From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java by Dr. Svann Langguth Budaya dalam penelitian toponimi at the Seminar Internasional Leksikologi dan Leksikografi Teknologi dan Budaya dalam Penelitian Leksikologi dan Leksikografi FIB UI Depok – 4th May 2017 From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Presentation content • • • • • • • • Why and what for? Toponyms and hydronyms of Java on early European maps. Cartographic sources of West-Javanese hydronyms. List of hydronyms. The folk etymology of „ci“. Some classes and categories. Explanation attempts. Overlapping name use between hydronyms and toponyms. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Why and what for? Inspired by an old article of Hans Krahe on Old European hydronymy. Even so it uses an today outdated theoretical background. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java • Hans Krahe (7 February 1898 – 25 June 1965) was a German philologist and linguist, specializing over many decades in the Illyrian languages. • In his later work, Krahe substituted Pokorny theory with that of Old European hydronymy, a network of names of water courses dating back to the Bronze Age and to a time before Indo-European languages had developed in central, northern and western Europe. See: Hans Krahe: Die Struktur der alteuropäischen Hydronymie. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Steiner, 1963. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java • There are examples of the persistence of names of land and water places, toponyms and hydronyms through time, changing culture and different people. The local names for the mountains between Poland, Slovakia and Czech Republic are nonSlavonic but of Albanian origin; today the Albanian people and their language living far more to the south east. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java • The first step of my approach was to produce a list of the river names in West-Java or Sunda. • Translation is the second step, but much harder for me, because of my lack of knowledge of Sundanese. • Classification of the names is next. • Historical changes of names are a further step, but needs much more time and energy/work. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Toponyms and hydronyms of Java on early European maps. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java First european maps of Java as a result of the first expedition to the Moluccas in 1511 The maps show often only parts of the islands: - "esta he a fim da Ilha de camatara" (this is the end of the island Camatara/Sumatra), - "a fim da Ilha de Jaoa" (the end of the island Java) - "Este he o compeço da Ilha de Jaaoa [sic!]// esta parajem se chama SSumda [sic!]" (this is the beginning of the island Java, and this part is called Sunda) Detail of Francisco Rodrigues; est. 1513 first sheet From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Detail of a map from 1517 (AnonymPedro Reinel) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java About 100 hundred years later The most important aspects seems to bee the towns and ports. There are rivers drawn on the early maps, but without names. Like here on the map of Java in Decadas da Asia von João de Barros (1496-1570). This map is included in the fouth volume (1615) written by Joao Baptista Lavanha who follows the notes of Barros. Daio = dayo / city Gnung= Gunung / Mountain From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java One river is indeed mentioned in the text, and his name is explained by a story. The river is the Cipamali (in Bujangga Manik), the Taboo River, today known as Kali Pemali/Brebes River, which does divide the island following a mythological story told by Lavanha. Probably it divides the Javanese sphere from Sundanese. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java There is a reprint of Lavanhas map printed around 1696 by Pieter van der Aa (1659-1733) from Leiden. The text on the stele says: 'T KONINKRYK SUNDA met dat van IAVA, by d'Inwoonderen voor een EILAND Gehouden, en door den Hr. I.B. de LAVANHA als twee Eylanden Beschreven. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Mare Landchidol vs. Laut Kidul In the report of Magellans 1519-1522 journey Pigafetta calls the sea south of Java „Laut Chidol”. In maps we find often this name in the form “Mare Landchidol”, but sometimes for the sea north of Java. See also “Canal de Cuda”. Map from Giacomo Gastaldi 1562 From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Cartographic sources of West-Javanese hydronyms. Where to look for toponyms and hydronyms? From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Colonial Sources: De Haan Priangan probably provides a lot of information. But the text corpus is very large and not easy to evaluate. Priangan: de PreangerRegentschappen onder het Nederlandsch bestuur tot 1811. F. de Haan, Priangan. Batavia 1910. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java A Sundanese source from late 15th early 16th century is Bujangga Manik. Translated edition by Noorduyn is available and there is also one article especially on topografic data: Three Old Sundanese poems J. Noorduyn (2006). KITLV Press. Bujangga Manik‘s Journeys through Java: Topographical data from an old Sundanese source J. Noorduyn, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Deel 138, 4de Afl. (1982), pp. 413-442 From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java A Sundanese source from late 15th early 16th century is Bujangga Manik. Translated edition by Noorduyn is available and there is also one article especially on topografic data: Three Old Sundanese poems J. Noorduyn (2006). KITLV Press. Bujangga Manik‘s Journeys through Java: Topographical data from an old Sundanese source J. Noorduyn, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Deel 138, 4de Afl. (1982), pp. 413-442 Footnote 1 in Bujangga Manik‘s Journeys through Java : I am much indebted to Dr. B. Nothofer for his assistance in identifying some places in north and south central Java when visiting these regions. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java There are some publications on names in Indonesian/WestJava, e.g. Asal Usul Nama Tempat di Jakarta by Rachmat Ruchiat, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Juni 2012, 208 p. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Online available and most detailled maps I found are the so called CIA-Maps. These are maps printed in 1959 by the US-american Army Map Service. They base on data collected by various Dutch colonial sources. The maps are high-resolution scans. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Map sheets used: SC 48-7 (Telukbetung) SB 48-8 (Pulau-Pulau Seribu) SB 48-11 (Serang) SB 48-12 (Djakarta) SB 48-16 (Djampang-Kulon) SB 49-9 (Tjirebon) SB 49-13 (Garut) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java List of the sources used for the compilation the maps of the western part of Java: Java, 1:50,000, Topographische Dienst, Batavia, 1923-40 (SB 48-7) Java and Madura, Topographische Dienst, Batavia, 1919-43 (SB 49-9) Netherlands Hydrographic Chart, (SB 48-7) Indonesia Hydrographic Chart 79, 1951 (SB 49-9) Sumatra, 1:100,000, Topographische Dienst, Batavia, (SB 48-7) Netherlands Hydrographic Chart 80, 1949 (SB 49-9) Java and Madura, Topographische Dienst, 1940 (SB 48-8) British Admiralty Chart, 1934 (SB 49-9) USHO Charts, 1941, 1947, 1951 Java and Madura, Topographische Dienst, Batavia, 1915-1940 (SB 49-13) Netherlands Hydrographic Chart, (SB 48-8) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, Army Map Service, 1916-1941 (SB 49-13) Indonesia Hydrographic Chart 79, 1951 (SB 48-8) Java and Madura, Australian Survey Corps, 1929 und 1938 (SB 49-13) Java /Madura, Topographische Dienst, Batavia, 1921-41 (SB 48-11) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, Directorate of Military Survey, 1927 (SB 49-13) Java and Madura, Army Map Service, 1908, 1931-40 (SB 48-11) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, Directorate of Military Survey, 1927 (SB 49-13) De Krakatan [sic!] Groep, Naturwetenschappelyk Congress, 1919 (SB 48-11) Netherlands Hydrographic Chart 108, 1949 (SB 49-13) USHO Charts, 1948 (SB 48-11) British Admiralty [Chart?/Teil überklebt], 1934 (SB 49-13) Java and Madura, Topographische Dienst, Batavia, 1915-41 (SB 48-12) Java and Madura, (Japanese) Java Inspectorate of Military Administration Survey 1943 (SB 49-13) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, AMS, 1943-44 (SB 48-12) USHO Charts, 1947-48 (SB 48-12) Indonesia Hydrographic Chart 79, 1951 (SB 48-12) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, Topographische Dienst, Batavia (SB 48-16) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, Australian Survey Corps, 1923-41 (SB 48-16) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, Army Service, 1923-38 (SB 48-16) USHO Chart, 1948 (SB 48-16) Java and Madura, 1:50,000, AMS, 1943-45 (SB 49-9) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Map sheet SB 49-13 (Garut) Detail of the map sheet SB 49-13 (Garut) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java List of hydronyms From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Small statistics: 383: Total number of found hydronyms on the so-called CIA maps of West-Java 269: Number of translated hydronyms on the basis of R.R. Hardjadibrata Sundanese English Dictionary and Kamus Bahasa Indonesia 114: Number not yet identified meanings 293: Number of hydronyms beginning with > ci < 314: Total number of hydronyms with the morphem > ci < From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java More statistics: 293: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > ci < 46: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > situ < 22: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > kali < 11: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > rawa < 5: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > sungai < 2: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > danau < 1: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > rancah < 1: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > telega < 1: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > lorogan < 1: Number of Hydronyms beginning with > conduit < From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Ci: (abbrev. of cai) water etc. Conduit (Kanal): English/French: Canal Danau: Bahasa Indonesia: lake Kali: Jav.: river Lorogan Cilintang (Bucht):? Lorog: row of rice-field plots (s.m. rorog) Rancah: Rancah = ranca?; ranca: marsh, swamp, morass, bog, marshy ground Rawa: Swamp, marsh Situ: Lake (made by damming) Sungai: Mal.: river Telega/Telaga: Mal. lake From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java The folk etymology of „ci“. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Kendang Ciblon Ciblon Waterboom in Brebes From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Tradisi Ciblon: water music at Sungai Gajahwong Yogyakarta The > ci < in Ciblon is probably of onomatopoeic origin, caused be the sound of water. The Sundanese word > ci < comes from > cai, cair <. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Some classes and categories. Ideas about possible categories or classifications are from the colour, sound, smell, condition etc. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java First approach for a classification of the 169 hydronyms with an identified meaning (some are counted twice because of double meaning or assignment): 129 102 21 20 17 11 7 7 6 4 3 2 - Quality Plant Animal Place Building (man made) Colour Stone Spirit Instrument Sound Human Metall From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Quality-Attributes Ci Beber Ci Biuk Ci Bugel Ci Herang Ci Kiruh Beber 2: place in the river (at the estuary) where there is little or no stream Stink, smell Bugel 2: dried branch of a river; (of a river) temporarily blocked in its outlet (because of accumulated silt etc.) so that it cannot flow out and the bed below the blockage remains dry. Hérang: clear (s.m. not turbid); shining, glittering, gleaming. Turbid, muddy From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Plant-Attributes Ci Gebang Ci Jengkol Ci Kadu k.o. palm tree (the leaf-stalks are made into bags, basketwork and clothes); basketry of gebang leafstalks. a. a (podbearing) tree, member of the Leguminoseae b. the pungent seed of such (eaten as a side dish with rice) Durian fruit/tree Ci Kepuh k.o. tall tree, member of Sterculiaceae (has pungent flowers, the seeds produce a k.o. oil) Ci Keueus k.o. wild banana (plant), Musa acuminata Colla From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Plant-Attributes Ci Keueus Keueuseun: (of so.'s teeth) having bad teeth, affected by teeth decay k.o. wild banana (plant), Musa acuminata Colla From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Plant-Attributes Ci Keueus k.o. wild banana (plant), Musa acuminata Colla Keueuseun: (of so.'s teeth) having bad teeth, affected by teeth decay pisang-klutuk From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Plant-Attributes Ci Keueus k.o. wild banana (plant), Musa acuminata Colla Keueuseun: (of so.'s teeth) having bad teeth, affected by teeth decay pisang-klutuk Ci Seel Séél: kind of cane sééleun: have stomach pain (because of excessive laughing) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Plant-Attributes Ci Paranje Paranji??? paranji/karanji: k.o. (pod-bearing) tall tree, member of the Leguminosae (supplies good timber, the fruit pulp is eaten) Ci Bunar Very thin bamboo Ci Teureup k.o. (wild) bread-fruit tree, member of the Urticaceae (the timber is used for housing and boat construction an is impervious to white ants), the milky juice serves as bird-lime, the seeds are eaten roasted or cooked, the inner bark are made into ropes. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Animal-Attributes but also plant/tree Ci Badak Rhinoceros... ngabadak Cihéa (expr. for so. Who) stiffly walk past without making any notice of so. or st. badakan a. with stone-filled bamboo crib (used when damming a river)... ki badak I: k.o. maple (tree), member of the Sapindaceae ki badak II: k.o. tree, member of the Loganiaceae (produces good timber for building construction, not affected by white ants) Babadakeun: frightened, be troubled by (the sight) of a rhinoceros (that comes across in the wilderness) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Animal-Attributes Ci Buaya Crocodile Ci Julang Hornbill (bird) Ci Kalong Flying fox Ci Ogong A river snail, bigger than tutut Ci Simeut Grasshopper From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Place-Attributes Ci Gunung Mountain Ci Teluk Bay, bight Examples for Building (man made)-Attributes Ci Cukan Ci Lurung Ci Pager Ci Pondok Cukang? Plank bridge (esp. a tree trunk or a set of bamboo over a canal etc.), small (pedestrian) bridge Street, (little) alley (esp. in built-up area) Fence, enclosure, hedge, wall, hoarding, railing (Small) home for temporary occupation, (covered) place to spend the night, cottage, hut (on the fields, in the jungle) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Colour-Attributes Ci Bodas Ci Hideung White Black Examples for Stone-Attributes Ci Batuhideung Ci Cadas Ci Karang Batu hideung: black stone, black rock Limestone, rock, fixed stones (on the river bed etc.) Karang 1: beauty spot karang 2: reef, rock; coral From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Spirit-Attributes Ci Dangiang Dang(h)iang: (local) tutelary spirit (spirit of the village, house, etc; dwells in trees tec.) Ci Kabuyutan (schlecht lesbar) Buyut/kabuyutan: arch-enemy Ci Moyan Moyang??? moyang: the ancestors Rawa Lakbok a.: kind of evil spirit; b.: tiger of an unusual size Examples for Instrument-Attributes Ci Baliung Ci Gendir Ci Palu Baliung k.o. axe (also used as an adze), hatchet Gendir/gegendir: a. club, cudgel; b. (name for a part of the traditional weaving apparatus) k.o. stick that is stuck between warp yarns of the weaving. Hammer From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Examples for Sound-Attributes Ci Perepet Pérépét: onom. for: crackling or sputtering sound (of burning paper, snapping of dry sword-grass, when walking through it) Ci Kurutug Onom. description of the sound of a hail-storm of small objects (eg. stones) Examples for Human-Attributes Kali Tuan (Kanal) Master, mister (esp. used for foreigners, Europeans and non-Europeans) Examples for Metall/Colour-Attributes Ci Emas Kali Perak Gold Pérak: silver From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Explanation attempt. Why does a river need a name? From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Some suggestions from the Noorduyn article: Rivers as frontiers: […] is the same region as that which was known in the 17th century as Sela Gadung, lying between the rivers Ci-Langla and Ci-Wulan (De Haan 1912:109). (Noorduyn S. 436) Changing names through the times: […] where he crossed the Ci-Lohku (11. 1118-1126). This is the river which is now called Lukulo, flowing through present-day Këbumen. Possibly its original name was Loh Kula. (Noorduyn S. 434) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Hydronyms from place names: Ci-Watukura (The next river to the west of it is at present called Bagawanta (Bogowonto), meaning "our reverend lord" (Skt. Old Jav. bhagawan "reverend"). Not far from its mouth the village of Watukura, however, is still to be found, as Poerbatjaraka . (Noorduyn S. 433) The next river which Bujangga Manik crossed was the Ci-Punagara (1. 70; 716), in Dutch sources usually called the river of Pamanukan after the place by this name lying near its mouth. (Noorduyn S. 420f) Since there is near its source a mountain called Gunung Bulangrang (1019 m), it is possible that the Ci-Gunung was formerly called Ci-Bulangrang. (Noorduyn S. 422) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Finding a way to a certain place. Rivers (and lakes) as a network and orientation system for transport and travel. Names of plants or trees can be a naturally given situation, but they also could be planted for orientation of travelers/river boats men. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Budaya dalam penelitian toponimi About toponyms with <ci> From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Procedure for the inclusion of toponym with > ci <: • Collection of all toponyms with > ci < Source: Daftar Kode Pos Jawa Barat No cross check whether these places have any physical connection with water • Erasing all place names without > ci < • Comparison with the > ci < hydronym list (thanks to Mr. Peter Jürgensen for progamming the Excel List Comparison Function) From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Some basic thoughts on the relation of toponym and hydronym: Names are essentially meaningless! They merely have an identification function. Assumptions: It makes sense, that a river has one name only. It makes sense, that a river has a describing name which identifies it at its mouth. It makes sense, that a place has a name which describes the water condition at the place itself. It makes no sense, that all or some places on the same river have the name the name of the river itself. Hypothesis: Names of places and rivers are mostly not identic. Secondary hypothesis: It makes sense, that a place at a lake have the same name; because a lake is a place at the line of a river. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Small statistics on the toponym data: 873: Total number of toponyms with > ci < in the Daftar Kode Pos Jawa Barat 383: Total number of found hydronyms on the so-called CIA maps of West-Java 99: Number of ‚overlapping‘ names with > ci < 85: Number of translated ‚overlapping‘ names on the basis of R.R. Hardjadibrata Sundanese English Dictionary and Kamus Bahasa Indonesia 14: Number not yet identified meanings From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Categories: Quality Plant Animal Place Building (man made) Colour Stone Spirit Instrument Sound Human Metall 37 41 8 3 2 5 2 1 1 2 0 1 From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Distribution chart of the categories of the toponym-hydronym overlappings Metall Human Sound Instrument Spirit Stone Colour Building (man made) Place Animal Plant Quality 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Comparison of the distribution of the categories of the toponym-hydronym overlappings with the distribution of hydronyms only Metall Human Sound Instrument Spirit Stone Colour Building (man made) Place Animal Plant Quality 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Proportional comparison of the distribution of the categories of the toponym-hydronym overlappings with the distribution of hydronyms only 140 45 40 120 35 100 30 80 25 60 20 15 40 10 20 5 0 0 Quality Plant Animal Place Building (man made) Colour Stone Spirit Instrument Sound Human Metall From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Hypothesis: Names of places and rivers are mostly not identic. 11,34 % of the toponyms with > ci < (total 873) are identical with the hydronyms. 25,85 % of the hydronyms (total 383) are identical with the toponyms. Secondary hypothesis: It makes sense, that a place at a lake have the same name; because a lake is more like a point at the line of a river. Not yet answered. From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Next questions, next steps: How does the distribution of the categories of all the toponyms of the Kode Pos list look like? What names use the Badui people for their rivers? Compare the classifications of Ci and Kali? From wood water over smelly water to forbidden water. Hydronyms and toponyms in West-Java Thank you for your attention! Terima kasih atas perhatian Anda!
