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DAFTARISI
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Prakata .............................................................................................................
Kata Pengantar, AdolfWarouw ................................................................................................
Hikmahanto Juwana .....................................................................................
1. Pengantar ................................................................................................... 1.1 Kebutuhan akan peraturan-peraturan internasional dalam perdagangan internasional ..........................................................
1.2 Hukum perdagangan internasional: perjanjian-perjanjian bilateral, regional, dan internasional .........................................
1.3 Hukum wro ................................................................................
1.4 Sumber-surnber hukum wro ....................................................
1.5 Hukum wro dan hubungannya dengan hukum-hukum lainnya .............................................................................................
1.5.1 Hukurn wro dan hukum internasional .....................
1.5.2 Hukum wro dalarn tata aturan hukum Eropa dan hukurn nasional ................................................................
2. Peraturan Mengenai Non-Diskriminasi ..............................................
2.1 Larangan terhadap diskriminasi (pernbedaan) ........................
2.2 Kewajiban perlakuan MFN dalarn perdagangan barang .......
2.2.1 Keuntungan (Advantage) .................................................
2.2.2 'Barang sejenis' (Like Products) ......................................
2.2.3 Segera dan tanpa syarat (Immediately and Unconditionally) .....................................................
2.2.4 Sebuah kewajiban dengan berbagai perkecualian .......
2.3 Kewajiban perlakuan MFN dalarn perdagangan jasa .............
2.3.1 Tindakan yang mernengaruhi perdagangan jasa ..........
2.3.2 Jasa sejenis ............ ...... ............... .........................................
2.3.3 Segera dan tanpa syarat ....................................................
2.3.4 Perkecualian dari kewajiban perlakuan MFN ..............
2.4 Kewajiban perlakuan nasional (national treatment) dalam perdagangan jasa ......... ..................................................................
DAFTAR lSI
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10 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 Iv
2.4.1 Pasal III:2, kalimat pertama ..............................................
2.4.2 Pasal III:2, kalimat kedua ..................................................
2.4.2 Pasal III:4 .............................................................................
2.5 Kewajiban perlakuan nasional dalam perdagangan jasa ........
3. Peraturan Mengenai Akses Pasar (Market Acces) ...............................
3.1 Pengantar .........................................................................................
3.2 Bea Masuk .......................................................................................
3.2.1 N egosiasi tarif ....................................................................
3.2.2 Konsesi Tarif (TarifrConcessions) .................................
Penerapan bea masuk .......................................................
Pajak dan biaya-biaya lainnya .........................................
3.3 Hambatan kuantitatif (quantitative restrictions) pada perdagangan barang ......................................................................
3.3.1 Administrasi tanpa pembedaan (Non-discriminatory
..
. 1.................................................................. admlnlstratl0n
3.3.2 Lisensi impor (import licensing) ....................................
3.4 Hambatan-hambatan non-tarif lainnya dalam perdagangan barang ..............................................................................................
3.4.1 Kurangnya transparansi ...................................................
3.4.2 Penerapan hukum dan regulasi perdagangan nasional yang tidak adil dan subyektif/berpihak .......
3.4.3 Prosedur dan formalitas kepabeanan ............................
3.5 Hambatan atas perdagangan jasa ................................................
pasar ...........................
3.5.1 Hambatan-hambatan at as
3.5.2 Hambatan-hambatan lain dalam perdagangan jasa ....
4. Peraturan atas Praktik Perdagangan yang Tidak Adil .......................
4.1 Pengantar .........................................................................................
4.2 Peraturan mengenai dumping .....................................................
4.2.1 Dumping ..............................................................................
4.2.2 Kerugian material at au ancaman terjadinya kerugian material ...............................................................................
4.2.3 Penentuan hubungan sebab akibat (causal link) ..........
4.2.4 Prosedur-prosedur nasional ..............................................
4.2.5 Penerapan tindakan-tindakan anti-dumping ................
4.3 Peraturan mengenai subsidi .........................................................
4.3.1 Subsidi yang dilarang ........................................................
PENGANTAR HUKUM
WTO
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33 33 33 34 35 35 35 37 39 39 39 40 42 42 43 44 45 45 4.3.2 Subsidi yang menyebabkan kerugian ............................
4.3.3 Tindakan imbalan (countervailling measures) ................
4.3.4 Subsidi pertanian ...............................................................
5. Hubungan antara Liberalisasi Perdagangan dan Nilai-nilai serta Kepentingan Sosial Lainnya .................................................................
5.1 Pengantar ........................................................................................
5.2 Pengecualian umum dalam Pasal XX GAIT 1994 .................
5.2.1 Pasal XX(b) GAIT 1994 ....................................................
5.2.2 Pasal XX(d) GAIT 1994 ....................................................
5.2.3 Pasal XX(g) GAIT 1994 ....................................................
5.2.4 Pasal XX GAIT 1994, ayat-ayat lainnya .........................
5.2.5 Pembukaan Pasal XX GAIT 1994 ..................................
5.3 Pengecualian uumum dalam Pasal XIV GATS ................................
5.3.1 Pasal XN(a) GATS .............................................................
5.3.2 Pasal XN(c) GATS ..............................................................
5.3.3 Pembukaan Pasal XIV GATS ...........................................
5.4 Pengecualian untuk keamanan nasional dan internasional
5.5 Pengecualian dalam keadaan ekonomi yang darurat .............
5.5.1 Karakteristik dari tindakan pengamanan per­
dagangan ............................................................................
5.5.2 Persyaratan substantif .......................................................
5.5.3 Persyaratan prosedural .....................................................
5.5.4 Tindakan pengamanan perdagangan khusus ...............
5.6 Pengecualian at as integrasi regional ...........................................
5.6.1 Persyaratan ..........................................................................
5.7 Pengecualian untuk pembangunan ekonomi .............................
6. Aturan untuk Mempromosikan Harmonisasi Peraturan Nasional
6.1 Pengantar ........................................................................................
6.2 The TET Agreement ......................................................................
6.3 The SPS Agreement .......................................................................
6.3.1 Kewajiban dan persyaratan ..............................................
6.4 The TRIPS Agreement ..................................................................
6.4.1 Pengecualian .......................................................................
6.4.2 Memasukkan ketentuan yang sudah ada .......................
6.4.3 Kewajiban ............................................................................
6.4.4 Penegakan terhadap hak kekayaan intelektual .............
DAFTAR lSI
46 48 50 52 52 53 55 57 58 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7?­
75 76 76 78 79 82 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 89 90 Ivii