21446 12333 Bab 2. Berpikir sebagai seorang ekonom.ppt [Compatibility Mode]

Berpikir sebagai
seorang ahli
ekonomi
2
BERPIKIR SEBAGAI SEORANG
EKONOM
Ilmu ekonomi mengantarkan kita untuk :
• Berpikir atas berbagai alternatif yang
memungkinkan untuk ditempuh
• Mengevaluasi biaya atas alternatif yang diambil
baik individu maupun sosial
• Melatih dan memahami bagaimana yang
sesungguhnya terjadi dan isu berkaitan
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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AHLI EKONOMI ADALAH
SEORANG ILMUWAN
Ilmu Ekonomi adalah cara berpikir yang :
• Melibatkan pemikiran analitik dan objective
• Menggunakan metode ilmiah
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Metode Ilmiah: Observasi, Teori dan
Observasi lebih lanjut
• Menggunakan model
(abstraksi=penyederhanaan) untuk membantu
menjelaskan kompleknya kondisi yang nyata
• Membangun teori, mengumpulkan dan
menganalisis data untuk mengevaluasi teori
kembali
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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Peranan Asumsi dalam mempelajari Ilmu
Ekonomi
• Seorang ahli ekonomi menggunakan asumsi
untuk memudahkan pemahaman atas aspek
yang diamati
• Seni dalam berpikir secara ilmiah dalam ilmu
ekonomi adalah keputusan untuk menggunakan
yang mana asumsi yang digunakan.
• Seorang ekonom menggunakan asumsi yang
berbeda untuk menjawab masalah yang berbeda
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Economic Models
• Ahli ekonomi menggunakan model untuk
menyederhanakan realitas sebagai upaya
memahami dunia ini dengan lebih baik.
• Dua model dasar dalam ilmu ekonomi adalah :
• Diagram alir sirkuler
• Batas kemungkinan produksi
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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Model Pertama : The Circular-Flow Diagram
• The circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the
economy that shows how dollars flow through
markets among households and firms.
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Figure 1 The Circular Flow
MARKETS
FOR
GOODS AND SERVICES
•Firms sell
Goods
•Households buy
and services
sold
Revenue
HOUSEHOLDS
•Buy and consume
goods and services
•Own and sell factors
of production
FIRMS
•Produce and sell
goods and services
•Hire and use factors
of production
Factors of
production
Wages, rent,
and profit
Spending
Goods and
services
bought
Labor, land,
MARKETS
and capital
FOR
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Households sell
•Firms buy
Income
= Flow of inputs
and outputs
= Flow of dollars
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
4
Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram
• Firms
• Produce and sell goods and services
• Hire and use factors of production
• Households
• Buy and consume goods and services
• Own and sell factors of production
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram
• Markets for Goods and Services
• Firms sell
• Households buy
• Markets for Factors of Production
• Households sell
• Firms buy
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram
• Factors of Production
• Inputs used to produce goods and services
• Land, labor, and capital
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Our Second Model: The Production
Possibilities Frontier
• The production possibilities frontier is a graph that
shows the combinations of output that the
economy can possibly produce given the
available factors of production and the available
production technology.
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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Figure 2 The Production Possibilities Frontier
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
3,000
D
C
2,200
2,000
A
Production
possibilities
frontier
B
1,000
0
300
600 700
1,000
Quantity of
Cars
Produced
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Our Second Model: The Production
Possibilities Frontier
• Concepts Illustrated by the Production
Possibilities Frontier
•
•
•
•
Efficiency
Tradeoffs
Opportunity Cost
Economic Growth
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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Figure 3 A Shift in the Production Possibilities Frontier
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
4,000
3,000
2,100
2,000
E
A
Quantity of
0
700 750
1,000 Cars Produced
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
• Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts
of the economy.
• How households and firms make decisions and how
they interact in specific markets
• Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a
whole.
• Economy-wide phenomena, including inflation,
unemployment, and economic growth
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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THE ECONOMIST AS POLICY
ADVISOR
• When economists are trying to explain the
world, they are scientists.
• When economists are trying to change the
world, they are policy advisor.
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
POSITIVE VERSUS NORMATIVE
ANALYSIS
• Positive statements are statements that attempt to
describe the world as it is.
• Called descriptive analysis
• Normative statements are statements about how
the world should be.
• Called prescriptive analysis
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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POSITIVE VERSUS NORMATIVE
ANALYSIS
• Positive or Normative Statements?
?
• An increase in the minimum wage will cause a
decrease in employment among the least-skilled.
POSITIVE
?
• Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest
rates to increase.
POSITIVE
?
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
POSITIVE VERSUS NORMATIVE
ANALYSIS
• Positive or Normative Statements?
?
• Kesejahteraan masyarakat merupakan tujuan yang
pokok dari pelaksanaan semua kegiatan
pembangunan.
NORMATIVE
?
• Pabrik rokok harus mencantumkan akibat negatif
pada kesehatan atas penggunaan rokok tersebut.
NORMATIVE
?
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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WHY ECONOMISTS DISAGREE
• They may disagree about the validity of
alternative positive theories about how the
world works.
• They may have different values and, therefore,
different normative views about what policy
should try to accomplish.
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Summary
• Economists try to address their subjects with a
scientist’s objectivity.
• They make appropriate assumptions and build
simplified models in order to understand the world
around them.
• Two simple economic models are the circular-flow
diagram and the production possibilities frontier.
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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Summary
• Economics is divided into two subfields:
• Microeconomists study decisionmaking by
households and firms in the marketplace.
• Macroeconomists study the forces and trends that
affect the economy as a whole
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
Summary
• A positive statement is an assertion about how
the world is.
• A normative statement is an assertion about
how the world ought to be.
• When economists make normative statements,
they are acting more as policy advisors than
scientists.
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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Summary
• Economists who advise policymakers offer
conflicting advice either because of differences
in scientific judgments or because of
differences in values.
• At other times, economists are united in the
advice they offer, but policymakers may choose
to ignore it.
Sosek Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, 2007
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