Table of contents Chapter I Introduction I.1 Background I.2 Problem Formulation I.3 Research Objectives I.4 Research Benefits I.5 Limitation Problems CHAPTER II: The Basis of Theory II.1 Graphene II.2 Wastewater Treatment CHAPTER III: Trial Planning III.1 Variable III.2 Research Method III.3 Experimental Procedure Bibliography CHAPTER I : Introduction I.1 Background The availability of clean water in nature is decreasing because factory wastes and households are disposed of into rivers, while clean water is a primary human need. Water is an important requirement for humans but in urban areas the availability of clean water is reduced due to contaminated river flows and wastes, in addition to urban areas some inland areas also lack clean water especially in the summer. Water treatment is the collective name for a group of mainly industrial processes that make water more suitable for its application, which may be drinking, medical use, industrial use and more. A water treatment process is designed to remove or reduce existing water contaminants to the point where water reaches a level that is fit for use. Specific processes are tailored according to intended use - for example, treatment of greywater (from bath, dishwasher etc.) will require different measures than black water (from toilets) treatment.[1] Graphene is a two dimensional mesh of carbon atoms arranged in the form of a honeycomb lattice. It has earned the title “miracle material” thanks to a startlingly large collection of incredible attributes - this thin, one atom thick substance (it is so thin in fact, that you’ll need to stack around three million layers of it to make a 1mm thick sheet!) is the lightest, strongest, thinnest, best heat-and-electricity conducting material ever discovered, and the list does not end there. Graphene is the subject of relentless research and is thought to be able to revolutionize whole industries, as researchers work on many different kinds of graphene-based materials, each one with unique qualities and designation.[2] I.2 Problem Definition 1. Is Graphene able to filter Household wastewater into freshwater? 2. Will filtered water become fresh water? I.3 Research Purpose This research aims to : 1. Know the ability of Graphene in filtering detergent water I.4 Research Benefit This research is expected to be useful to solve the problem of water shortage in areas lacking clean water I.5 Limitation Problem The authors limit the scope of this research. Among others are: 1. The material used is graphene made of graphite contained in the contents of a pencil 2. Filter paper is a circle to be coated graphite that has graphene content. CHAPTER II : Theory Concept II.1 Graphene Graphene is an allotrope (form) of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in an hexagonal lattice. It is the basic structural element of many other allotropes of carbon, such as graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. It can be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the ultimate case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Graphene has many unusual properties. It is the strongest material ever tested, efficiently conducts heat and electricity and is nearly transparent. Graphene shows a large and nonlinear diamagnetism, which is greater than that of graphite, and can be levitated by neodymium magnets. Scientists theorized about graphene for years. It had been unintentionally produced in small quantities for centuries, through the use of pencils and other similar graphite applications. It was originally observed in electron microscopes in 1962, but it was studied only while supported on metal surfaces. The material was later rediscovered, isolated, and characterized in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester.Research was informed by existing theoretical descriptions of its composition, structure, and properties. This work resulted in the two winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene.[3] II.2 Water Treatment Water treatment is the collective name for a group of mainly industrial processes that make water more suitable for its application, which may be drinking, medical use, industrial use and more. A water treatment process is designed to remove or reduce existing water contaminants to the point where water reaches a level that is fit for use. Specific processes are tailored according to intended use - for example, treatment of greywater (from bath, dishwasher etc.) will require different measures than black water (from toilets) treatment.[4] II.3 Detergent A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions. These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees. CHAPTER III : Experimental Planning III.1 Variable Dependent Variable: - The resistance of graphene layer Independent Variable: - The amount of detergent powder - The time of filtration - Graphene wide surface (layer) III.2 Research Method This research uses research methods using the following tools and materials: Tools • Erlenmeyer Glass • Measuring cup • pH Meters Ingredients • Filter paper coated with graphene • Detergent powder III.3 Experimental Procedure 1. Prepare filter paper, Erlenmeyer Glass and, Catchment jar 2. Put the Filter paper that coated with graphene over the water catchment jar down 3. Prepare Detergent water 4. Measure and record water measure the pH of water using pH Meter 5. Pour water periodically until it runs out 6. After all water is filtered measure the pH of water Bibliography [1] https://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-water-treatment [2] https://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-water-treatment [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene [4] https://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-water-treatment [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent Utilization Of Graphene As Detergent Water Filter Muhammad Salya Al Fathurrahman
