Internal Medicine P U T R I N U R U 61120039 L A I S Y A H Internal Medicine ● Internal medicine is a medical specialty for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in adults. ● Internal medicine specialists have comprehensive knowledge and competence regarding the medical management of diseases that affect various organs in the body. ● Internal medicine specialists can take further studies or sub-specialize to become consultants in more specific disciplines, for example in the field of kidney-hypertension or cardiology (heart). ● Patients who have been treated by subspecialists in internal medicine may be referred back to internal medicine specialists for routine health care and monitoring. Several groups of diseases included in the field of internal medicine: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Adolescent Medicine, including psychological and sexual development. Sports Medicine. Oncology, such as radiation and surgery. Immunology, which deals with any condition that affects the immune system such as allergies. Hematology (conditions that affect blood). Cardiology. Nephrology (conditions that affect the kidneys). Endocrinology, including diseases and conditions related to metabolism and hormones. Geriatrics. Infectious diseases. Gastroenterology (conditions affecting the intestinal tract and colon). Rheumatology. Pulmonology. preparation before internal medicine examination: 1. a thorough medical history 2. types of drugs that have been consumed 3. a letter of reference When is the right time to see an internal medicine doctor: 1. Want to improve your overall health 2. Requires long-term comprehensive care 3. Has a wide range of disease symptoms 4. Develop conditions that affect every system of the body 5. Having problems with mental health HEPATITIS HEPATITIS ● Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can be caused by a viral infection, it can also be caused by other conditions or diseases, such as alcohol consumption, use of certain drugs, or autoimmune diseases. If caused by a viral infection, hepatitis can be contagious. ● Hepatitis is characterized by the appearance of symptoms in the form of fever, joint pain, abdominal pain and jaundice. ● Hepatitis can be acute (fast and sudden) or chronic (slowly and gradually). If not treated properly, hepatitis can lead to complications, such as liver failure, cirrhosis, or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Hepatitis A cause Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Hepatitis C Virus Hepatitis D Virus Hepatitis E Virus Infection Infection Infection Infection (HBV) (HCV) (HDV) (HEV) Direct contact with Body fluids Through blood Easily contagious contaminated with feces of body fluids with Sex without a and other body in environments people with hepatitis A hepatitis B sufferers condom fluids. that have poor (blood, vaginal fluids * If a pregnant sanitation and semen) woman has hepatitis (contamination of C, her baby can water sources) Hepatitis A Virus Infection Hepatitis B Virus (HAV) transmission Hepatitis B Food or drink catch it while passing through the birth canal during delivery Hepatitis Risk Factors Some of the factors that can increase a person's risk of developing hepatitis are: • Lack of hygiene, such as not washing hands before eating • Eating food contaminated with the hepatitis virus or food that is not cooked until cooked • Sharing use of personal items and needles with others • Having unprotected sex with someone with hepatitis due to a viral infection • Has acute and chronic infectious diseases • Have an autoimmune disease • Have a family history of hepatitis • Receive frequent blood transfusions, especially if the blood donated is not through strict Hepatitis diagnosis ● Liver function tests, to check the performance of the liver and find out if there are problems with these organs ● Hepatitis virus antibody test, to determine the presence of specific antibodies for the HAV, HBV and HCV viruses, and to determine whether hepatitis is acute or chronic ● Abdominal ultrasound scans, to detect abnormalities in the liver, such as liver damage, enlarged liver, or liver tumors, and to detect abnormalities in the gallbladder ● Liver biopsy, to determine the cause of damage to the liver tissue Hepatitis Treatment 1. the drug interferon 2. Immunosuppressant drugs 3. antiviral drugs 4. liver transplant Diabet es DIABETES ● ● Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels. Glucose is the main energy source for human cells Glucose that accumulates in the blood due to not being properly absorbed by body cells can cause various organ disorders. If diabetes is not controlled properly, various complications can arise that can endanger the sufferer's life. Diabetes type 1 Diabetes type 2 Diabetes Gestasional The patient's The body's cells are Diabetes immune system less sensitive to specifically in attacks and insulin, so the pregnant women destroys the insulin produced C: change homon pancreatic cells that cannot be used Blood sugar will produce insulin. properly. (body cell return to normal (autoimmune resistance to after pregnant diabetes) insulin) women go through Genetic factors labor. Diabetes Symptoms Some of the characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes include: • Often feels thirsty. • Frequent urination, especially at night. • Often feels very hungry. • Loss of weight for no apparent reason. • Reduced muscle mass. • There are ketones in the urine. Ketones are a waste product from the breakdown of muscle and fat because the body cannot use sugar as an energy source. • Limp. • Blurred vision. • Wounds that are difficult to heal. • Frequent infections, for example in the gums, skin, vagina, or urinary tract. • Erectile dysfunction or impotence • Has reactive hypoglycemia, which is hypoglycemia that occurs several hours after eating due to excessive insulin production. • The appearance of black spots around the neck, armpits and groin, (acanthosis nigricans) as a sign of insulin resistance Diabetes Diagnosis ● 1. an on-time blood sugar test ● 2. Fasting blood sugar test ● 3. glucose eggs test ● 4.HbA1C test (glycated hemoglobin test) In type 1 diabetes, patients will need insulin therapy to regulate daily blood sugar. In addition, some type 2 diabetes patients are also advised to undergo insulin therapy to regulate blood sugar. The additional insulin will be given by injection, not in the form of oral medicine. The doctor will regulate the type and dose of insulin used, as well as tell you how to inject it Diabetes Treatment In type 2 diabetes, the doctor will prescribe drugs, one of which is CREDITS: metformin, a drinking drug that This presentation template was by Slidesgo, including icons by works to reducecreated glucose production from the liver. Flaticon, and infographics & images by In addition, other diabetes drugs that work by Freepik. keeping the glucose level in the blood from getting too high after the patient has eaten can also be given. TERIMA KASIH
