Peranan DNA barcoding dalam konservasi fauna

13/10/2012
Peranan DNA barcoding
dalam konservasi fauna
Hari Sutrisno
Research Center For Biology
The Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong
Bogor, Indonesia
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Konservasi
Conservation: con (together) dan servare (keep/save)
Konservasi:upaya yang dilakukan manusia untuk
melestarikan atau melindungi alam (terjemahan
bebas Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia)
Konservasi: menggunakan sumberdaya alam untuk
memenuhi keperluan manusia dalam jumlah yang besar
dalam waktu yang lama
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
1
13/10/2012
Mata hari
CO2
Air
•Karbohidrat
•Protein
•Lemak/minyak
•Vitamin
•Mineral
•Sandang
•Pangan
•Papan
•Obat-obatan
•Keperluan hidup lainnya
O2
N
Air
Biodiversity has made Earth a uniquely habitable place for human
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
In term of Genetic Resources, the
Indonesian Biodiversity is of
importance for Sustainable
Development
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
2
13/10/2012
Ada antibiotika dalam kulit kodok buduk
Magainins protein berukuran kecil
dihasilkan oleh kelenjar kulit kodok dan
katak yang mampu mematahkan gradasi
ion dan menyebabkan bakteri membengkak
dan mati.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Past Extinction
•First major extinction (c. 440 mya): 25% famili hilang
•Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): 19% famili hilang.
•Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): 54% famili hilang
•Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): 23% famili hilang
•Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): 17% famili hilang
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
3
13/10/2012
the Sixth Extinction
•Transformasi landscape
•Overexploitasi species
•Polusi
•IAS
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
4
13/10/2012
Perubahan Tutupan Lahan in Sumatra 19002010 (Worldbank, 2002)
Hectares (million)
1900
1960 1980
2000 2010
Forest cover in 2000 is
analysed based on satellite
image,
Others are estimation
Montane
Swamp
Lowland
2010
1900
2000
1980
1960
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Tutupan Hutan Kalimantan
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
5
13/10/2012
The impact of human activity to insect dinamic (Sutrisno, 2010)
40
35
30
25
Geometridae
Noctuidae
20
Pyralidae
15
10
5
0
Primary
Old secondary
Young Secondary
Agathis
Transition
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
6
13/10/2012
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
7
13/10/2012
Mengapa “the Sixth Extinction ” terus berlanjut
•Diperkirakan antara 1 sampai 10 juta manusia
di dunia 10.000 tahun yang lalu
•Saat ini lebih dari 6 milyar
•8 milyar tahun 2020.
•10-11 milyar tahun 2070
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
1850 Kota dengan penduduk diatas satu juta orang (Dick Van e-Wright, 2007)
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
8
13/10/2012
2000
Kota-kota dengan penduduk diatas satu juta orang
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Seminar Nasional
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
9
13/10/2012
Salah satu Masalah Utama dalam usaha konservasi
• Identitas biologi organisme
• Laju kepunahan
•Minimnya ahli taxonomy.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Barcoding is a standardized approach to
identifying plants and animals by minimal
sequences of DNA, called DNA barcodes.
DNA Barcode: A short DNA sequence, from a
uniform locality on the genome, used for
identifying species.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
10
13/10/2012
For barcoding, standardization should help
•
•
accelerate construction of a comprehensive,
consistent reference library of DNA
sequences
speed development of economical
technologies for species identification.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
The goal is that anyone, anywhere, anytime
be able to identify quickly and accurately
the species of a specimen whatever its
condition
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
11
13/10/2012
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Why barcode animals with mitochondrial
DNA?
Mitochondria, energy-producing organelles in
plant and animal cells, have their own genome.
Twenty years of research have established the
utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences in
differentiating among closely-related animal
species.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
12
13/10/2012
Why select the barcode sequence from within one gene?
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Four properties make mitochondrial genomes especially
suitable for identifying species:
Greater differences among species, on average 5- to 10fold higher in mitochondrial than in nuclear genes.
Thus shorter segments distinguish among species,
and because shorter, less expensively.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
13
13/10/2012
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
•
•
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Copy number. There are 100-10,000 more copies of
mitochondrial than nuclear DNA per cell, making
recovery, especially from small or partially degraded
samples, easier and cheaper.
Relatively few differences within species in most
cases. Small intraspecific and large interspecific
differences signal distinct genetic boundaries
between most species, enabling precise identification
with a barcode.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
14
13/10/2012
•
Introns, which are non-coding regions interspersed
between coding regions of a gene, are absent from
mitochondrial DNA of most animal species, making
amplification straightforward.
Nuclear genes are often interrupted by introns,
making amplification difficult or unpredictable.
Seminar
Nasional Kehutanan
Seminar Nasional
Bioteknologi
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
Barcodes affirm the unity
of the species Homo sapiens.
Comparisons show we
differ from one another by
only 1 or 2 nucleotides out
of 648, while we differ
from chimpanzees at 60
locations and gorillas at 70
locations.
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
15
13/10/2012
Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan
CSIRO Entomology
Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012
16