MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT • ? CANNOT SAY SCALE IS NOT ACTUALLY A SCALE BUT SIMPLY THE NUMBER OF TEST ITEMS EITHER OMITTED OR DOUBLE MARKED • L (LIE) SCALE CONSIST OF 15 ITEMS ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED TO DETECT DELIBERATE LYING, USING A RATIONAL SELECTION PROCESS MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT • F SCALE CONSISTS OF 60 ITEMS ENDORSED ONLY RARELY BY NORMALS • SCALE DERIVED BY INCLUDING THOSE QUESTIONS FROM THE NORMING SAMPLE THAT WERE RESPONDED TO IN THE SCORED DIRECTION BY < 10% OF NORMALS MMPI VALIDITY SCALE DEVELOPMENT • K (CORRECTION SCALE) CONSISTS OF 30 ITEMS TO DETECT MORE SUBTLE ATTEMPTS TO DENY FAULTS OR PRESENT ONESELF FAVORABLY • DERIVED FROM THOSE QUESTIONS THAT COULD DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN “NORMALS” AND PATIENTS WITH KNOWN PATHOLOGY WHO PRODUCED NORMAL PROFILES MMPI • FINAL VERSION OF MMPI CONSISTED OF 566 ITEMS ON 10 CLINICAL SCALES AND FOUR VALIDITY SCALES MMPI • VALIDITY SCALES – – – – CANNOT SAY LIE FREQUENCY CORRECTION ? L F K MMPI • CLINICAL SCALES – – – – – HYPOCHONDRIASIS DEPRESSION HYSTERIA PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE MASCULINITY-FEMININITY Hs D Hy Pd Mf 1 2 3 4 5 MMPI – – – – – PARANOIA PSYCHASTHENIA SCHIZOPHRENIA HYPOMANIA SOCIAL INTROVERSION Pa Pt Sc Ma Si 6 7 8 9 0 MMPI-2 AN OVERVIEW MMPI-2 • NORMING SAMPLE PROBLEMATIC • MINNESOTA “NORMALS” – – – – – – WHITE RURAL BACKGROUND FARMERS/BLUE COLLAR WORKERS PROTESTANT SCANDANAVIAN BACKGROUND 35 YEARS OLD W/ 8TH GRADE EDUC MMPI-2 • ORIGINAL ITEMS OBSOLETE, POLITICALLY INCORRECT, OR OFFENSIVE • ELIMINATED AND/OR REWORDED ITEMS; ADDED ITEMS TO INCLUDE AREAS SUCH AS SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS TO GET POOL OF 704 ITEMS MMPI-2 • EXPERIMENTAL FORM WAS ADMINISTERED TO NEW STANDARDIZATION SAMPLE • NEW SAMPLE – AGE 18-90 – WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA – GENERALLY COMPARES WELL WITH US CENSUS DATA MMPI-2 • FINAL VERSION CONSISTS OF 567 ITEMS • ORIGINAL 4 VALIDITY SCALES AND 10 CLINICAL SCALES (ALL IN FIRST 370 ITEMS) IN ADDITION TO NEW VALIDITY SCALES • RESULTS ARE EXPRESSED AS UNIFORM T SCORES MMPI-2 • ADMINISTRATION – RECOMMENDED FOR USE WITH PERSONS 18 YEARS OLD OR OLDER – NEED AT LEAST 8 YEARS OF EDUCATION – MOST ITEMS WRITTEN 6TH-8TH GRADE READING LEVEL – NORMAL TESTING TIME 60-90 MINUTES MMPI-2 • SUBECTS SHOULD BE INFORMED WHY THE TEST IS BEING ADMINISTERED • SHOULD BE GIVEN FEEDBACK RE/ RESULTS • AVOID PROVIDING DIRECT HELP • EMPHASIZE THAT THEY SHOULD RESPOND IN WAY THAT REFLECTS THEIR CURRENT THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, BEHAVIORS, AND EXPERIENCES MMPI-2 • SCORING – HAND SCORING INVOLVES USE OF SEMI-TRANSPARENT TEMPLATES PLACED OVER THE ANSWER SHEET – EXAMINE ANSWER SHEET FOR DOUBLE MARKED OR OMITTED ITEMS & CIRCLE – SEPARATE ANSWER SHEETS BY SEX – COUNT # OF RESPONSES IN BOXES MMPI-2 – THIS BECOMES THE RAW SCORE FOR THAT SCALE WHICH IS ENTERED IN APPROPRIATE SPACE ON PROFILE SHEET – PROFILE SHEETS ARE TWO SIDED-M/F – PLOT VALIDITY SCALE SCORES BY MARKING AT THE ELEVATION THAT REFLECTS THE RAW SCORE. CONNECT VALIDITY SCALES WITH A LINE MMPI-2 – BEFORE PLOTTING CLINICAL SCALES ADD APPROPRIATE “K CORRECTION” TO SCALES 1,4,7,8, AND 9. – MARK THE ELEVATION OF THE 10 CLINICAL SCALES ON PROFILE SHEET. – CONNECT WITH A LINE – RECORD THE UNIFORM T SCORE FOR EACH SCALE (ON FAR LEFT AND RIGHT COLUMN OF PROFILE SHEET) MMPI-2 INTERPRETATION • FIRST, DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF THE PROFILE ( TEST TAKING ATTITUDE OF THE SUBJECT) • EXAMINE BASIC SCALES FOR CLINICAL MEANING • T>65 IS ELEVATED • T<40 LOW MMPI-2-CANNOT SAY SCALE • NOT A SCALE BUT THE # OF ITEMS DOUBLE MARKED OR OMITTED • > 30 ITEMS INVALIDATES PROFILE • HIGH SCORE – – – – READING PROBLEM CARELESSNESS OCD/INDECISIVENESS QUESTIONS DO NOT APPLY/LACK INFO MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE • ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED TO DETECT A DELIBERATE AND UNSOPHISTICATED ATTEMPT TO PRESENT ONESELF IN A POSITIVE LIGHT • 15 ITEMS • HIGH SCORE INDICATES DENIAL AS A PROMINENT DEFENSE MECHANISM MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE • HIGH SCORES – – – – CLERGY LIMITED SOCIAL AWARENESS SOCIOPATHS LIMITED INSIGHT, DENIAL, POOR TOLERANCE FOR STRESS – PRESENTING SELF IN UNREALISTICALLY POSITIVE LIGHT MMPI-2 LIE (L) SCALE • LOW SCORES – BETTER EDUCATED, BRIGHTER, MORE SOPHISTICATED PERSONS TEND TO SCORE LOWER – SCORES <45 SUGGEST THAT SUBJECT RESPONDED FRANKLY TO ITEMS AND WAS COMFORTABLE ENOUGH TO ADMIT TO MINOR FAULTS AND SHORTCOMINGS MMPI-2 INFREQUENCY (F) SCALE • ELEVATIONS ON F > 65 – – – – – SCORING ERRORS POOR READING ABILITY FAKING BAD (T>95) EXAGGERATING SYMPTOMS EXPRESSION OF DEFIANCE, HOSTILITY, NEGATIVITY – T 70-95 MOST SIGNIFICANT PATHOLOGY MMPI-2 INFREQUENCY (F) SCALE • LOW SCORES – ABSENCE OF BIZARRE OR UNUSUAL THINKING – MAY BE ATTEMPT TO FAKE GOOD MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE • ITEMS DETECT MORE SUBTLE OR SOPHISTICATED ATTEMPTS TO DENY FAULTS AND PRESENT ONESELF FAVORABLY • HIGH SCORES NOT CORRELATED WITH SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS BUT INSTEAD REFLECT A RELUCTANCE TO ADMIT TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE • HIGH SCORES >65 INDICATIVE OF PERSONS WHO ARE VERY GUARDED AND DEFENSIVE AND SHOW MARKED RESISTENCE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBING AND ASSESSMENT • MINIMIZE AND OVERLOOK FAULTS IN SELF AND FAMILIES MMPI-2 CORRECTION (K) SCALE • K SCALE SCORES INFLUENCED BY SETTING, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND EDUCATION LEVEL. HIGHER SCORES OCCUR NORMALLY IN – WELL EDUCATED PERSONS – HIGH SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS • LOW SCORES MAY BE FAKE BAD OR DETERIORATED DEFENSES MMPI-2 NEW VALIDITY SCALES • BACK F (Fb) SCALE – designed to identify a “fake-bad” mode of responding for last 197 items • TRUE RESPONSE INCONSISTENCY SCALE (TRIN) – designed to detect yeasaying/naysaying • VARIABLE RESPONSE INCONSISTENCY SCALE (VRIN) – designed to detect inconsistent responding INTERPRETATION OF VALIDITY • K > 65 MAY SUGGEST A DEFENSIVE PROFILE • FAKE BAD (OVERREPORTING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY) – T SCORE > 95 ON F (T SCORES > 85 ON 6,7,AND 8) WITH L AND K < 45 INTERPRETATION OF VALIDITY • FAKING GOOD (UNDERREPORTING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY) – K > 65 AND MOST CLINICAL SCALES AND F < 45 • F-K INDEX – RAW F SCORE - RAW K SCORE – +11OR MORE SUGGESTS FAKING BAD – -11 OR LESS SUGGEST FAKING GOOD SCALE 1HYPOCHONDRIASIS • DESIGNED TO INDICATE A VARIETY OF PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS CONSISTENT WITH BUT NOT NECESSARILY DIAGNOSTIC OF HYPOCHONDRIASIS SCALE 1HYPOCHONDRIASIS • HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – HIGH CONCERN WITH ILLNESS OR DISEASE – SOMATIZATION AS DEFENSE MECHANISM – SOUR, WHINY, COMPLAINING ATTITUDE; HOSTILITY/CYNICISM EXPRESSED INDIRECTLY SCALE 1HYPOCHONDRIASIS • LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – CHEERFUL, OPTIMISTIC ATTITUDE – NON ENDORSEMENT OF SOMATIC COMPLAINTS SCALE 2-DEPRESSION • DESIGNED TO MEASURE SYMPTOMATIC DEPRESSION, AN ATTITUDE CHARACTERIZED BY POOR MORALE, LACK OF HOPE FOR THE FUTURE, AND A GENERAL DISSATISFACTION WITH LIFE SCALE 2-DEPRESSION • ITEMS DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DEPRESSION- DENIAL OF HAPPINESS & PERSONAL WORTH, PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION, LACK OF INTEREST, SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL, PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS, & EXCESSIVE WORRY • STATE MEASURE--SITUATIONAL SCALE 2-DEPRESSION • HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – – – – – DEPRESSED WORRY PESSIMISM INDECISION, DOUBT HOPELESSNESS, SUICIDAL IDEATION SCALE 2-DEPRESSION • LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – LACK OF DEPRESSION, WORRY, PESSIMISM – TENDENCY TO FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH LIFE – CHEERFULNESS, BUOYANCY, OPTIMISM SCALE 3-HYSTERIA • ITEMS TAP TWO BROAD AREAS: SPECIFIC SOMATIC COMPLAINTS AND DENIAL OF PSYCHOLGICAL OR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AND OF DISCOMFORT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS SCALE 3-HYSTERIA • HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – IMMATURITY, EGOCENTRICITY, DEMANDING – HISTRIONIC CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRESSIVE DEFENSIVES – VANITY, LACKING IN INSIGHT – SHALLOW INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS SCALE 3-HYSTERIA • LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – CONSTRICTED, CONFORMING, OVERLY CONVENTIONAL SUSPICIOUS INDIVIDUAL – REALISTIC, LOGICAL, LEVEL HEADED – NOT PRONE TO IMPULSIVE DECISIONS SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE • ITEMS REFLECT A PRIMARY DIMENSION RANGING FROM CONSTRICTED SOCIAL CONFORMITY TO ANTISOCIAL ACTING-OUT IMPULSES SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE • HIGH SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – GENERAL MALADJUSTMENT – ANGRY DISIDENTIFICATION WITH CONVENTION AND NORMS – IMPULSE CONTROL PROBLEMS – DISREGARD FOR RIGHTS OF OTHERS – UNWILLING TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR BEHAVIORS SCALE 4-PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE • LOW SCORES SUGGESTIVE OF – OVERLY CONVENTIONAL, CONFORMING, & MORALISTIC – AVOID COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS – STRONG GUILT OVER MINOR INFRACTIONS SCALE 5 MASCULINITYFEMININITY (Mf) • 56 ITEMS MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICH SUBJECT ENDORSES OR IDENTIFIES WITH CULTURALLY STEREOTYPIC MASCULINE OR FEMININE INTEREST PATTERNS, VOCATIONAL CHOICES, ASTHETIC INTERESTS AND AN ACTIVITYPASSIVITY DIMENSION SCALE 5 MASCULINITYFEMININITY (Mf) • A HIGH SCORE FOR EITHER SEX IS INDICATIVE OF DEVIATION SCALE 5 MASCULINITYFEMININITY (Mf) • MALES WITH HIGH SCORES TEND TO BE RATHER PASSIVE, DEPENDENT, AMBITIOUS, SENSITIVE, AND INTERESTED IN CULTURAL AND AESTHETIC PURSUITS • MALES WITH LOW SCORES TEND TO BE STEREOTYPICALLY MASCULINE AND PLACE GREAT EMPHASIS ON TRADITIONALLY MASCULINE BEHAVIORS SCALE 5 MASCULINITYFEMININITY (Mf) • FEMALES WITH HIGH SCORES HAVE REJECTED TRADITIONAL FEMININE ROLE. DESCRIBED AS ACTIVE, AGGRESSIVE, ASSERTIVE, COMPETITIVE, UNINHIBITED, AND DOMINEERING • FEMALES WITH LOW SCORES ARE PASSIVE, SUBMISSIVE YIELDING AND DEMURE SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa) • 40 ITEMS MEASURES IDEATION RANGING FROM OBVIOUSLY PSYCHOTIC TO SUSPICIOUSNESS AND SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS. • CONTENT OF ITEMS IS OBVIOUS MAKING IT EASIER TO FAKE THAN MOST SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa) • HIGH SCORES IN RANGE OF T>60-70 INDICATES HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CRITICISM, BASIC MISTRUST, TENDENCY TO HARBOR GRUDGES, ANGER, HOSTILITY, E.G. PARANOID TENDENCES AND /OR PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER SCALE 6-PARANOIA (Pa) • HIGH SCORES BEYOND 75 THE POSSIBILITY OF PSYCHOSIS BECOMES MORE LIKELY • LOW SCORES <35 SUGGEST 1) SELF CENTERED, STUBBORN, UNAWARE; 2) COLD AND CALLOUS PRESENTATION; 3) OVERTLY PARANOID, DELUSIONAL, DEFENSIVE, AND EVASIVE SCALE 7 PSYCHASTHENIA (Pt) • 48 ITEMS REFLECTING CHRONIC ANXIETY, GENERAL DISSATISFACTION WITH LIFE, INDECISIVENESS, DIFFICULTY WITH CONCENTRATION, SELF DOUBT, RUMINATION AND AGITATED CONCERN ABOUT SELF AND THE OBSESSIONAL ASPECTS OF OCD SCALE 7 PSYCHASTHENIA (Pt) • GOOD INDEX OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TURMOIL AND DISCOMFORT • HIGH SCORES ARE DESCRIBED AS RIGID, METICULOUS, MORALISTIC AND DISSATISFIED WITH THEIR PRESENT LIFE SITUATION. ANXIETY IS PRONOUNCED. GENERALIZED PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS ARE COMMON SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc) • 78 ITEMS TAP DIMENSIONS OF SCHIZOID MENTATION, FEELINGS OF BEING DIFFERENT, ISOLATED, BIZARRE THOUGHT PROCESSES, POOR FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS, SEXUAL IDENTITY CONCERNS, TENDENCY TO WITHDRAW INTO WISH FULFILLING FANTASY SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc) • HIGH SCORES INDICATIVE OF THOUGHT DISTURBANCES , LOOSE ASSOCIATIONS, POOR JUDGEMENT, MISINTERPRETATION OF REALITY • OTHER NON-PSYCHOTIC HIGH SCORERERS TEND TO FEEL LONELY ALIENATED, ISOLATED, MISUNDERSTOOD, NOT PART OF SOCIAL GROUP SCALE 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc) • LOW SCORES TEND TO BE INTERESTED IN PEOPLE AND PRACTICAL MATTERS TO THE EXCLUSION OF THEORETICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONCERNS, CONCRETE THINKERS, COMPLIANT, SUBMISSIVE, OVERLY ACCEPTING OF AUTHORITY SCALE 9 HYPOMANIA (Ma) • 46 ITEMS THAT ARE A DIRECT MEASURE OF ENERGY LEVEL • T SCORES >85 SUGGESTIVE OF MANIC DISORDER. • T SCORES IN RANGE OF 70-85 ARE RESTLESS, ENTHUSIASTIC, IMPATIENT, ENERGETIC, GREGARIOUS, EXAGGERATED SENSE OF SELF WORTH AND IMPORTANCE SCALE 9 HYPOMANIA (Ma) • LOW SCORES <40 ARE LISTLESS, LETHARGIC, LOW IN DRIVE, DIFFICULT TO MOTIVATE, LACK INTEREST, INITIATIVE AND INVOLVEMENT; SHOW CHRONIC FATIGUE AND EVEN PHYSICAL EXHAUSTION SCALE 0-SOCIAL INTROVERSION (Si) • 69 ITEMS ASSESSING INTROVERSIONEXTROVERSION DIMENSION WITH HIGH SCORES INDICATIVE OF INTROVERSION • HIGH SCORES INTROVERTED, SHY, SOCIALLY INEPT WITH TENDENCY TO WITHDRAW • LOW SCORES ADEPT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS, GREGARIOUS, EXTROVERTED
