etika - JULIAN SUPARDI

ETIKA dan KODE ETIK
Materi Ke dua
Mata Kuliah : Etika Profesi
Kelas: IF Bilingual dan SI Bilingual
Yang sedang belajar di UTM Malaysia
Dosen : Julian Supardi, M.T
Disunting dari sumber:
1. Etika Komputer Teguh Wahyono .ppt
2. Pengertian Etika : amutiara.staff.gunadarma.ac.id
3. http://java.cs.vt.edu/public/users/dunlapd/CS3604/powerpoints/ACM+C
ode+of+Ethics.ppt
Pengertian Etika (1)
• Ilmu yang membahas perbuatan baik dan
perbuatan buruk manusia sejauh yang dapat
dipahami oleh pikiran manusia
• Etika adalah studi ttg kehendak manusia, yaitu
kehendak yg berhubungan dg keputusan yg
benar dan yg salah dalam tindak
perbuatannya. Fagothey (1953)
Pengertian Etika (2)
• Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, ada
3 pengertian tentang etika, yaitu:
 Ilmu tentang apa yg baik dan yg buruk, ttg hak dan kewajiban
sosial.
 Kumpulan azas atau nilai yg berkenaan dg akhlak.
 Nilai mengenai benar dan salah yg dianut masyarakat
• Pengertian lain dari Etika dirumuskan oleh
Sumaryono (1995), yakni:
Etika adalah studi ttg kebenaran dan ketidak benaran berdasarkan
kodrat manusia yg diwujudkan melalui kehendak manusia dlm
perbuatannya.
Tujuan Mempelajari ETIKA
• Untuk menyamakan
persepsi tentang
penilaian perbuatan baik dan perbuatan buruk
bagi setiap manusia dalam ruang dan waktu
tertentu
Domain ETIKA dalam Ranah Ilmu
Pengetahuan
ILMU PENGETAHUAN
FILSAFAT
ETIKA
Struktur Etika
ETIKA
ETIKA UMUM
ETIKA KHUSUS
ETIKA INDIVIDUAL
ETIKA SOSIAL
SIKAP THD SESAMA
ETIKA KELUARGA
ETIKA PROFESI
BIOMEDIS
HUKUM
BISNIS
TEK. INFORMASI
LAIN-LAIN
ETIKA POLITIK
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP
Penjabaran
ETIKA UMUM,
berbicara mengenai kondisi-kondisi dasar, teori-teori etika dan
prinsip-prinsip moral dasar yang menjadi pegangan bagi manusia
dalam bertindak serta tolak ukur dalam menilai baik atau
buruknya suatu tindakan.
ETIKA KHUSUS,
merupakan penerapan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar dalam bidang
kehidupan yang khusus
ETIKA KHUSUS dibagi lagi menjadi dua bagian :
• Etika individual, yaitu menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia terhadap
dirinya sendiri.
• Etika sosial, yaitu berbicara mengenai kewajiban, sikap dan pola perilaku
manusia sebagai anggota umat manusia.
Profesi
• Pekerjaan yg mengandalkan ketrampilan dan keahlian khusus
• Pekerjaan yg dilakukan sebagai sumber utama nafkah hidup
dg keterlibatan pribadi yg mendalam dalam menekuninya.
• Pekerjaan yg menuntut pengembangan untuk terus menerus
memperbaharui pengetahuan dan ketrampilan sesuai
perkembangn teknologi.
Etika Profesi
Etika Profesi adalah : Etika sosial yg menyangkut
hubungan antar manusia dalam satu lingkup
profesi dan masyarakat pengguna profesi
tersebut.
Ciri-ciri Etika Profesi
Secara umum ada beberapa ciri atau sifat yang selalu
melekat pada profesi, yaitu :
• Adanya pengetahuan khusus,
Biasanya keahlian dan keterampilan ini dimiliki berkat pendidikan, pelatihan
dan pengalaman yang bertahun-tahun.
• Adanya kaidah dan standar moral yang sangat tinggi.
Hal ini biasanya setiap pelaku profesi mendasarkan kegiatannya pada kode
etik profesi.
• Mengabdi pada kepentingan masyarakat,
artinya setiap pelaksana profesi harus meletakkan kepentingan pribadi di
bawah kepentingan masyarakat.
• Ada izin khusus untuk menjalankan suatu profesi.
Setiap profesi akan selalu berkaitan dengan kepentingan masyarakat,
dimana nilai-nilai kemanusiaan berupa keselamatan, keamanan,
kelangsungan hidup dan sebagainya, maka untukmenjalankan suatu profesi
harus terlebih dahulu ada izin khusus.
• Menjadi anggota dari suatu profesi.
PRINSIP-PRINSIP ETIKA PROFESI :
1. Tanggung jawab
•Terhadap pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu dan terhadap hasilnya.
•Terhadap dampak dari profesi itu untuk kehidupan orang lain atau masyarakat pada
umumnya.
2. Keadilan.
Prinsip ini menuntut kita untuk memberikan kepada siapa saja apa yang
menjadi haknya.
3. Otonomi.
Prinsip ini menuntut agar setiap kaum profesional memiliki dan di beri
kebebasan dalam menjalankan profesinya.
Kode Etik
• Kode etik yaitu norma atau azas yang diterima oleh
suatu kelompok tertentu sebagai landasan tingkah laku
sehari-hari di masyarakat maupun di tempat kerja.
Tujuan Kode Etik
Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat profesi.
2. Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan para
anggota.
3. Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian para anggota profesi.
4. Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.
5. Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.
6. Meningkatkan layanan di atas keuntungan pribadi.
7. Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat dan
terjalin erat.
8. Menentukan baku standarnya sendiri.
1.
Are computer professionals special?
Do Computer Professionals Have
Special Responsibilities?
• Gotterbarn (1999) believes that because software
engineers and their teams are have significant
opportunities to:
• (i) do good or cause harm
• (ii) enable others to do good or cause harm
• (iii) influence others to do good or cause harm.
Critical-Safety Software
• Gotterbarn suggests that the roles and responsibilities
involved in the development of safety-critical systems is a
differentiating factor.
• A "safety-critical system" = computer system that can have a
direct life-threatening impact.
– aircraft and air traffic control systems
– mass transportation systems
– nuclear reactors missile systems
and
–
–
–
–
medical treatment systems.
design of bridges and buildings;
election of water disposal sites;
development of analytical models for medical treatment.
Professional Codes of Ethics
• Many professions have established professional societies,
which have adopted codes of conduct.
– AMA (American Medical Association)
– ABA (American Bar Association).
• Two computing professional societies
– The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
– The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers –
Computer Society (IEEE-CS)
ACM Code of Ethics and Conduct
•
•
•
•
•
1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being.
1.2 Avoid harm to others.
1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.
1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate.
1.5 Honor property rights including copyrights and
patent.
• 1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual property.
• 1.7 Respect the privacy of others.
• 1.8 Honor confidentiality.
ACM
2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES.
As an ACM computing professional I will ....
• 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity in
both the process and products of professional work.
• 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence.
• 2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work.
• 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
• 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems
and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks.
• 2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.
• 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.
• 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when
authorized to do so.
ACM
3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES.
• BACKGROUND NOTE: This section draws extensively from the draft of
IFIP (International Federation for Information Processing) Code of
Ethics, especially its sections on organizational ethics and international
concerns. The ethical obligations of organizations tend to be neglected
in most codes of professional conduct, perhaps because these codes
are written from the perspective of the individual member. This
dilemma is addressed by stating these imperatives from the
perspective of the organizational leader. In this context "leader" is
viewed as any organizational member who has leadership or
educational responsibilities. These imperatives generally may apply to
organizations as well as their leaders. In this context "organizations"
are corporations, government agencies, and other "employers," as well
as volunteer professional organizations. (emphasis added)
• Progress towards a World-Wide Code of Conduct
by John A. N. Lee and Jacques Berleur
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/WorldCodes/Gatlinburg.html
ACM
3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES.
As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will ....
• 3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational unit
and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities.
• 3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build information
systems that enhance the quality of working life.
• 3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an
organization's computing and communication resources.
• 3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a system have
their needs clearly articulated during the assessment and design of
requirements; later the system must be validated to meet requirements.
• 3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of users and
others affected by a computing system.
• 3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the
principles and limitations of computer systems.
ACM
4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE.
As an ACM member I will ....
• 4.1 Uphold and promote the principles of this
Code.
• 4.2 Treat violations of this code as
inconsistent with membership in the ACM.
IEEE Code of Ethics
1. to accept responsibility in making engineering decisions
consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public,
and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the
public or the environment;
2. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever
possible, and to disclose them to affected parties when they
do exist;
3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based
on available data;
4. to reject bribery in all its forms;
5. to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate
application, and potential consequences;
IEEE Code of Ethics (continued)
6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to
undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by
training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent
limitations;
7. to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to
acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the
contributions of others;
8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race,
religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin;
9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or
employment by false or malicious action;
10. to assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional
development and to support them in following this code of ethics.
Criticisms of Ethical Codes
• Ladd (1995) argues that ethical codes rest on a series of
confusions that are both "intellectual and moral."
• His argument has three main points.
– First, ethics is basically an "open-ended, reflective,
and critical intellectual activity."
– Second, codes introduce confusions with respect
to micro-ethics vs. macro-ethics.
– Third, giving codes a disciplinary function makes
them more like legal than ethical rules.
In Defense of Professional Codes
• Gotterbarn argues that we need to distinguish
between:
– codes of ethics
– codes of conduct
– codes of practice
In Defense of Professional Codes
(Continued)
• Codes of ethics are "aspirational," because they often
serve as mission statements for the profession and thus
can provide vision and objectives.
• Codes of conduct are oriented more toward the
professional and the professional's attitude and behavior.
• Codes of practice relate to operational activities within a
profession.
Purpose of Professional Codes
• Professional codes of ethics are often
designed to motivate members of an
association to behave in certain ways.
• Four primary functions of codes are to:
– inspire
– guide
– educate
– discipline the members.
Table 4-1: Some Strengths and
Weaknesses of Professional Codes
Strengths
Weaknesses
Codes inspire the members of a profession to
behave ethically.
Directives included in many codes tend to be too
general and too vague.
Codes guide the members of a profession in
ethical choices.
Codes are not always helpful when two or more
directives conflict.
Codes educate the members of a profession
about their professional obligations.
A professional code’s directives are never
complete or exhaustive.
Codes discipline members when they violate one
or more of the code’s directives.
Codes are ineffective (have no “teeth”) in
disciplinary matters.
Codes “sensitize” members of a profession to
ethical issues and alert them to ethical aspects
they otherwise might overlook.
Codes do not help us distinguish between microethics issues and macro-ethics issues.
Codes inform the public about the nature and
roles of the profession.
Directives in codes are sometimes inconsistent
with one another.
Codes enhance the profession in the eyes of the
public.
Codes can be self-serving for the profession.
Conflicts of Professional Responsibility: Employee Loyalty
and Whistle-blowing
• What exactly is employee loyalty?
• Do employees and employers have a special obligation of
loyalty to each other?
• Should loyalty to one’s employer ever preclude an
employee’s "blowing the whistle" in critical situations?
• In which cases can whistle-blowing be justified?
Do Employees Have a Special
Obligation to Employers?
• Some believe we have a prima facie obligation
of loyalty in employment contexts.
• In other words, all things being equal, an
employee should be loyal to his or her
employer and visa versa.
Does employee loyalty still make sense in the context of a
large computer corporation?
• Duska (1991) argues that in employment
contexts, loyalty only arises in special
relationships based on a notion that he calls
"mutual enrichment."
• So in relationships in which parties are
pursuing their self-interests, the notion of
loyalty would not be applicable.