LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 ABSTRACT What is a Mineral? "A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995). "Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990). "A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968). "These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966). "A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other physical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932). "Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties, constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898). MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Anhydrite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Anhydrite? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Anhydrite is an evaporite mineral most commonly found in layered sedimentary deposits in association with halite, gypsum, sulfur, calcite and dolomite. Anhydrite (CaSO4) is very similar to gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). The difference is that anhydrite does not include water and that is where it gets its name - anhydrite means: "without water". Anhydrite uses include: soil conditioner; mixed with Portland cement to control the rate of curing; manufacture of gypsum wallboard; mineral filler in joint compounds, plastics and paints; a source of sulfur. colorless, white, gray, blue, reddish white vitreous to pearly transparent to translucent three directions at right angles 3 - 3.5 2.9 - 3.0 three cleavage directions, harder than gypsum, higher specific gravity than calcite orthorhombic Chemical Classification sulfate Chemical Composition anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Anhydrite from Mound House, Nevada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Anhydrite from Balmat, New York. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across Anhydrite from Nova Scotia, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Apatite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Apatite? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Chemical Classification Chemical Composition Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals which includes: fluorapatite, chlorapatite, hydroxylapatite, carbonate-rich apatite and francolite. The term "apatite" is often used for fluorapatite, the most common of these minerals. Apatite is found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The most extensive deposits are the sedimentary "phosphate rocks", which are mined to produce phosphate fertilizer. The primary use of apatite is in the manufacture of fertilizer - it is a source of phosphorus. It is occasionally used as a gemstone. Apatite also serves as an index mineral of Mohs hardness scale with a hardness of five. green, brown, blue, yellow, violet, colorless white vitreous to subresinous transparent to translucent poor 5 3.1 - 3.2 easy to recognize by color, crystal form, and hardness, can be scratched with a steel knife blade hexagonal phospate a variety of calcium phosphates - fluorapatite: Ca5(PO4)3F - hydroxylapatite: Ca5(PO4)3(OH) - chlorapatite: Ca5(PO4)3Cl - carbonate-rich apatite/francolite: Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Apatite from Perth, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Apatite Crystal from Perth, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. Apatite Crystal from Perth, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Arsenopyrite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Arsenopyrite? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic sulfide. It is the most common arsenic mineral and the primary ore of arsenic metal. Arsenopyrite is most often found as a hydrothermal vein mineral and sometimes as a mineral of contact metamorphism. It is sometimes referred to in old texts as "mispickel". Arsenopyrite uses include: poison, preservative, pigment silver white to steel gray dark grayish black metallic opaque poor 5.5 - 6 5.9 - 6.2 smells like garlic when crushed, crystal form monoclinic Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition iron arsenic sulfide, FeAsS MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Arsenopyrite from Gold Hill, Utah. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Azurite from Tintic, Utah. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Augite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Augite? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Augite is a rock-forming silicate mineral of the pyroxene group. It is an important mineral in many basic igneous rocks. There are no significant commercial uses of augite. dark green to black white to gray, augite can be slightly harder than a streak plate so brittle fragments rather than a powder will sometimes be produced vitreous translucent to opaque prismatic 5.5 - 6 3.2 - 3.6 two cleavage directions almost at right angles, dark green to black color monoclinic Chemical Classification silicate Chemical Composition a complex silicate - (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Barite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Barite ? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Chemical Classification Chemical Composition Barite is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. It most often occurs in hydrothermal veins and as veins in limestones. It is a relatively inert mineral with a high density. It is the primary ore of barium. The most common use of barite is as a weighting agent in drilling muds. Most barite produced is used as a weighting agent in drilling muds. These high density muds are circulated down the drill stem and return to the surface between the drill stem and the wall of the well. This action effectively flushes the cuttings produced by the drill and carries them to the surface. Barite is also used as a pigment in paints and as a weighted filler for paper and cloth. It is the primary ore of barium. Barite's high density makes it opaque to x-rays. If it is given to a patient as a drink or enema it can be used to image the shape of internal organs by x-ray. colorless, white, light blue, light yellow, light red, light green white vitreous transparent to translucent very good, basal, prismatic 2.5 - 3.5 4.5 high specific gravity, three cleavage directions at right angles, cleavage orthorhombic sulfate barium sulfate , BaSO4 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Barite from Kings Creek, South Carolina. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Barite from Edith River, Northern Territory, Australia. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. Barite from Mercur, Utah. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Bauxite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Bauxite ? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Chemical Classification Chemical Composition Bauxite is a rock composed mainly of aluminum oxide and aluminum hydroxide minerals. These might include: gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore. The rock usually includes other materials such as iron hydroxides, clay, silt and free silica. It most often occurs as a residual soil material in tropical and subtropical areas. It is the primary source of aluminum. Bauxite is the most common ore of aluminum. It is also used as an abrasive, however, this use is now being replaced by synthetic materials. white, gray, yellow, red normally white but may streak other colors if the specimen is stained dull to earthy translucent because bauxite is a mixture of gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore, it has no cleavage properties of its own 1 to 3 2 - 2.5 pisolitic structure, color Bauxite is a mixture of Diaspore (orthorhomic), Gibbsite (monoclinic), and Boehmite (orthorhombic) oxide / hydroxide gibbsite, Al(OH)3 boehmite, AlO(OH) diaspore, AlO(OH) MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Bauxite from Little Rock, Arkansas. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across . Pisolitic structure of bauxite mineral from Little Rock, Arkansas. A detailed view of the specimen shown above.. Bauxite from Demerara, Guyana. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Bauxite from Little Rock, Arkansas. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Beryl - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Beryl? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Beryl is a beryllium aluminum silicate mineral most often found in granites and granite pegmatites. It can also be found in metamorphic rocks or in the veins and cavities of limestones and marbles. Beryl is the pimary ore of beryllium. Gem quality beryls with a specific deep green color are sold under the name "emerald". Different shades of green are known as "aquamarine" . Other gem quality beryls include: heliodore (yellow), morganite (pink) and goshenite (white). Beryl uses include: gemstones, the primary ore of beryllium. bluish green, light yellow, golden yellow, pink, white, colorless colorless vitreous transparent to translucent imperfect 7.5 - 8 2.6 - 2.8 hexagonal crystal form, green color, hardness hexagonal Chemical Classification silicate Chemical Composition beryllium aluminum silicate , Be3Al2Si6O18 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Aquamarine, a blue-green variety of beryl from Tanzania. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. Beryl from Bedford, New York.Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across . Beryl crystal in pegmatite from Quadville, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Biotite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Biotite? Biotite is a common rock-forming silicate mineral. It is a mica found in many types of igneous rocks and in some metamorphic rocks. It is easily recognized because of its perfect cleavage that allows it to separate into thin, black, flexible sheets. Uses Biotite has very limited commercial use. Biotite particles are sometimes used as a surface treatment in decorative concrete, plaster and other construction materials. It is also used in the potassium-argon method of dating igneous rocks. Color black, dark green, dark brown Streak white to gray Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage basal, perfect Hardness 2.5 - 3 Specific Gravity 2.7 - 3.3 Distinguishing Characteristics dark color, perfect cleavage Crystal System monoclinic Chemical Classification silicate Chemical Composition K(Mg,Fe)3(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2 Biotite from Bancroft, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Bornite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Bornite? Bornite is a copper iron sulfide mineral commonly found in hydrothermal veins, contact metamorphic rocks and in the enriched zone of sulfide copper deposits. It is a common ore of copper and is easily recognized because it tarnishes to iridescent shades of blue, purple, green and yellow. It is often mined as an ore of copper. Uses The primary use of bornite is as an ore of copper. It has no other uses that are significant. Color brownish bronze on a fresh surface, iridescent purple, blue, and black on a tarnished surface Streak grayish black Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage poor Hardness 3 Specific Gravity 5.0 - 5.1 Distinguishing Characteristics color Crystal System tetragonal Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition copper iron sulfide, Cu5FeS4 Bornite from Musina, South Africa. Specimen is approximately 3/4 inch (1.9 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Calcite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Calcite has more uses than almost any other mineral. Most is used as a construction material in the form of cement, concrete, dimension stone or aggregate. In agriculture it is used as a soil treatment to neutralize acids and as a filler or dietary supplement in livestock feeds. It is used in many medications, particularly those that treat excess stomach acids. Several other uses are described in the article at the top of this page. Color usually white but also colorless, gray, red, green, blue, yellow, brown, orange Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage rhombohedral, perfect Hardness 3 Specific Gravity 2.7 Distinguishing Characteristics hardness, cleavage, dissolves in cold dilute HCl Crystal System hexagonal Chemical Classification Carbonate Chemical Composition Calcium carbonate , CaCO3 Calcite in the form of translucent onyx from Tecali, Mexico. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1. Transparent calcite from Baxter Springs, Kansas, showing characteristic cleavage. Specimen is approximately four inches (10 centimeters) across. 2. Calcite in the form of oolitic limestone from Bedford, Indiana. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across. 3. Calcite in the form of chalk from Dover, England. Specimen is about 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. 4. Calcite in the form of lithographic limestone from Solenhofn, Bavaria. Note the fine, uniform texture that is characteristic of lithographic limestone. Specimen is about 4 inches (ten centimeters) across. 5. Calcite in the form of oolitic limestone from Tyrone, Pennsylvania. This specimen is approximately four inches (ten centimeters) across. 6. Transparent calcite (known as "Iceland Spar") from Chihuahua, Mexico. This specimen shows excellent double refraction. Specimen is about four inches (ten millimeters) across . 7. Calcite in the form of calcareous tufa from Mumford, New York. This specimen is approximately four inches (ten centimeters) across. 8. Calcite in the form of travertine from Tivoli, Italy. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across. Cassiterite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Cassiterite? Uses Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral that is found in vein deposits, granitic rocks, pegmatites, areas of contact metamorphism and the altered zone of ore deposits. It is also found in placer deposits where it is most commonly mined and given the name of "stream tin". It is the most widely mined ore of tin. Cassiterite is the principle ore of tin. In the past, much of the tin was used to produce "tin cans" (actually steel plated with tin) for food containers. However, this use is being rapidly replaced by containers made of glass, plastic, paper, aluminum and other materials. Small amounts are also used to produce solder and polishing compounds. brown, black, reddish brown, brownish black Color colorless Streak adamantine, splendent to submetallic Luster opaque to translucent Diaphaneity imperfect Cleavage 6.0 - 7 Hardness 6.8 - 7.1 Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics high specific gravity, luster, streak, fibrous appearance tetragonal Crystal System oxide Chemical Classification MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Cassiterite from near keystone, South Dakota. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Chalcocite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Chalcocite? Uses Color Streak Luster Diaphaneity Cleavage Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Chemical Classification MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 Chalcocite is an iron sulfide mineral and an important ore of copper. It is most commonly found as a supergene mineral in the enriched zones of sulfide deposits. It is also occurs in hydrothermal veins. Chalcocite is used as an ore of copper. black, blackish lead gray grayish black metallic opaque poor 2.5 - 3 5.5 - 5.8 color, soft, sooty appearance monoclinic sulfide LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Chalcocite from Butte, Montana. This specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across Chalcocite from Musina, South Africa. Specimen is approximately 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) across. Chalcopyrite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Chalcopyrite? Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide. It is the most commonly encountered copper mineral and is the most important ore of copper. Chalcopyrite deposits are found in hydrothermal veins, void fillings and replacements in limestones, contact metamorphic deposits and magmatic separations. Minor amounts are found throughout many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Uses Chalcopyrite is an important ore of copper. Color brass yellow Streak greenish black Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage poor Hardness 3.5 - 4 Specific Gravity 4.1 - 4.3 Distinguishing Characteristics color, streak, softer than pyrite Crystal System tetragonal Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition copper iron sulfide, CuFeS2 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1. 2. 3. 4. Chalcopyrite, auriferous with pyrrhotite from Rouyn District, Quebec, Canada. This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Crystallized chalcopyrite on dolomite from Baxter Springs, Kansas. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Chalcopyrite from Rouyn District, Quebec, Canada.This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Chalcopyrite from Ajo, Arizona. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Chlorite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Chlorite? "Chlorite" is a name used for a group of sheet silicate minerals with similar properties. They are primarily found in weakly metamorphosed rock and form from the alteration of clay-rich sedimentary rocks and from alteration of pyroxenes, amphiboles and micas. They are also found in some sediments. Uses Very few industrial uses. Used as a filler and as a constituent of clay. Color various shades of green, yellow, white, pink, rose-red Streak greenish to greenish black to white Luster vitreous to pearly Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage basal, perfect Hardness 2 - 2.5 Specific Gravity 2.6 - 3.3 Distinguishing Characteristics color, hardness Crystal System monoclinic Chemical Classification silicate a generalized formula: (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6 Chemical Composition 1. 2. (Many solid solution possiblities exist with the "chlorite" composition, each producing a specimen with slightly varying properties. Chlorite minerals include clinochlore (most abundant), baileychlore, chamosite, cookeite, donbassite, gonyerite, nimite, odinite, orthochamosite, pennantite, ripidolite, sudoite. Chlorite from Quebec, Canada. This specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. A side view of the layering of chlorite from Quebec, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Chromite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Chromite? Chromite is an iron chromium oxide mineral and the only ore of chromium metal. It is a mineral found in ultrabaisc rocks such as peridotite. It is also found in serpentines and other metamorphic rocks derived from the alteration of ultrabasic rocks. It is a high temperature mineral often found in the lower parts of magma bodies from the fractional crystallization process. Uses Chromite is the only ore of chromium, a metal used to induce hardness, toughness and chemical resistance in steel. The alloy produced is known as "stainless steel". When alloyed with iron and nickel it produces a alloy known as "nichrome" which is resitant to high temperatures and used to make heating units, ovens and other appliances. Thin coatings of chromium alloys are used as platings on auto parts, appliances and other products and given the name "chrome plated". Color iron black to brownish black Streak dark brown Luster metallic to submetallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 5.5 - 6 Specific Gravity 4.1 - 5.1 Distinguishing Characteristics luster, streak Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification oxide Chemical Composition iron chromium oxide, FeCr2O4 Chromite from the Transvaal area of South Africa. This specimen is approximately 3.5 inches (9 centimeters) across MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 Chromite from Shurugwi, Zimbabwe Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Chrysoberyl - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Chrysoberyl? Chrysoberyl is a rare beryllium aluminum oxide mineral found in granites, pegmatites and mica schists. It is resistant to abrasion and chemical attack and is often found in the sediments derived from weathering of its source rocks. It is occasionally used as a gemstone. Uses Chrysoberyl is used as a gemstone. The typical yellow and green colors are lower-value stones. Sometimes a small amount of aluminum in chrysoberyl is replaced by chromium. This yields stones that are strongly pleochroic and change color from red to green depending upon the angle of viewing. Some also change color depending upon the type of light (natural or incandescent) that illuminates them. These stones change color from red to green and are referred to as "Alexandrite". Some yellow chrysoberyls are translucent and contain aligned inclusions of rutile. This gives them a silky luster and a chatoyance or "cat's eye". These stones are known as "cymophane". Color various shades of green and yellow Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage poor, prismatic Hardness 8.5 Specific Gravity 3.7 - 3.8 Distinguishing Characteristics hardness, color Crystal System orthorhombic Chemical Classification oxide Chemical Composition beryllium aluminum oxide, BeAl2O4 Chrysoberyl from Lake Alaotra, Madagascar. This specimen is approximately 1/2 inch (1.3 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Cinnabar - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Cinnabar? Cinnabar is a mercury sulfide mineral and the most important ore of mercury. It is most often found near recent volcanic activity. It forms at low temperatures in veins and other pore spaces. Uses Cinnabar is the primary ore of mercury. Mercury is used instruments, electrical controls and as a fungicide. It was once used to recover gold from stream sediments and crushed ore, however, other methods are now used instead. Color scarlet red to brownish red Streak scarlet Luster adamantine Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect, prismatic Hardness 2 - 2.5 Specific Gravity 8.0 - 8.2 Distinguishing Characteristics specific gravity, color, streak, cleavage Crystal System hexagonal Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition mercury sulfide, HgS Enstatite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Enstatite uses include: minor gemstone, decorative purposes. Color grayish white, yellowish, green, brown Streak white to gray Luster vitreous Diaphaneity translucent to opaque Cleavage good, prismatic Hardness 5.5 - 6 Specific Gravity 3.2 - 4.0 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, color, luster Crystal System orthorhombic MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Copper - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Copper? Native copper is an element and a mineral. It is found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits; in hydrothermal veins; in the cavities of basalt that has been in contact with hydrothermal solutions; and as pore fillings and replacements in conglomerates that have been in contact with hydrothermal solutions. It is rarely found in large quantities, thus it is seldom the primary target of a mining operation. Most copper produced is extracted from sulfide deposits. Native copper was probably one of the early metals worked by ancient people. Nuggets of the metal could be found in streams in a few areas and its properties allowed it to be easily worked without a required processing step. Today most copper is produced from sulfide ores. Uses Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity. Most copper mined today is used to conduct electricty - mostly as wiring. It is also an excellent conductor of heat and is used in cooking utensils, heat sinks and heat exchangers. Large amounts are also used to make alloys such as brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper, tin and zinc). Copper is also alloyed with precious metals such as gold and silver. Copper has many other uses. Color copper red on a fresh surface, dull brown on a tarnished surface Streak metallic copper red Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 2.5 - 3 Specific Gravity 8.9 Distinguishing Characteristics color, luster, specific gravity, malleability, ductility Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification element Chemical Composition copper, Cu Copper from Bisbee, Arizona. This specimen is approximately 2.5 inches (6.4 centimeters) across MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Cordierite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Cordierite uses include: gems, ceramics. Color various shades of blue to bluish gray Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage poor Hardness 7 - 7.5 Specific Gravity 2.5 - 2.8 Distinguishing Characteristics resembles quartz Crystal System orthorhombic Cordierite from Madagascar. This specimen is approximately 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) across MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Corundum - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Corundum is very hard and is used as an abrasive in the manufacture of sandpaper, polishing compounds and cutting tools. When it occurs as a colorful and clear stone it is used as gem. Rubies are red corundums and corundums of any other color are known as sapphires. Color Most often gray, but also white, brown, red, blue, yellow, green. Streak Corundum is harder than the streak plate. It does not leave a streak. Luster Adamantine to vitreous. Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent. Cleavage None. However, corundum does display parting perpendicular to the long axis of its hexagonal crystals (see photo below). Hardness 9 Specific Gravity 3.9 - 4.1 Distinguishing Hardness, specific gravity, hexagonal crystals with parting, high Characteristics luster. Crystal System Hexagonal Chemical Classification Oxide Chemical Composition Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3 1. Common corundum showing parting and hexagonal habit from the Zoutpansberg District, Transvaal, South Africa. Specimen is approximately two inches (5 centimeters) across. 2. Corundum (ruby) in zoisite from Merkestein, Transvaal, South Africa. Specimen is about six inches (fifteen centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Cuprite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Cuprite? Cuprite is a supergene copper oxide mineral found in the oxidized zone of copper deposits. It is a minor ore of copper. Uses Cuprite uses include: ore of copper. Color various shades of red, sometimes nearly black Streak brownish red Luster submetallic to adamantine Diaphaneity subtranslucent Cleavage none Hardness 3.5 - 4 Specific Gravity 5.8 - 6.1 Distinguishing color, streak, luster Characteristics Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification oxide Chemical Composition copper oxide, Cu2O 1. 2. Cuprite with chrysocolla from Butte, Montana.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Chalcotrichite, a variety of cuprite from Bisbee, Arizona.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Diamond - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses of Diamond Most of the world's diamond production is consumed by industry for use as an abrasive in cutting, grinding, drilling and polishing procedures. The second category of diamond use is as a gemstone. More money is spent on diamonds than all other types of gemstones combined. A small amount of diamond goes to other use. These include: heat sinks, specialty windows and bearings. Color Most industrial grade diamond is black in color, often due to impurities. Gem quality diamonds occur in a range of colors. These include: colorless, yellow, red, orange, green, blue, and brown. Streak colorless - diamond is much harder than the streak plate Luster adamantine - the highest luster for a nonmetallic mineral Diaphaneity transparent Cleavage perfect, octahedral Hardness 10 Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.6 Distinguishing Characteristics hardness, heat conductivity, crystal form Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification element Chemical Composition Carbon A natural, uncut octahedral diamond crystal. © iStockphoto / Timo Klein MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Diopside - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Diopside uses include: gemstone. Color grayish white to light green Streak white to light green Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage imperfect, prismatic Hardness 5.5 - 6 Specific Gravity 3.2 - 3.6 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage Crystal System monoclinic Pyroxene, a variety of diopside from Bird Creek, Quebec, Canada. This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Dolomite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Dolomite uses include: building stones, refractory bricks for furnace linings, ornamental stone, ore of metallic magnesium. Color colorless, white, pink, green, gray, brown, black Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect, rhombohedral Hardness 3.5 - 4 Specific Gravity 2.8 - 2.9 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, powdered form effervesces in HCl Crystal System hexagonal MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1 3 2 4 1. 2. 3. 4. Crystallized dolomite from Penfield, New York.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (6.7 centimeters) across. Crystalline granular dolomite from Thornwood, New York.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (6.7 centimeters) across. Dolomite from Lee, Massachusetts.This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Crystalline granular dolomite from Thornwood, New York. This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Epidote from Rockbridge County, Virginia. This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Epidote - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Epidote uses include: semiprecious gem. Color pistachio green to yellowish green to black Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 6.0 - 7.0 Specific Gravity 3.3 - 3.5 Distinguishing Characteristics color, cleavage Crystal System monoclinic Fluorite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Fluorite uses include: flux, drinking water, ornamental stone. Color colorless, green, blue, purple, yellow, red, black Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect, octahedral Hardness 4 Specific Gravity 3.2 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, hardness, luster Crystal System isometric This cut gemstone of fluorite is from Afghanistan. The gem is 5.2 carats and approximately 13 millimeters by 10 millimeters. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Galena - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Galena? Galena is a lead sulfide mineral commonly found in hydrothermal veins; or as fracture filings, cavity fillings and replacements in limestone. Lesser amounts are found in many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Galena is the primary ore of lead and is often mined for its silver content (silver substitutes for lead within the galena structure). Its perfect cleavage, silver color and very high specific gravity make it very easy to identify. Uses Galena is the most important ore of lead. Silver is often produced as a by-product. Most lead is consumed in making batteries, however, significant amounts are also used to make lead sheets, pipe and shot. It is also used to make low-meltingpoint alloys. Its use as a pigment has declined as has its use in making solder. Color lead gray Streak lead gray Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage perfect, cubic Hardness 2.5 Specific Gravity 7.4 - 7.6 Distinguishing Characteristics color, luster, specific gravity, streak Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition lead sulfide, PbS 1 2 1. Argentiferous galena from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. 2. This is cryolite, siderite and galena from Ivigtut, Greenland. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Garnet - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Garnet uses include: gemstone, sand paper. Color wine red to reddish brown, yellow, green, black Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage none Hardness 6.5 - 8 Specific Gravity 3.5 - 4.3 Distinguishing Characteristics hardness, color, specific gravity Crystal System isometric 1 3 2 4 1. Almandite, a variety of garnet from River Valley, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. 2. Almandite, a variety of garnet from Lount Township, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4-1/2 inches (11.4 centimeters) across. 3. Grossularite garnet (or Rosolite) with Idocrase, from Xalostoc, Mexico. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. 4. Grossularite garnet (or Essonite) from Eden Mills, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Glauconite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Glauconite uses include: fertilizer, soil amendment. Color green, blue green Streak dull green Luster earthy to dull Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 2 Specific Gravity 2.4 - 3.0 Distinguishing Characteristics color Crystal System monoclinic This is glauconite in sandstone from Afton, Minnesota. Specimen is approximately 3-1/2 inches (8.9 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Gold - Mineral Properties and Uses Native gold is an element and a mineral. It is highly prized by people because of its attractive color, resistance to tarnish and its many special properties - some of which are unique to gold. Its rarity, usefulness and desirability make it command a high price. What is Gold? Trace amounts of gold are found almost everywhere but large deposits are found in only a few locations. Although there are about twenty different gold minerals all of them are quite rare. Therefore, most gold found in nature is in the form of the native metal. Gold occurs in hydrothermal veins deposited by ascending solutions; as dissiminated particles through some sulfide deposits and in placer deposits. Uses Most of the gold that is newly consumed or recycled each year is used in the production of jewelry. About 10% is used in coinage or in the financial stores of governments. The remaining 12% is consumed in a wide range of other uses which include electronics, medicine, dentistry, computers, awards, pigments, guilding, and optics. More information on the uses of gold. Color gold yellow Streak gold yellow Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 2.5 - 3 Specific Gravity 19.3 Distinguishing Characteristics color, hardness, streak, specific gravity Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification element Chemical Composition gold, Au 1. 2. White "vein quartz" with gold from Colorado.This specimen is approximately one inch (2.5 centimeters) across. Vein quartz with gold attached to basalt from California.This specimen is approximately 1 inch (2.4 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Graphite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Graphite uses include: pencil lead, oil , lubricant . Color black Streak black Luster Dull metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage perfect Hardness 1.0 – 2.0 Specific Gravity 2.1 – 2.3 Distinguishing Characteristics Color , streak, feel, specific gravity Crystal System hexagonal 1. 2. Graphite from Kropfmuhl, Austria. Specimen is approximately 1-1/2 inches (3.8 centimeters) across. Graphite in schist from Essex County, New York. Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Gypsum - Mineral Properties and Uses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is Gypsum? Gypsum is an evaporite mineral most commonly found in layered sedimentary deposits in association with halite, anhydrite, sulfur, calcite and dolomite. Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is very similar to Anhydrite (CaSO4). The chemical difference is that gypsum contains two waters and anhydrite is without water. Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral. Uses Gypsum uses include: manufacture of wallboard, cement, plaster of Paris, soil conditioning, a hardening retarder in Portland cement. Varieties of gypsum known as "satin spar" and "alabaster" are used for a variety of ornamental purposes, however their low hardness limits their durability. Color clear, colorless, white, gray, yellow, red, brown Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 2 Specific Gravity 2.3 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, specific gravity, low hardness Crystal System monoclinic Chemical Classification sulfate Chemical Composition hydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O Satin spar, a fibrous variety of gypsum from Derbyshire, England. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Gypsum from Grand Rapids, Michigan.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Selenite, a variety of gypsum from Penfield, New York. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. Selenite, a variety of gypsum from Penfield, New York. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. Gypsum from North Holston, Virginia. Specimen is approximately 1-1/2 inches (3.8 centimeters) across. Satin spar, a fibrous variety of gypsum from Derbyshire, England. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Alabaster, a variety of gypsum, from Pomaia, Italy. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. 8. The translucent characteristic of alabaster, a variety of gypsum, from Pomaia, Italy. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 8 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Halite - Mineral Properties and Uses 1. 2. Uses Halite uses include: table salt, tanning. Color colorless or white, (yellow, red, blue, purple, orange if impure) Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect, cubic Hardness 2.5 Specific Gravity 2.2 Distinguishing Characteristics taste, cleavage Crystal System isometric Halite from Retsof, New York. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Halite from the Salton Sea, California. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Hematite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Hematite uses include: ore of iron, pigment. Color steel gray to black, reddish brown to black Streak red to reddish brown Luster metallic, dull Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 5.0 - 6.0 Specific Gravity 5.26 Distinguishing Characteristics streak Crystal System Hexagonal MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Hornblende - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Hornblende uses include: decoration, dimension stone. Color dark green to black Streak gray to greenish gray Luster vitreous Diaphaneity translucent to nearly opaque Cleavage good Hardness 5.0 - 6.0 Specific Gravity 3.0 - 3.5 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, color Crystal System monoclinic Amphibole, a variety of hornblende from Faraday Township, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Ilmenite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Ilmenite? Ilmenite is an iron titanium oxide and the primary ore of titanium. It is a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks such as gabbro, diorite and anorthosite. It is also forms in veins and pegmatites. Most of the commercially produced ilmenite is recovered from sands that have formed from the weathering of ilmenite-bearing rocks. The ilmenite sand is recovered by dredging and processing the alluvial deposits. Uses Ilmenite is the primary ore of titanium. It is also used in the manufacture of titanium dioxide for paint pigments. Titanium is used to manufacture a wide variety of metal parts where light weight and very high strength are needed. Examples include: aircraft parts, artificial joints for humans and sporting equipment such as bicycle frames. Titanium is also used in a number of highperformance alloys. Color black Streak black Luster metallic, submetallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 5.5 - 6 Specific Gravity 4.7 - 4.8 Distinguishing Characteristics streak, weakly magnetic Crystal System hexagonal Chemical Classification oxide Chemical Composition iron titanium oxide , FeTiO3, sometimes has significant magnesium and manganese substituting for the iron to yield a composition of (Fe, Mg, Mn)TiO 3 1. 2. Ilmenite from St-Urbain, Quebec, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Ilmenite from Kragero, Norway. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Jadeite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Jadeite uses include: jewelry, ornaments, weapons, semi-precious stone. Color various shades of light and dark green, white Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity semi-transparent Cleavage good, prismatic Hardness 6.0 - 7.0 Specific Gravity 3.2 - 3.4 Distinguishing color Characteristics Crystal System monoclinic Kyanite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Kyanite is most often used where heat resistance is important. It is used to make high refractory strength porcelain, refractory bricks and mortars, kiln furniture, brake shoes, clutch facings, grinding wheels, cutting disks. It is also used in standard porcelain of dentures, sinks and bathroom fixtures. When kyanite is highly transparent and of attractive color it can be cut into cabochon and faceted gemstones. Color blue, white, gray, green, colorless Streak white, colorless Luster vitreous, pearly Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect in two directions, faces sometimes striated Hardness Kyanite often occurs in long, bladed crystals. These have a hardness of 4.5 to 5 along the length of the crystals and 6.5 to 7 across the width of the crystals. Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.7 Distinguishing color, cleavage, bladed crystals Characteristics Crystal System triclinic Chemical Classification Silicate - Nesosilicate Chemical Composition Al2SiO5 (kyanite is polymorphic with sillimanite and andalusite) MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1 2 3 4 1. 2. 3. 4. Blue bladed kyanite from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specimen is approximately two inches (5 centimeters) across. Green kyanite blades in quartzite from Avery County, North Carolina. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across. Green bladed kyanite (same specimen as above) - looking down the long axis of the blades. Specimen is about 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Sometimes kyanite occurs as radiating masses of crystals such as this specimen from Petaca, New Mexico. Specimen is about 4 inches (ten centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Limonite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Limonite uses include: a minor ore of iron. Color medium to dark yellowish brown Streak yellowish brown Luster dull to earthy Diaphaneity - Cleavage because limonite is a mixture of other minerals it has no cleavage of its own Hardness 1.0 - 5.0 Specific Gravity 2.7 - 4.3 Distinguishing variable - can be yellow-brown, brown, redish brown Characteristics Crystal System amorphous to cryptocrystalline 1. Limonite from Newport, New York. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. 2. Limonite with goethite from Ironton, Minnesota. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Magnesite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Magnesite uses include: refractory bricks, cement,. Color white, grayish, yellowish, brownish, colorless Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 3.5 -5.0 Specific Gravity 3.0 - 3.2 Distinguishing Characteristics dissolves with warm HCl in the powdered form Crystal System hexagonal Magnetite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses of Magnetite Important ore of iron; heavy media for specific gravity separations; abrasive; toner in electrophotography; micronutrient in fertilizers; pigment in paints; an aggregate for high-density concrete. (More details provided above.) Color black Streak black Luster metallic to submetallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 5.5 - 6.5 Specific Gravity 5.2 Distinguishing Characteristics strongly magnetic, color, streak, octahedral crystal habit Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification Oxide Chemical Composition Fe3O4 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1. 2. Magnesite from Chewelah, Washington. Specimen is approximately 3-1/2 inches (8.9 centimeters) across. Magnesite from Riverside County, California. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. 1. 2. Typical magnetite. Specimen is approximately four inches (10 centimeters) across. Lodestone: note now the specimen attracts small particles of iron. Specimen is approximately four inches (10 centimeters) across. Marcasite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Marcasite? Marcasite is an iron sulfide mineral. It has the same chemical composition as pyrite, however these two minerals are in different crystal systems (marcasite is orthorhombic and pyrite is isometric). Uses Very few commercial uses. Has been used as a source of sulfur and as an ornamental stone (many of the ornamental stones sold under the name of "marcasite" are actually pyrite). Color pale bronze yellow Streak grayish black Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage poor Hardness 6.0 - 7.5 Specific Gravity 4.9 Distinguishing Characteristics color Crystal System orthorhombic Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition iron sulfide, FeS2 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Molybdenite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Molybdenite? Molybdenite is a molybdenum sulfide mineral and the leading ore of molybdenum. It occurs as an accessory mineral in some granites and pegmatites. It is also found in some copper porphyry deposits, contact metamorphic rocks and high temperature vein deposits. It is a soft gray mineral that is easily confused with graphite. Uses Molybdenite is the primary ore of molybdenum. It has also been used as a specialty libricant. Color lead gray Streak bluish gray grayish black Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage perfect Hardness 1.0 - 2.0 Specific Gravity 4.6 - 4.8 Distinguishing Characteristics greasy feel, color, streak, specific gravity Crystal System hexagonal Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition molybdenum sulfide, MoS2 1. Molybdenite in quartz from Calaveras County, California. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. 2. Molybdenite from Whitehall, Montana. Specimens are approximately 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 centimeters to 2.5 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Monazite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Monazite uses include: primary source for thorium, cerium, and other rare elements. Color yellowish to reddish brown Streak white Luster resinous to waxy Diaphaneity translucent Cleavage poor Hardness 5 - 5.5 Specific Gravity 5.0 - 5.3 Distinguishing Characteristics specific gravity Crystal System monoclinic Muscovite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Muscovite? Muscovite is a common rock-forming mineral. It is a mica found in many types of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is also found in some sediments that have not been significantly weathered and the sedimentary rocks derived from them. It is easily recognized because of its perfect cleavage that allows it to separate into thin, transparent, flexible sheets. Uses Muscovite has a high resistance to heat and, split into thin transparent sheets, it has been used as windows on high-temperature furnaces and ovens. It is an insulator and was used in the past to make circuit boards. Historically, it was used as an early window glass. Color colorless, yellow, brown, green, red Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 2.5 - 3 Specific Gravity 2.8 - 2.9 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, color Crystal System monoclinic Chemical Classification silicate Chemical Composition KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Muscovite from Mitchell County, North Carolina. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across . Sheet of cut muscovite from India. Specimen is approximately 4 inches by 3 inches (10 centimeters by 7.6 centimeters). 1. Nepheline from Dungannon Township, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. 2. Nepheline from Bancroft, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. 3. Nepheline cancrinite syenite from Litchfield, Maine. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Olivine - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Olivine uses include: gemstones, bricks, refractory sand. Color olive to yellowish green Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage none Hardness 6.5 - 7 Specific Gravity 3.2 - 4.4 Distinguishing Characteristics glassy luster, color Crystal System orthorhombic 1 3 2 1. 2. 3. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 Basalt and olivine from Arizona. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Olivine from Mitchell County, North Carolina. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Peridot, a variety of olivine, from Arizona. These are approximately 11 millimeters by 7 millimeters each. LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Orthoclase - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Orthoclase uses include: gemstones . Color white, gray, flesh pink, reddish, yellow, green Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity translucent to subtranslucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 6 - 6.5 Specific Gravity 2.5 - 2.6 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, color Crystal System monoclinic Plagioclase - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Plagioclase uses include: decorative stone, moon stone, buildings. Color colorless, white, gray, bluish, greenish, yellowish, reddish Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 6 - 6.5 Specific Gravity 2.6 - 2.8 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage Crystal System triclinic MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Prehnite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Prehnite uses include: ornamental material, semiprecious gem. Color white, green, gray, yellow Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage basal Hardness 6 - 6.5 Specific Gravity 2.8 - 3.0 Distinguishing Characteristics color, cleavage Crystal System orthorhombic . Beads of prehnite. Each bead is approximately 6 millimeter across Pyrite from Rico, Colorado. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Pyrite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Pyrite? Pyrite is an iron sulfide mineral and one of the most ubiquitous minerals of earth's crust. It is found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and crystallizes at both high and low temperatures. Its yellow color and metallic luster occasionally fool inexperienced people who confuse it with gold - hence the name "fools gold". Uses The uses of pyrite are declining. The main uses today are the production of sulfur dioxide for the paper industry and sulfuric acid for the chemical industry. Other sources of these substances are replacing what was once produced from pyrite. It is rarely mined for its iron content because the associated sulfur contaminates the iron to render it brittle and useless for most applications. Color pale brass yellow Streak greenish black to brownish black Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage indistinct Hardness 6 - 6.5 Specific Gravity 4.9 - 5.2 Distinguishing Characteristics color, hardness, fool's gold Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition iron sulfide, FeS 2 Pyrite with hematite from Rio Marina, Isle of Elba, Italy. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Pyrite, crystal in schist from Chester, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across Pyrophyllite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Pyrophyllite uses include: ceramics, refractory materials. Color white, pale blue, yellow, grayish green, brownish green Streak white Luster pearly to greasy Diaphaneity translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 1.0 - 2.0 Specific Gravity 2.7 - 2.9 Distinguishing Characteristics cleavage, greasy feel Crystal System monoclinic Pyrophyllite from Moore County, North Carolina. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Pyrrhotite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Pyrrhotite? Pyrrhotite is an iron sulfide mineral found in basic igneous rocks, pegmatites, vein deposits, and contact metamorphic deposits. It is slighly magnetic. Uses Pyrrhotite is mined primarily because it is associated with pentlandite, sulfide mineral that can contain significant amounts of nickel and cobalt. Color bronze yellow, brownish bronze, reddish bronze Streak dark grayish black Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 3.5 - 4.5 Specific Gravity 4.6 - 4.7 Distinguishing Characteristics color, magnetism Crystal System monoclinic Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition iron sulfide, Fe1-xS 1. 2. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 Pyrrhotite from Falconbridge, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 , 2,5 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite from Falconbridge, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across. LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Quartz - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Quartz uses are outlined in detail above. They include: glass making, foundry sand, hydrofrac sand, optical materials, components in electronic products, traction sands, sharpening media, polishing compounds, grinding compounds, fillers and extenders. Color Quartz occurs in virtually every color. Common colors are clear, white, gray, purple, yellow, brown, black, pink, green, red. Streak colorless (harder than the streak plate) Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage none - typically breaks with a conchoidal fracture. Hardness 7 Specific Gravity 2.6 - 2.7 Distinguishing conchoidal fracture, glassy luster, hardness Characteristics Crystal System hexagonal Chemical Classification Silicate Chemical Composition Silicon Dioxide, SiO2 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1. Translucent pink "rose" quartz in the rough. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across. 2. "Glass sand" is a sandstone that is composed almost entirely of quartz grains. Pictured here is a 3. 4. 5. 6. specimen of the Oriskany Sandstone from Hancock, West Virginia. In a few locations the Oriskany is over 99% pure quartz. Much of it has been used for container glass but some of it has been selected for use in making lenses for the largest telescopes. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters across). Transparent "rock crystal" quartz. This specimen shows the conchoidal fracture (fracture that produces curved surfaces) that is characteristic of the mineral. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Chert is a microcrystaline or cryptocrystalline quartz. It occurs as nodules and concretionary masses and less frequently as a layered deposit. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Joplin, Missouri. Silicified "petrified" wood is formed when buried plant debris is infiltrated with mineral-bearing waters which precipitate quartz. This quartz infills the cavities within the wood and often replaces the woody tissues. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Yuma County, Arizona A Herkimer "Diamond" quartz crystal in dolostone. This specimen is about six inches (fifteen centimeters) across and is from Middleville, New York. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 7. "Novaculite" is a dense, cryptocrystalline variety of quartz with a fine-grained and very uniform texture. As quartz, it has a hardness of 7 (harder than steel) and is used as a "whetstone" for sharpening knives. 8. Aventurine is colorful variety of quartz that contains abundant shiny inclusions of minerals such as mica or hematite. It is often cut and polished for use as an ornamental stone. Common colors for aventurine are green, orange and blue. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from India. 9. Purple crystalline quartz is known as "amethyst". When transparent and of high quality it is often cut as a gemstone. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Guanajuato, Mexico. 10. Flint is a variety of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. It occurs as nodules and concretionary masses and less frequently as a layered deposit. It breaks consistently with a conchoidal fracture and was one of the first materials used to make tools by early people. They used it to make cutting tools. After thousands of years, people continue to use it. It is presently used as the cutting edge in some of the finest surgical tools. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Dover Cliffs, England. Rhodochrosite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Rhodochrosite uses include: ore of manganese, ornamental use. Color pink, red, yellow, gray, brown Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect, rhombohedral Hardness 3.5 - 4.5 Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.7 Distinguishing Characteristics color, cleavage Crystal System hexagonal Rhodochrosite from Catamarca Province, Argentina, South America. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Rhodonite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Rhodonite uses include: decorative stone . Color pink, rose red, red brown, brown Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 5.5 - 6 Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.7 Distinguishing Characteristics color, cleavage Crystal System triclinic Rhodonite with sphalerite from Butte, Montana. Specimen is approximately 3-1/2 inches (8.9 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Rutile - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Rutile? Rutile is a titanium oxide mineral that is most commonly found in granites, pegmatites and metamorphic rocks. It is also found in sands derived from the weathering of these rocks. Rutile also forms as slender crystals within quartz and micas. It is a common mineral in the alluvial sands that are dredged for magnetite and ilmenite. Uses Rutile is used as a coating on welding rods. It is also used as an ore of titanium, a metal used where light weight and high strength are needed. Some rutile used in the production of pigments for paints. Color red, reddish brown, reddish black Streak pale brown Luster adamantine to submetallic Diaphaneity transparent to subtranslucent Cleavage good Hardness 6 - 6.5 Specific Gravity 4.2 - 4.4 Distinguishing Characteristics luster, color Crystal System tetragonal Chemical Classification oxide Chemical Composition titanium oxide, TiO2, 1 3 2 1. Rutile from Oaxaca, Mexico. Specimen is approximately 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) across. 2. Ilmenorutile, a variety of rutile from Iveland, Norway. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. 3. Nigrine, a variety of rutile from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. Specimens are approximately 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 centimeters to 2.5 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Serpentine - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Serpentine? Serpentine uses include: thermal conductivity, industrial mineral, ornamental stone. various shades of green Uses white Color greasy or waxy Streak translucent to opaque Luster perfect Diaphaneity 3.0 - 5.0 Cleavage 2.5 - 2.6 Hardness Specific Gravity Distinguishing Characteristics Crystal System Chemical Classification Chemical Composition color, luster monoclinic Serpentine uses include: thermal conductivity, industrial mineral, ornamental stone. various shades of green white Serpentine from Warren County, New York. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1 2 3 4 1. 2. 3. 4. Chrysotile, a variety of serpentine from Lowell, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. Verde Antique, a variety of serpentine from Rochester, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Serpentine from Cornwall, England. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. Serpentine from Easton, Pennsylvania. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Siderite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Siderite uses include: iron ore, pigments. Color yellowish, reddish, grayish, brown Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 3.5 - 4.5 Specific Gravity 3.8 - 4.0 Distinguishing Characteristics color, specific gravity, dissolves in HCl Crystal System hexagonal MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1 3 2 1. 2. 3. Siderite from Roxbury, Connecticut. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Siderite from Roxbury, Connecticut. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Siderite from Roxbury, Connecticut. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Sillimanite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Sillimanite uses include: no significant commercial use. Color colorless, white, yellow, brown, blue, green Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 6.5 - 7.5 Specific Gravity 3.2 - 3.3 Distinguishing Characteristics slender crystals, fibrous habit Crystal System orthorhombic MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Sillimanite with magnetite from Benson Mines, New York. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Sillimanite from Williamstown, South Australia. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Sillimanite from Dillon, Montana. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Silver - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Silver uses include: jewelry, tableware, coins, electronics, photographic films, ornaments. Color silvery white Streak silvery white Luster metallic Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 2.5 - 3 Specific Gravity 10.0 - 11.0 Distinguishing Characteristics color, specific gravity Crystal System isometric MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Sodalite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Sodalite uses include: dimension stone, decorative purposes, ornamental material. Color blue, white, gray, green, colorless, yellow, red Streak white, blue Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage none Hardness 5.5 - 6 Specific Gravity 2.2 - 2.3 Distinguishing Characteristics color Crystal System isometric Sodalite from Ice River, British Columbia, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Sphalerite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Sphalerite? Sphalerite is a zince sulfide mineral commonly found in hydrothermal veins; or as fracture filings, cavity fillings and replacements in limestone; and, contact metamorphism deposits. Lesser amounts are found in many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Sphalerite is the primary ore of zinc and is often mined for its content of cadmium, indium, gallium or germanium (these substitute for zinc within the sphalerite structure). Its six directions of cleavage, resinous to sometimes adamantine luster and sulfur smell upon streak make sphalerite very easy to identify. Uses Sphalerite uses include: primary ore of zinc, mined because it contains minor amounts of indium, cadmium, germanium or gallium. Color pale yellow, light brown, black, red, green, white, colorless Streak brown to light yellow, white Luster resinous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect, dodecahedral Hardness 3.5 - 4 Specific Gravity 3.9 - 4.1 Distinguishing luster, cleavage, streak Characteristics Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification sulfide Chemical Composition zinc sulfide , ZnS Sphalerite with dolomite from Gilman, Colorado. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Spinel - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Spinel? Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide accessory mineral in basic igneous rocks such as gabbro and basalt. It is also found in metamorphosed argillaceous rocks and especially in marbles formed as a result of contact metamorphism. It is resistant to chemical weathering and abrasion and is often found in sediments derived from spinel-bearing rocks. Its main use is as a gemstone. Uses The primary use of spinel is as a gemstone. There is no industrial use for spinel in large quantities. Color white, colorless, red, blue, green, brown, black Streak colorless (harder than the streak plate) Luster vitreous Diaphaneity translucent Cleavage none Hardness 7.5 - 8 Specific Gravity 3.5 - 4.1 Distinguishing hardness, color, luster Characteristics Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification oxide Chemical Composition magnesium aluminum oxide, MgAl2O4 "Ruby" spinel, from Tanzania, Africa. Each specimen is approximately 1/4 inch (.6 centimeter) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Spodumene - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Spodumene uses include: lithium, gemstone. Color white, grayish white, yellow, green, blue, lilac, pink Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage good Hardness 6.5 - 7 Specific Gravity 3.0 - 3.2 Distinguishing Characteristics color, cleavage, hardness Crystal System monoclinic 1. 2. Sphalerite, carrying gallium and indium, from Gilman, Colorado. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. Alabandite and sphalerite from Harshaw, Arizona. Specimens are approximately 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 centimeters to 2.5 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Staurolite - Mineral Properties and Uses Staurolite uses include: abrasive, jewelry. Uses reddish, yellowish, brownish black, black, gray Color gray Streak vitreous Luster Diaphaneity translucent to opaque poor Cleavage 7 - 7.5 Hardness Specific Gravity 3.7 - 3.8 Distinguishing color, crystal form Characteristics Crystal System monoclinic Staurolite in schist from Little Falls, Minnesota. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Sulfur - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Sulfur uses include: sulfuric acid, fertilizers, sulfur compounds. Color sulfur yellow Streak white Luster resinous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage none Hardness 1.5 - 2.5 Specific Gravity 2.0 - 2.1 Distinguishing color, hardness Characteristics Crystal System orthorhombic Sylvite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Sylvite uses include: salt substitute, fertilizer. Color colorless, white, blue, yellow, red, gray Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage perfect, cubic Hardness 2 Specific Gravity 2 Distinguishing Characteristics taste Crystal System isometric MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Talc - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Talc uses include: paint, ceramics, rubber, roofing, paper. Color sea green, white, gray Streak white to very pale green Luster pearly Diaphaneity translucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 1 Specific Gravity 2.7 - 2.8 Distinguishing Characteristics feel, color, softness, cleavage Crystal System monoclinic 1 2 3 4 5 1. Foliated talc from St. Lawrence County, New York. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. 2. Foliated talc from Holly Springs, Georgia.Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. 3. Green foliated talc from Holly Springs, Georgia. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across. 4. Gray massive talc from Murray County, Georgia. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. 5. Soapstone, a variety of talc from Murray County, Georgia. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Titanite - Mineral Properties and Uses Titanite uses include: ore of titanium. Uses gray, brown, green, yellow, black, red Color white Streak resinous to adamantine Luster transparent to translucent Diaphaneity fair, prismatic Cleavage 5 - 5.5 Hardness 3.4 - 3.6 Specific Gravity luster, color, hardness Distinguishing Characteristics monoclinic Crystal System Tourmaline - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Tourmaline uses include: gemstone. Color bluish black, black, yellow, pink, blue, green, colorless, red Streak colorless, gray Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to nearly opaque Cleavage poor Hardness 7 - 7.5 Specific Gravity 3.0 - 3.3 Distinguishing Characteristics lack of cleavage, color Crystal System hexagonal MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 1 2 3 4 1. 2. 3. 4. Tourmaline in granite from Stoneham, Maine. Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across. A close-up of tourmaline from Pierrepont, New York. The overall specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Tourmaline from Pierrepont, New York. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Tourmaline in microcline from Bathurst, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Turquoise - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Turquoise uses include: decorative stone, gemstone. Color turquoise green, sky blue, apple green, greenish gray Streak white, greenish Luster waxy Diaphaneity nearly opaque Cleavage perfect Hardness 5.0 - 6.0 Specific Gravity 2.6 - 2.8 Distinguishing Characteristics color Crystal System triclinic MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Turquoise from Manhattan, Nevada. Each specimen is approximately 1/2 inch (1.3 centimeters) across. Uraninite - Mineral Properties and Uses What is Uraninite? Uraninite is an oxide of uranium. It occurs in granite pegmatites, occasionally in hydrothermal veins, and less often in sandstones. It is the primary ore of uranium. It has a very high specific gravity and is radioactive. Uraninite is also known as "pitchblende". Uses Uraninite uses include: primary ore of uranium, used to prepare fuel for nuclear reactors. Color brownish black to black Streak brownish black, grayish Luster submetallic to pitchlike Diaphaneity opaque Cleavage none Hardness 5.0 - 6.0 Specific Gravity 6.5 - 10.0 Distinguishing Characteristics radioactivity, color, luster, specific gravity, lack of cleavage Crystal System isometric Chemical Classification oxide Chemical Composition Uranium Oxide , UO2 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Witherite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Witherite uses include: barium. Color white, colorless, light grayish, yellowish brown Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage fair, distinct Hardness 3 - 3.5 Specific Gravity 4.3 - 4.4 Distinguishing Characteristics specific gravity, effervesces in dilute HCl Crystal System orthorhombic Witherite from Hexham, England. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Wollastonite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Wollastonite uses include: asbestos, siding, roofing tile, ceramics. Color white, gray, pale green, colorless Streak white Luster vitreous Diaphaneity subtransparent to translucent Cleavage three directions of cleavage, perfect Hardness 4.5 - 5.5 Specific Gravity 2.8 - 3.1 Distinguishing Characteristics color, cleavage Crystal System triclinic MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Wollastonite with garnet from Willsboro, New York. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Zircon - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Zircon uses include: metals, gemstone. Color colorless, light brown to reddish brown, grayish, yellowish, reddish, green Streak colorless Luster adamantine Diaphaneity transparent to translucent Cleavage poor Hardness 7.5 Specific Gravity 4.6 - 4.7 Distinguishing Characteristics hardness, color, specific gravity Crystal System tetragonal Cut brown zircon from Cambodia. Gemstone is approximately .90 carats, and 6 millimeters by 5 millimeters. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 Zoisite - Mineral Properties and Uses Uses Zoisite uses include: gemstone. Color gray, pale green, brown, white, greenish brown, greenish gray, pink Streak colorless Luster vitreous Diaphaneity transparent to subtranslucent Cleavage perfect Hardness 6 - 6.7 Specific Gravity 3.2 - 3.4 Distinguishing Characteristics color, cleavage Crystal System orthorhombic Zoisite clinozoisite, with epodite from Sonora, Mexico. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Ruby, a variety of corundum in zoisite from Transvaal, South Africa. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010 LABORATORIUM KRISTALOGRAFI MINERALOGI 2010 DAFTAR PUSTAKA www.geology.com/minerals http://www.webmineral.com www.crystalarium.com padahal awalnya iseng iseng aja cari materi buat baca baca , eh jadi kecanduan nyari materinya , haha.. akhirnya selesai juga perjuangan 8 jam 30 menit , huuuuhh... lega :) SELAMAT MENIKMATI YA TEMAN TEMAN .. . .. . . Imam F. Arief - 111.080.219 - Krisminer’s 2008 MINERALS OF THE WORLD 2010
