deskripsi tanah

Foto: smno.kampus.ub.janu2013
BAHAN KAJIAN MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH. Smno.jursntnh.fpub.febr2013
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) that
are primarily composed of minerals which differ from their
parent materials in their texture, structure, consistency, color,
chemical, biological and other characteristics.
It is the unconsolidated or loose covering of fine rock
particles that covers the surface of the earth.
Tanah merupakan hasil akhir dari pengaruh iklim
(temperature, precipitation), relief (slope), organisme (flora
dan fauna), bahan induk (mineral-mineral), dan waktu.
DIUNDUH DARI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil……. 13/2/2013
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Pedology (from Greek: πέδον, pedon, "soil"; and λόγος, logos, "study") is
the study of soils in their natural environment.
It is one of two main branches of soil science, the other being
edaphology.
Pedology mengkaji pedogenesis, morfologi tanah, dan klasifikasi tanah;
sedangkan edaphology mengkaji cara-cara bagaimana tanah
mempengaruhi tumbuhan, fungi, dan organisme lainnya.
Soil is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the zone beneath
our feet (the pedosphere) of numerous interactions between climate
(water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and
its residues, the mineral material of the original and added rock, and its
position in the landscape.
Selama proses genesisnya, profil tanah mengalami pendalaman dan
mengembangkan lapisan-lapisan yang khas, yang disebut 'horizon',
sambil menuju keadaan kesetimbangan.
DIUNDUH DARI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_%28soil_study%29……. 13/2/2013
DESKRIPSI TANAH
SOIL MORPHOLOGY is the field observable attributes of the soil within
the various soil horizons and the description of the kind and arrangement
of the horizons.
C.F. Marbut championed reliance on soil morphology instead of on
theories of pedogenesis for soil classification because theories of soil
genesis are both ephemeral and dynamic.
The observable attributes ordinarily described in the field include the
composition, form, soil structure and organization of the soil, color of the
base soil and features such as mottling, distribution of roots and pores,
evidence of translocated materials such as carbonates, iron, manganese,
carbon and clay, and the consistence of the soil.
The observations are typically performed on a soil profile. A profile is a
vertical cut, two dimensional, in the soil and bounds one side of a pedon.
The pedon is the smallest three dimensional unit, but not less than 1
meter square on top, that captures the lateral range of variability.
DIUNDUH DARI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_morphology……. 13/2/2013
DESKRIPSI TANAH : HORISON
Horison tanah adalah lapisan-lapisan di dalam profil tanah yang posisinya sejajar dnegan
permukaan tanah. A soil profile is made up of several horizons and each is distinguished from
the horizon above or below by being different in one or more characteristics. These differences
include colour, texture, structure, consistence, and coatings.
DIUNDUH DARI: http://soilsdev.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Topic-Describing_Soils/How_To_Recognise_Soil_Horizons/ …….
16/2/2013
MORFOLOGI TANAH
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
MORFOLOGI TANAH
Berdasarkan pada sifat fisika dan kimiawi :
WARNA
TEKSTUR
STRUKTUR
Density / PorositAS
PERGERAKAN AIR
Reactivity of mineral and organic colloids
KEMASAMAN TANAH & pH
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Color
Dark/grayish-black color
Orange vs. Gray colors
Texture
Sandy vs. Clayey
Structure Good vs. Poor Structure
Density
Porosity, organic matter, compaction
Water
Pore sizes, porosity, water movement, saturation
Reactivity
Cation exchange capacity
Acidity
Plant tolerances, buffering, base saturation
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Factors Affecting Soil Formation
The 5 soil forming factors
Climate
Organisms/Vegetation
Parent material
Topography
Time
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
PENAMAAN / PENGENALAN HORISON TANAH
O Horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
Horison C
Horison Utama - Master Horizons
Organic matter
Sandy
Clays/iron
Parent
1.
O Organik
2.
A Topsoil, Bahan organik,
daur-ulang
3.
E Elluviasi
4.
B Berkembang /akumulasi
5.
C Bahan induk tanah
6.
R Batuan dasar
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Master Horizons; Horison Utama
Enough information?
O horizon
A horizon
R horizon
E horizon
(Elluvial)
C horizon
B horizon
B horizon
(Illuvial)
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Subordinate Distinctions
b – buried horizon – Horison terkubur
c – concretions
d – root restrictive
g – gleying
h – illuvial organic matter
k – carbonates
m – cementation
o - oxic
p – plowing/disturbance
q – secondary silica
r – soft bedrock (saprolite)
s – illuvial sesquioxides and O.M.
t – clay accumulation
v – plinthite
w – development of color/structure
x - fragipan
g – gleying
h – illuvial organic matter
p – plowing/disturbance
t – clay accumulation
w – development of color/structure
o – oxic - Oksik
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Subordinate Distinction
h = Akumulasi bahan organik
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Akumulasi bahan illuvial kompleks logam-bahan organik
Selimut pada pasir dan partikel diskrit
h = “humik”
Value dan chroma sekitar 3 atau kurang
Digunakan dnegan horison utama B (mos. Horison Bh)
Horison Bh
“Horison Spodik”
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Subordinate Distinction
p = dibajak/diolah, plowed
Horison permukaan yang terganggu (Kultivation, pasture, Kehutanan)
Digunakan dengan horison utama A (mis. Horison Ap)
Ap horizon
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Pembeda sub-ordinat = Subordinate Distinction
t = akumulasi liat
1.
2.
3.
4.
Translokasi liat atau terbentuk di tempat
Selimut atau diskrit
Digunakan dnegan horison utama B (mis. Bt)
Kalau reduksi, dapat digunakan dengan sub-horison g (Btg)
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Pembeda sub-ordinat = Subordinate Distinction
w = warna atau struktur
Perkembangan warna atau
struktur secara Non-illuvial
“w” = “weak”
Biasanya digunakan dnegan
horison utama B (mis. Bw)
Bw
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Pembeda sub-ordinat = Subordinate Distinction
o = oxic horizon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Aktivitas liat rendah
Sedikit bahan dapat lapuk
Struktur batuan sedikit
Oksida Fe dan Al
Horison oksik mempunyai:
1. a CEC 7 < 16cmol(+)/kg of clay and an ECEC < 12
cmol(+)/kg of clay which is due to the low activity clay
minerals (1:1 clays, Fe and Al oxides, etc)
2. < 10% weatherable minerals in the sand fraction
3. Struktur batuan < 5%
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Subordinate Distinctions
g – gleying
h – illuvial organic matter
p – plowing/disturbance
t – clay accumulation
w – development of color/structure
o – oxic
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... …….
13/2/2013
KEJELASAN - DISTINCTNESS
Distinctness describes the ease with which features can
be identified. It is often used for mottle colour and surface
coatings.
Faint:
Features can only be identified using 10x lens and cannot
be positively identified in all places. They are generally
thin and their contrast with the adjacent matrix is small.
Distinct:
Features have sufficient colour or texture contrast to be
seen without magnification, but may need a lens for
positive identification.
Prominent:
Features are conspicuous without magnification and can
be readily distinguished from the matrix by sharp colour or
texture contract or by their thickness. Some thin features,
eg mangans can be prominent.
Sumber: http://soilsdev.ew.govt.nz/TopicDescribing_Soils/Distinctness/
Subordinate Distinction
a, e, i
Menyatakan derajat dekomposisi bahan organik
dalam Horison O
Oa – Dekomposisi lanjut (Saprik)
Oe – Dekomposisi moderat (Hemik)
Oi – Dekomposisi ringan (Fibrik)
Saprik – Dekomposisi lanjut, serat tumbuhan sedikit, kandungan air rendah
Hemik – Dekomposisi sedang / intermediate
Fibrik – dekomposisi ringan, serat-serat masih dapat dikenali
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Ikhtisar
Horison Utama: O, A, E, B, C, R
Simbol Subordinate : g, h, p, t, w and a,e,i
Contoh:
Oa, Oe, Oi
Bt
Bg
Btg
Bw
Ap
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Vertical Subdivisions
Dicirikan oleh sifat-penciri utama dan/atau subordinat
yang serupa, dipisahkan oleh “degree”.
Horison Bt
Bt1
Bt2
Bt3
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Horison Transisi
Lapisan transisi di antara horison utama.
AE
EB
BE
Ciri Dominan
Ciri Subordinate
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Hierarkhi Taksonomi Tanah
Order
12
Suborder
63
Great group
250
Sub group
1400
Family
8000
Series
19,000
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Unit-unit untuk klasifikasi tanah
Pedon – smallest three-dimensional unit that displays
the full range of properties characteristic of
a given soil. (1-10 m2 of area)
- Unit mendasar dari klasifikasi tanah
Polypedon – Sekelompok pedon yang berhubungan erat di
lapangan
Soil Series – class of soils world-wide which share a common
suite of soil profile properties
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Unit-unit Sampel Tanah
Malabar Series
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Horison Diagnostik (Horison Penciri)
untuk Klasifikasi Tanah
Permukaan
Bawahperrmukaan
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Diagnostic Surface Horizons
Epipedon
Mollik
Umbrik
Ochrik
Histik
Melanik
Plaggen
Anthropik
DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/organic.htm ……. 16/2/2013
Horison-permukaan Diagnostik =
Diagnostic Surface Horizons
X = Florida
Melanik
X
Plaggen
Histik
Mollic
X
Umbrik
X
Anthropik
Okhrik
X
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Mollic Epipedon
Tebal
> 18-25 cm
Warna
Value
< 3.5 lembab
Chroma < 3.5 lembab
C-organik
Kejenuhan basa
> 0.6 %
> 50 %
Struktur tanah
Berkembang sangat
baik
Karbon Organik = Bahan organik x 0.57
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
EPIPEDON UMBRIK
Memenuhi semua kriteria Epipedon Molik,
Kecuali kejenuhan basanya < 50%
Secara kimiawi berbeda dengan Molik
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
EPIPEDON OKRIK = Ochric Epipedon
Terlalu : Tipis
Ringan, warna terang
Muskin bahan organik
Mollic
Umbric
Ochric = Pucat
Sangat umum - “Extremely common”
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Epipedon Histik
1. Horison organik yg
terbentuk di daerah
basah
2. Warna hitam hingga
coklat gelap
3. Bobot Isi rendah
4. Tebalnya 20-30 cm
Organik =
> 20% - 35% bahan organik.
(Jenuh air, kadar liat )
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Epipedon Melanik
1. Sifatnya serupa dnegan Molik
2. Terbentuk dalam abu vulkanik
3. Ringan, Fluffy
Melanic Epipedon:
The melanic epipedon is a thick black horizon which
contains high concentrations of organic matter, usually
associated with short-range-order minerals or
aluminium-humus complexes. The intense black color
is attributed to the accumulation of organic matter from
which "Type A" humic acids are extracted.
This organic matter is thought to result from large
amounts of gramineous vegetation, and can be
distinguished from organic matter formed under forest
vegetation by the melanic index.
(http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/organic.htm)
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
HORISON ANTHROPIK
• Serupa dengan Molik (warna, bahan organik)
• Digunakan manusia
• Tulang dan kerangka
• Air dari aktivitas manusia
Anthropic Epipedon:
The requirements for the anthropic
epipedon are the same for the mollic,
except that P2O5 soluble in 1% citric acid is
> 250 ppm.
(http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/organic.ht
m)
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Epipedon Plaggen
Dihasilkan oleh penggunaan rabuk jangka
panjang (100s tahun)
Horison permukaan buatan manusia, tua
Tebal > 50 cm
Plaggen Epipedon:
The plaggen epipedon is a cultural surface
horizon produced by long continued
manuring. Its color depends on the nature
of the manure. Commonly it contains
artifacts, such as bits of bricks and pottery
through out its depth.
(http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/organic.htm)
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Diagnostic Surface Horizons
Epipedon:
Mollic
Umbric
Ochric
Histic
Melanic
Plaggen
Anthropic
Very common
“specialized”
Human-derived
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Akumulasi Bahan ORganik
Akumulasi bahan organik
Histic
Mollic, Umbric
ochric
waktu
Bahan induk
Vegetasi
tmax = 3000 yrs
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Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Horison-penciri yang lokasinya di bawah-permukaan
Pembentukan
Translokasi
Transformasi
Clays
Endopedon (B)
Agric
Argillic
Cambic
Kandic
Natric
Oxic
Sombric
Spodic
Organic Matter
Oxides
: Akumulasi liat dan humus, akibat pengolahan tanah
: Akumulasi liat
: "color" atau perkembangannya lemah
: Argillik dengan liat seperti-kaolinit
: Argillic, nilai ESP tinggi
: Pelapukan lanjut
: Masam, akumulasi humus, tropis
: Masam, daerah dingin, akumulasi humus-sesquioxida
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Subsurface Horizons
Formation
Translocation
Transformation
Bahan organik
Warna gelap
Logam (Fe, Al)
Liat
Smectit
Kaolinit
Oksida
Iron
Aluminum
Juga: garam, karbonat, sulfida
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Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Horison-penciri yang lokasinya di bawah-permukaan
Albic
Argillic
Spodic
Oxic
Kandic
Cambic
Sombric
sulfuric
Natric
Agric
Calcic
Gypsic
Salic
Duripan
Fragipan
Placic
Sub-Horizon Designations
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Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Horison-penciri yang lokasinya di bawah-permukaan
Horison Albik (putih)
Light-colored (Value > 6 moist )
Elluvial (E master horizon*)
Low in clay, Fe and Al oxides
Generally sandy textured
Low chemical reactivity (low CEC)
Typically overlies Bh or Bt horizons
albic
*tidak semua horion E adalah horison albik
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Horison Argilik
Akumulasi liat silikat hasil iluviasi
Illuvial based on overlying horizon
Jembatan liat
Selimut liat
Accumulation based on absolute increases compared to relevant horizon above or below. Argillic horizon. An
argillic horizon is an illuvial horizon in which layer-silicate clays have accumulated to a significant extent by
illuviation. They have formed below the surface of a mineral soil but may be exposed at the surface by
erosion. In general, this is a B horizon which has an increase in clay content of at least 1.2 times that of the
eluvial horizon above and is, in general, parallel to the surface of the polypedon. This increase of 20% in clay
content occurs most in soils within a vertical distance of less than 30 cm. In case of clayey soils, this
requirement would be unreasonable. If the surface horizon is greater than 40% clay, the increase of clay
needed is only 8%. For sandy soils with less than 15% clay, an increase of 3% is required for meeting the
criteria of an argillic horizon. In other words, if the clay content of the eluvial horizon is between 15 and
40%, an increase in clay of 20% is needed to meet the requirements for an argillic horizon.
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Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Horison-penciri yang lokasinya di bawah-permukaan
Horison Argilik
TINGGI
Pasti
Horison Kandik
Aktivitas liat
Iluviasi Liat
RENDAH
Belum tentu
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Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Spodic Horizon
1. Akumulasi bahan organik dan
aluminum (+/- besi) hasil Iluviasi
2. Berwarna gelap (value, chroma < 3)
3. Kejenuhan basa rendah (masam)
4. Terbentuk pada kondisi masam basah
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Spodik
Eluviasi dan Iluviasi
Eluviasi (Horison E dan Horison A)
A
E
Bahan organik
Liat
A
E
Bh horizon
Bt horizon
Bt
Bh
Spodic horizon
Argillic horizon
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Oxic horizon
• Highly weathered (high temperatures, high rainfall)
- High in Fe, Al oxides
activity
- High in low-activity clays (kaolinite < smectite < vermiculite)
DIUNDUH DARI: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../... ……. 13/2/2013
DESKRIPSI TANAH
KARAKTERISTIK PERMUKAAN TANAH
Beberapa karakteristik permukaan tanah yang penting:
1. Singkapan batuan
2. Fragmen kasar batuan
3. Erosi tanah
4. Kerak permukaan
5. Retak permukaan
6. Adanya garam
7. Pasir putih
8. Seresah tumbuhan
9. Kotoran cacing
10. Bongkahan/gumpalan
11. Pelumpuran.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Singkapan Batuan
Klasifikasi singkapan batuan
Batuan-dasar yang
tersingkap di permukaan
dapat mengganggu
aktivitas pertanian.
Singkapan batuan ini
dideskripsikan dalam
bentuk persentase tutupan
permukaan, dan informasi
lainnya seperti ukurannya,
tata-letaknya, dan
kekerasan batuan yang
tersingkap.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Fragmen kasar di
permukaan
Klasifikasi fragmen kasar di
permukaan
Fragmen kasar ini
termasuk fragmen
yang tersingkap
sebagian,
dideskripsikan
dalam bentuk
persentase tutupan
permukaan, dan
ukuran fragmen.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Erosi Tanah
Deskripsi erosi tanah harus difokuskan pada erosi tanah
akibat aktivitas manusia. Biasanya sulit membedakan antara
erosi alamiah dan erosi yang dipercepat akibat manusia.
Erosi yang dipercepat merupakan akibat dari pengelolaan
tanah yang “tidak tepat” , seperti budidaya pertanian yang
tidak tepat, overgrazing dan panen vegetasi alamiah yang
berlebihan.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Kategori Erosi
Klasifikasi Kategori Erosi
Erosi dapat
dikelompokkan
menjadi erosi oleh air
dan erosi oleh angin,
dan mencakup efek
eksternal (off-site)
seperti sedimentasi
atau deposisi; kategori
lainnya adalah
gerakan massa tanah
(longsor dan
fenomena yang
terkait).
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Luas area yang
terpengaruh erosi
Klasifikasi luas area yang ada
erosinya
Total aera yang
terpengaruh oleh erosi
dan
sedimentasi/deposisi
diestimasi dengan kelaskelas yang didefinisikan
oleh SOTER
(FAO, 1995)
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Derajat Erosi
Klasifikasi derajat erosi
It is difficult to define classes of the
degree of erosion that would be
equally appropriate for all soils and
environments and that would also fit
the various types of water and wind
erosion.
Ada empat kelas derajat erosi yang
direkomendasikan, dan ini harus
dideskripsikan lebih lanjut, yaitu S
(ringan), M (moderat), V (parah), E
(sangat parah).
For example, in the case of gully and
rill erosion, the depth and spacing
may need to be recorded; for sheet
erosion, the loss of topsoil; for
dunes, the height; and for deposition,
the thickness of the layer .
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Klasifikasi aktivitas erosi
Aktivitas erosi
Periode aktivitas
erosi dan deposisi
yang dipercepat
dideskripsikan
menurut klasifikasi
berikut:
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Kerak permukaan = Surface sealing
Kerak permukaan digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan adanya
kerak yang berkembang di permukaan ntanah setelah topsoil
mengering.
Kerak-kerak permukaan ini dapat menghambat
perkecambahan benih , menghambat infiltrasi air, dan
meningkatkan runoff. Atribut kerak permukaan adalah
konsistensi (kering), dan tebalnya kerak.
Kerak permukaan yang tuidak menggulung seluruhnya pada
saat mengering → Horison takyric.
Kerak permukaan → Hyperochric qualifier.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Klasifikasi atribut kerak-permukaan
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
DESKRIPSI TANAH
RETAKAN DI PERMUKAAN
Retak-permukaan (Surface crack) berkembang pada tanah-tanah yang
kaya tipe liat mengembang-kerut setelah mengering. Lebarnya retakan
( lebar rata-rata atau rata-rata lebar dan lebar maksimum) di permukaan
diukur dengan satuan sentimeter.
Rata-rata jarak di antara retakan juga diukur dengan satuan sentimeter.
1. Retakan yang membuka dan menutup secara periodik → Vertisols.
2. Retakan yang membuka dan menutup periodik , lebarnya ≥ 1 cm → Ciri vertik.
3. Retakan poligon yang dalamnya ≥ 2 cm kalau tanah mengering → Horison
takyric.
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Klasifikasi retakan permukaan
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Garam - Salt
The occurrence of salt at the
surface may be described in
terms of cover, appearance
and type of salt.
Klasifikasi Garam di permukaan
Klasifikasi berdasarkan
persentase tutupan
permukaan dan ketebalan.
Catatan untuk klasifikasi
tanah:
Kerak terdorong oleh kristal
garam → Puffic qualifier.
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Pasir = Bleached sand
Klasifikasi karakteristik Pasir
The presence of bleached, loose
sand grains on the surface is
typical for certain soils and
influences the reflection
characteristics of the area and,
hence, the image obtained
through remote sensing.
Klasifikasi berdasarkan pada
persentase tutupan permukaan.
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Batas-batas horison - HORIZON BOUNDARY
Batas-batas horison memberikan informasi tentang proses apa ayang dominan dalam
genesis tanah. Dalam kasus-kasus tertentu, dampak antropogenik masa lalu terhadap
bentang-lahan. Batas-batas horison dideskripsikan dnegan indikator “kedalaman”,
“kejelasan” dan “topografi”.
Kedalaman
Most soil boundaries are zones of transition rather than sharp lines of division.
The depth of the upper and lower boundaries of each horizon is given in centimetres, measured
from the surface (including organic and mineral covers) of the soil downwards.
Precise notations in centimetres are used where boundaries are abrupt or clear. Rounded-off
figures (to the nearest 5 cm) are entered where the boundaries are gradual or diffuse, avoiding the
suggestion of spurious levels of accuracy. However, if boundary depths are near diagnostic limits,
roundedoff figures should not be used. In this case, the depth is indicated as a medium value for
the transitional zone (if it starts at 16 cm and terminates at 23 cm, the depth should be 19.5 cm).
Most horizons do not have a constant depth. The variation or irregularity of the surface of the
boundary is described by the topography in terms of smooth, wavy, irregular and broken. If
required, ranges in depth should be given in addition to the average depth, for example 28 (25–31)
cm to 45 (39–51) cm.
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah:
Banyak horison penciri dan sifat-penciri ditemukan pada kedalaman tertentu. Batas
kedalaman yang penting adalah 10, 20, 25, 40, 50, 100 dan 120 cm.
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Kejelasan dan Topografi
Kejelasan batas-horison menyatakan
ketebalan zone dimana batas horison
belokasi tanpa menjadi bagian dari salah
satu horison terdekat.
Topografi batas-horison menyatakan
“smoothness” variasi kedalaman dari
batas-horison.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Klasifikasi batas horison, menurut
kejelasan dan topografinya
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah
Cryoturbation → cryic horizon,
Cryosols and Turbic qualifier.
Tonguing of a mollic or umbric
horizon into an underlying layer →
Glossic qualifier.
Tonguing of an eluvial albic horizon
into an argic horizon → albeluvic
tonguing and Glossalbic qualifier.
Diffuse horizon boundaries → Nitisols.
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DESKRIPSI TEKSTUR TANAH
Tekstur tanah menyatakan proporsi berbagai kelas ukuran partikel primer (atau
separat tanah, atau fraksi tanah) dalam suatu volume tanah dan dideskripsikan
sebagai Kelas Tekstur Tanah.
The names for the particle-size classes correspond closely with commonly used
standard terminology, including that of the system used by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA). However, many national systems describing
particle-size and textural classes use more or less the same names but different
grain fractions of sand, silt and clay, and textural classes.
KELAS TEKSTUR TANAH
Nama kelas tekstur (yang mendeskripsikan kombinasi kelas ukuran partikel
primer) dari suatu tanah dinyatakan dnegan kode-kode.
In addition to the textural class, a field estimate of the percentage of clay is given.
This estimate is useful for indicating increases or decreases in clay content within
textural classes, and for comparing field estimates with analytical results. The
relationship between the basic textural classes and the percentages of clay, silt
and sand is indicated in a triangular form.
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Pembagian Fraksi Pasir
Sands, loamy sands and sandy loams are subdivided according to the
proportions of very coarse to coarse, medium, fine and very fine sands in the
sand fraction. The proportions are calculated from the particle-size distribution,
taking the total of the sand fraction as being 100 percent.
Estimasi Kelas Tekstur Tanah di Lapangan
The textural class can be estimated in the field by simple field tests and feeling
the constituents of the soil. For this, the soil sample must be in a moist to weak
wet state. Gravel and other constituents > 2 mm must be removed.
Komponen yang mempunyai “rasa” berikut:
1. Clay: “soils finger”, kohesif (melekat), dapat dibentuk, plastisitas tinggi dan
mempunyai permukaan mengkilap setelah diremas (dipirit-pirit) di antara jarijari tangan.
2. Silt: “soils finger”, tidak melekat, agak sulit dibentuk, mempunyai permukaan
kasar setelah diremas di antara jari-jari tangan dan rasanya sangat bertepung
(seperti bedak).
3. Sand: tidak dapat dibentuk, bukan “soil finger” dan rasanya sangat berbutir
grainy.
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Catatan untuk klasifikais tanah :
Karakteristik diagnostik penting yang berasal dari kelas tekstur:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Tekstur pasir berlempung atau lebih kasar hingga kedalaman ≥ 100 cm → Arenosol.
Tekstur pasir halus berlempung atau lebih kasar dalam lapisan yg tebalnya ≥ 30 cm di dalam 100
cm permukaan tanah → Arenic qualifier.
Tekstur debu, lempung debu, lempung liat berdebu atau liat berdebu dalam lapisan yang tebalnya ≥
30 cm, di dalam 100 cm tanah permukaan → Siltic qualifier.
A texture of clay in a layer ≥ 30 cm thick within 100 cm of the soil surface → Clayic qualifier.
≥ 30 percent clay throughout a thickness of 25 cm → vertic horizon.
≥ 30 percent clay throughout a thickness of 15 cm → vertic properties.
≥ 30 percent clay between the soil surface and a vertic horizon → Vertisol.
≥ 30 percent clay, < 20 percent change (relative) in clay content over 12 cm to layers immediately
above and below, a silt/clay ratio of < 0.4 → nitic horizon.
Sandy loam or finer particle size → ferralic horizon.
A texture in the fine earth fraction of very fine sand, loamy very fine sand, or finer → cambic horizon.
A texture in the fine earth fraction coarser than very fine sand or loamy very fine sand → Brunic
qualifier.
A texture of loamy sand or finer and ≥ 8 percent clay → argic and natric horizons.
A texture of sand, loamy sand, sandy loam or silt loam or a combination of them → plaggic horizon.
A higher clay content than the underlying soil and relative differences among medium, fine and very
fine sand and clay < 20 percent → irragric horizon.
A texture of sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam or finer → takyric horizon.
≥ 8 percent clay in the underlying layer and within 7.5 cm either doubling of the clay content if the
overlying layer has less then 20 percent or 20 percent (absolute) more clay → abrupt textural change.
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TEKSTUR TANAH
Catatan untuk klasifikais tanah :
Karakteristik diagnostik penting yang berasal dari kelas tekstur:
1. An abrupt change in particle-size distribution that is not solely associated with
a change in clay content resulting from pedogenesis or a relative change of ≥
20 percent in the ratios between coarse sand, medium sand, and fine sand →
lithological discontinuity.
2. The required amount of organic carbon depends on the clay content, if the
layer is saturated with water for ≥ 30 consecutive days in most years →
organic and mineral materials.
3. The required amount of organic carbon depends on the texture → aridic
properties.
4. The depth where an argic horizon starts depends on the texture → Alisols,
Acrisols, Luvisols and Lixisols, and Alic, Acric, Luvic and Lixic qualifiers.
5. An argic horizon in which the clay content does not decrease by 20 percent of
more (relative) from its maximum within 150 cm → Profondic qualifier.
6. Peningkatan absolut liat ≥ 3 % → Hypoluvic qualifier.
7. Rasio Debu/Liat < 0.6 → Hyperalic qualifier.
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Kunci Kelas Tekrtur Tanah
1. Tidak mungkin membuat gulungan (seperti kawat)
diameter 7 mm (sekitar diameter pensil)
1.1. not dirty, not floury, no fine material in the finger
rills:
• if grain sizes are mixed: unsorted sand US < 5
• if most grains are very coarse (> 0.6 mm):
• if most grains are of medium size (0.2–0.6 mm):
• if most grains are of fine size (< 0.2 mm) but still
grainy:
• if most grains are of very fine size (< 0.12 mm),
tending to be floury:
%
liat
Sand
Very coarse & coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
S
CS
MS
FS
<5
<5
<5
<5
Very fine sand
VFS
<5
1.2. not floury, grainy, scarcely fine material in
Loamy sand
the finger rills, weakly shapeable, adheres slightly
to the fingers:
LS
<12
1.3. similar to 1.2 but moderately floury:
SL
(claypoor)
<10
sandy loam
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Kunci Kelas Tekrtur Tanah
2. Possible to roll a wire of about 3–7 mm in diameter
(about half the diameter of a pencil) but breaks when trying
to form the wire to a ring of about 2–3 cm in diameter,
moderately cohesive, adheres to the fingers
2.1 very floury and not cohesive
• some grains to feel:
• no grains to feel:
Silt loam
Silt
SiL
Si
<10
<12
2.2 moderately cohesive, adheres to the fingers, has a
rough and ripped surface after squeezing between fingers
and
• very grainy and not sticky:
• moderate sand grains:
• not grainy but distinctly floury and somewhat sticky:
Sandy loam
Loam
Silt loam
SL
L
SiL
10-25
8-27
10-27
Sandy clay loam
SCL
20-35
2.3 rough and moderate shiny surface after squeezing
between fingers and is sticky and grainy to very grainy:
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Kunci Kelas Tekrtur Tanah
3. Possible to roll a wire of about 3 mm in
diameter (less than half the diameter of a
pencil) and to form the wire to a ring of about
2–3 cm in diameter, cohesive, sticky, gnashes
between teeth, has a moderately shiny to shiny
surface after squeezing between fingers
3.1. very grainy:
3.2. some grains to see and to feel, gnashes
between teeth
• moderate plasticity, moderately shiny
surfaces:
• high plasticity, shiny surfaces:
Sandy clay (Liat berpasir)
SC
35-55
Clay loam (Lempung liat)
Clay (Liat)
CL
C
25-40
40-60
SiCL
SiC
HC
25-40
40-60
>60
3.3. no grains to see and to feel, does not gnash
between teeth
• low plasticity:
Silty clay loam
• high plasticity, moderately shiny surfaces:
Silty clay (Liat berdebu)
• high plasticity, shiny surfaces:
Heavy clay Iliat berat)
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Kunci Kelas Tekrtur Tanah
Catatan:
Penentuan tekstur tanah di lapangan tergfantung pada komposisi mineralogis liat.
Kunci-kunci yang disajikan di atas, terutama untuk tanah-tanah yang
mengandung illite, chlorite dan / atau vermiculite. Liat Smectite lebih plastis, dan
liat kaolinitik lebih lengket. Sehingga adanya liat Smektit dapat mengakibatkan
overestimasi, dan adanya liat kaolinitik dapat mengakibatkan under-estimasi.
Source: Adapted from Schlichting, Blume and Stahr, 1995.
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Fragmen Batuan dan Artefacts
Keberadaan fragmen batuan dapat mempengaruhi status ketersediaan hara,
pergerakan air, penggunaan dan pengelolaan tanah. Hal ini juga mencerminkan
asal-usul dan tingkat perkembangan tanah.
Artefacts (sections on artefacts and description of artefacts [below]) are useful for
identifying colluviation, human occupation, and industrial processes.
Large rock and mineral fragments (> 2 mm) and artefacts are described
according to abundance, size, shape, state of weathering, and nature of the
fragments. The abundance class limits correspond with the ones for surface
coarse fragments and mineral nodules, and the 40 percent boundary coincides
with the requirement for the skeletic phase.
Kalau fragmen batuan tidak terdistribusi secara teratur di dalam suatu horison,
tetapi membentuk semacam “stone line”, maka harus dinyatakan dnegan jelas.
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Kelimpahan (volume) fragmen batuan dan artefacts
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Ukuran fragmen batuan dan artefacts
Klasifikasinya disjaikan dalam tabel berikut.
Catatan untuk klasifikais tanah:
Karakteristik penciri penting yang berasal dari jumlah fragmen batuan:
1. < 20 percent (by volume) fine earth averaged over a depth of 75 cm or to
continuous rock → Leptosols and Hyperskeletic qualifier.
2. ≥ 40 percent (by volume) gravel or other coarse fragments averaged over:
• a depth of 100 cm or to continuous rock → Skeletic qualifier;
• a depth of 50–100 cm → Endoskeletic qualifier;
• a depth of 20– 50 cm → Episkeletic qualifier.
3. ≥ 20 (volume) artefact dalam lapisan atas upper 100 cm → Technosols.
4. < 40 persen volume berupa kerikil atau fragmen kasar lain dalam semua
lapisan hingga 100 cm atau horison petroplinthic, plinthic atau salic →
Arenosols.
5. Material Fragmental, rongga-rongga di antara fragmen diisi oleh bahan
organik → Histosols.
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Klasifikasi fragmen batuan dan artefact
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Bentuk fragmen Batuan
Klasifikasi bentuk fragmen batuan
Bentuk umum atau kebulatan
fragmen batuan dapat
dideskripsikan sebagai: Pipih,
Bersudut, Membulat, Bulat
(Rounded)
Catatan unt klasifikasi:
Layers with rock fragments
of angular shape overlying or
underlying layers with rock
fragments of rounded shape
or marked differences in size
and shape of resistant minerals
between superimposed layers →
Diskontinyuitas litologis
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Kondisi pelapukan fragmen
batuan dan artefact
Klasifikasi kondisi pelapukan fragmen kasar
Kondisi pelapukan fragmen
kasar dideskripsikan sebagai
F (Lapuk ringan), W (lapuk)
dan S (lapuk lanjut).
Catatan untuk klasifikasi
tanah
A layer with rock fragments
without weathering rinds
overlying a layer with rock
fragments with weathering
rinds → lithological
discontinuity.
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Sifat fragmen batuan
Sifat fragmen batuan dideskripsikan dengan menggunakan terminologi yang
sama dnegan deskripsi tipe-batuan. Untuk fragmen mineral primer, dapat dipakai
kode-kode lainnya.
Fragments of individual weatherable minerals (e.g. feldspars and micas) may
be smaller than 2 mm in diameter. Nevertheless, where present in appreciable
quantities, such fragments should be mentioned separately in the description. For
artefacts, see section on artefacts.
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah:
Fragmen batuan yang tidak mempunyai sifat litologis sama dnegan batuan
dibawahnya → lithological discontinuity.
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Derajat dekomposisi dan humifikasi gambut – peat
In most organic layers, the determination of the texture class is not possible. More
valuable is an estimate of the degree of decomposition and humification of the
organic material.
Warna dan persentase jaringan tumbuhan aslinya pada bahan organik kering
atau basah, dapat digunakan untuk estimasi derajat dekomposisinya.
Catatan unbtuk klasifikasi tanah:
1. Histosol mempunyai lebih dari dua-pertiga (volume) jaringan tumbuhan yang
masih dapat dikenali → Fibric qualifier.
2. Histosols have between two-thirds and one-sixth (by volume) recognizable
plant tissues → Hemic qualifier.
3. Histosol mempunyai kurang dari seper-enam (1/6) (volume) ) jaringan
tumbuhan yang masih dapat dikenali → Sapric qualifier.
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Estimasi lapang dan kode derajat dekomposisi dan humifikasi gambut - peat
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WARNA TANAH (MATRIX)
Warna tanah mencerminkan komposisi dan kondisi oksidasi-reduksi saat ini dan
masa lalu yang dialami oleh tanah. Warna biasanya ditentukan oleh penyelimutan
partikel sangat halus bahan organik humik (warna gelap), oksida besi (kuning,
coklat, orange dan merah), Oksida manganese (hitam) dan lainnya; atau
ditentukan oleh warna bahan induk tanah.
The colour of the soil matrix l of each horizon should be recorded in the moist
condition (or both dry and moist conditions where possible) using the notations for
hue, value and chroma as given in the Munsell Soil Color Charts (Munsell, 1975).
Hue is the dominant spectral colour (red, yellow, green, blue or violet), value is
the lightness or darkness of colour ranging from 1 (dark) to 8 (light), and chroma
is the purity or strength of colour ranging from 1 (pale) to 8 (bright). Where there
is no dominant soil matrix colour, the horizon is described as mottled and two or
more colours are given.
Selain notasi warna, nama-nama warna baku Munsell juga harus diberikan.
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WARNA TANAH
For routine descriptions, soil colours should be determined out of direct
sunlight and by matching a broken ped with the colour chip of the Munsell Soil
Color Charts.
For special purposes, such as for soil classification, additional
colours from crushed or rubbed material may be required. The occurrence of
contrasting colours related to the structural organization of the soil, such as ped
surfaces, may be noted.
Where possible, soil colour should be determined under uniform conditions.
Early morning and late evening readings are not accurate. Moreover, the
determination of colour by the same or different individuals has often proved
to be inconsistent. Because soil colour is significant with respect to various soil
properties, including organic matter contents, coatings and state of oxidation or
reduction, and for soil classification, cross-checks are recommended and should
be established on a routine basis.
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Catatan untuk kalsifikasi tanah:
Intermediate colours should be recorded where desirable for the distinction
between two soil horizons and for purposes of classification and interpretation of
the soil profile. Intermediate hues (important for qualifiers, such as Chromic or
Rhodic, and for diagnostic horizons, such as cambic) that may be used are: 3.5,
4, 6, 6.5, 8.5 and 9 YR.
Misalnya: 3.5 YR, berarti bahwa nilai intermediate-hue lebih dekat dengan nilai
2.5 YR daripada 5 YR; 4 YR berarti lebih dekat ke 5 YR, dst.
Kalau “value” dan “chroma” mendekati batas-batas diagnostik, tidak boleh
dilakukan pembulatan nilai, tetapi pencatatan akurat harus dilakukan dnegan
menggunakan nilai-nilai intermediate, atau dnegan jalan menambah tanda +
atau tanda - .
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Pentingnya diagnostik hue, value dan chroma:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Abrupt changes in colour not resulting from pedogenesis → lithological discontinuity.
Redder hue, higher value or higher chroma than the underlying or an overlying layer → cambic horizon.
Hue redder than 10 YR or chroma ≥ 5 (moist) → ferralic properties, Hypoferralic and Rubic qualifier.
Hue 7.5 YR or yellower and value ≥ 4 (moist) and chroma ≥ 5 (moist) → Xanthic qualifier.
Hue redder than 7.5 YR or both hue 7.5 YR and chroma > 4 (moist) → Chromic qualifier.
Hue redder than 5 YR, value < 3.5 (moist) → Rhodic qualifier.
Hue 5 YR or redder, or hue 7.5 YR and value ≤ 5 and chroma ≤ 5, or hue 7.5 YR and value ≤ 5 and chroma 5
or 6, or hue 10 YR or neutral and value and chroma ≤ 2, or 10 YR 3/1 (all moist) → spodic horizon.
Hue 7.5 YR or yellower or GY, B or BG; value ≤ 4 (moist); chroma ≤ 2 (moist) → puddled layer (anthraquic ).
Hue N1 to N8 or 2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G or 5 B → reductimorphic colours of the gleyic colour pattern.
Hue 5 Y, GY or G → gyttja (limnic material).
Chroma < 2.0 (moist) and value < 2.0 (moist) and < 3.0 (dry) → voronic horizon.
Chroma ≤ 2 (moist) → Chernozem.
Chroma ≤3 (moist) and value ≤ 3 (moist) and ≤ 5 (dry) → mollic and umbric horizon.
Value and chroma ≤ 3 (moist) → hortic horizon.
Value ≤ 4 (moist) and ≤ 5 (dry) and chroma ≤ 2 (moist) → plaggic horizon.
Value > 2 (moist) or chroma > 2 (moist) → fulvic horizon.
Value ≤ 2 (moist) and chroma ≤ 2 (moist) → melanic horizon.
Values 4 to 8 and chroma 4 or less (moist) and values 5–8 and chromas 2–3 (dry) → albic horizon.
Lower value or chroma than the overlying horizon → sombric horizon.
Value ≥ 3 (moist) and ≥ 4.5 (dry) and chroma ≥ 2 (moist) → aridic properties.
Value ≤ 4 (moist) → coprogenous earth or sedimentary peat (limnic material).
Value 3, 4 or 5 (moist) → diatomaceous earth (limnic material).
Value ≥ 5 (moist) → marl (limnic material).
Value ≤ 3.5 (moist) dan chroma ≤ 1.5 (moist) → Pellic qualifier.
Value ≥ 5.5 (dry) → Hyperochric qualifier.
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MOTTLING : BECAK-BECAK
Mottles are spots or blotches of different colours or shades of colour interspersed with
the dominant colour of the soil. They indicate that the soil has been subject to alternate
wetting (reducing) and dry (oxidizing) conditions.
Becak dideskripsikan dengan indikator “kelimpahan”, ukuran, kontras, batas, dan
warna. Selain itu, “bentuk”, posisi, dan ciri-ciri lainnya juga dapat dicatat.
Catatan untuk klasifikais tanah:
1. Mottles of oxides in the form of coatings or in platy, polygonal or reticulate patterns are
diagnostic for the anthraquic (plough pan), hydragric, ferric, plinthic and petroplinthic horizons
and for the gleyic colour pattern.
2. Mottles of oxides in the form of concretions or nodules are diagnostic for the hydragric, ferric,
plinthic, petroplinthic and, pisoplinthic horizons and for the stagnic colour pattern.
3. Redox depleted zones in macropores with a value ≥ 4 and a chroma ≤ 2 are diagnostic for the
hydragric horizon.
4. Becak atau selimut yang berupa jarosite atau schwertmannite merupakan penciri untuk
horison thionic dan Aceric qualifier.
5. Becak-becak berbentuk konsnetrasi kuning merupakan diagnostik (penciri) horison thionik.
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Warna Becak
Biasanya warna becak dideskripsikan
secara umum sesuai dengan Munsell
Soil Color Charts.
Klasifikasi kelimpahan becak-becak
Kelimpahan Becak
Kelimpahan becak dideskripsikan
dalam “Kelas-kelas” yang
menyatakan persentase permukaan
yang ditempati becak.
Batas-batas kelas sesuai dnegan
nodul mineral.
When the abundance of mottles does
not allow the distinction of a single
predominant matrix or groundmass
colour, the predominant colours
should be determined and entered as
soil matrix colours.
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Ukuran Bercak
Klasifikasi ukuran becak
Kelas-kelas yang digunakan
untuk menyatakan diameter
individual bercak.
Kelas-kelas ini sesuai dengan
kelas-kelas ukuran nodul
mineral.
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Kontras Becak
Klasifikasi ke-Kontras-an becak
Kontras warna antara becak
dan matriks tanah dapat
dideskripsikan sebagai Haint,
Distinch, dan Prominent.
Batas Becak
Klasifikasi batas antara becak dan matriks
Batas antara becak dan
matriks dideskripsikan
sebagai “tebal” zone transisi
warna.
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SOIL REDOX POTENTIAL AND REDUCING CONDITIONS
Determination of redox potential by field method
Soil redox potential is an important physico-chemical parameter used to characterize soil aeration
status and availability of some nutrients. The redox potential is also used in the WRB classification
to classify redoximorphic soils.
To measure redox potential (DIN/ISO Draft, DVWK, 1995), drive a hole into the soil using a rigid rod
(stainless steel, 20–100 cm long, with a diameter that is 2 mm greater than the redox electrodes) to
a depth about 1–2 cm less than the desired depth to be measured. Immediately clean the platinum
surface of the redox electrode with sandpaper and insert the electrode about 1 cm deeper than the
prepared hole. At least two electrodes should be installed for each depth being measured. After at
least 30 minutes, measure the redox potential with a millivoltmeter against a reference electrode
(e.g. Ag/AgCl in KCl of the glass electrode of pH measurements, installed in a small hole on the
topsoil that has been filled with 1-M KCl solution). For dry topsoil, a salt bridge (plastic tube 2 cm in
diameter and with open ends, filled with 0.5 percent (M/M) agar in KCl solution) should be installed
in a hole beside and at the depth of the platinum electrodes. In this tube, the reference electrode
should be installed.
The measured voltage (Em) is related to the voltage of the standard hydrogen electrode by adding
the potential of the reference electrode (e.g. +244 millivolt at 10 °C of Ag/AgCl in 1 M KCl, +287 of
Calomel electrode).
For interpretation, the results should be transformed to rH values using the formula: rH = 2pH +
2Eh/59 (Eh in mV at 25 °C).
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Karakteristik Redoximorphic tanah dan hubungannya dnegan nilai rH dan prosesproses tanah
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Kondisi Reduksi
Reductimorphic properties of the soil matrix reflect permanently wet or at least
reduced conditions. They are expressed by neutral (white to black:
Munsell N1 to N) or bluish to greenish colours (Munsell 2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G, 5 B). The
colour pattern will often change by aeration in minutes to days owing to oxidation
processes.
The presence of FeII ions can be tested by spraying the freshly exposed soil surface
with a 0.2-percent (M/V) α,α dipyridyl solution in 10-percent (V/V) acetic acid
solution. The test yields a striking reddish-orange colour in the presence of Fe2+
ions but may not give the strong red colour in soil materials with a neutral or alkaline
soil reaction. Care is necessary as the chemical is slightly toxic.
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah:
An rH value of < 20 is diagnostic for reducing conditions in Gleysols, Planosols and
Stagnosols, and stagnic and gleyic lower level units of other RSGs. Gaseous
emissions (methane, carbon dioxide, etc.) are diagnostic for the Reductic qualifier.
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Pola warna Reductimorphic dan keberadaan senyawa Fe
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CARBONATES : Kandungan
Karbonat dalam tanah dapat berupa residu bahan induk
atau hasil bentukan baru (carbonate sekunder).
Karbonat sekunde rterutama berbentu bubuk halus
kapur, selimut pada agregat, konkresi, kerak permukaan
atau bawah permukaan, atau “hard banks”.
The presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is
established by adding some drops of 10-percent HCl to
the soil. The degree of effervescence of carbon dioxide
gas is indicative for the amount of calcium carbonate
present. In many soils, it is difficult to distinguish in the
field between primary and secondary carbonates.
Classes for the reaction of carbonates in the soil matrix
are defined as per Table xx.
The reaction to acid depends upon soil texture and is
usually more vigorous in sandy material than in finetextured material with the same carbonate content.
Other materials, such as roots, may also give an audible
reaction.
Dolomite biasanya bereaksi lebih lambat dan kurang
kuat dibanding kalsit. Karbonat sekunder harus diuji
secara terpisah; biasanya mereka ini bereaksi lebih
intensif dengan HCl.
Classification of carbonate
reaction in the soil matrix
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Bentuk Karbonat
The forms of secondary carbonates in soils are diverse and
are considered to be informative for diagnostics of soil
genesis. Soft carbonate concentrations are considered to be
illuvial, and hard concretions are generally believed to be of
hydrogenic nature.
Untuk Klasifikasi tanah:
Klasifikasi bentuk karbonat sekunder
Pentingnya kandungan karbonat:
1. ≥ 2 percent calcium carbonate equivalent → calcaric
material.
2. ≥ 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the fine
earth, at least partly secondary → calcic horizon.
3. Indurated layer with calcium carbonate, at least partly
secondary → petrocalcic horizon.
4. 15–25 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the fine
earth, at least partly secondary → Hypocalcic qualifier.
5. ≥ 50 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the fine
earth, at least partly secondary → Hypercalcic qualifier.
6. Where a soil has a calcic horizon starting 50–10 cm
from the soil surface, it is only a Calcisol if the soil
matrix between 50 cm from the soil surface and the
calcic horizon is calcareous throughout.
7. Calcisols and Gypsisols can only have an argic horizon
where the argic horizon is permeated with calcium
carbonate (Calcisols) or calcium carbonate or gypsum
(Gypsisols).
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pH tanah di lapang
Soil pH expresses the activity of the hydrogen ions in
the soil solution. It affects the availability of mineral
nutrients to plants as well as many soil processes.
When the pH is measured in the field, the method
used should be indicated on the field data sheet. The
field soil pH should not be a substitute for a laboratory
determination. Field soil pH measurements should be
correlated with laboratory determinations where
possible.
In the field, pH is either estimated using indicator
papers, indicator liquids (e.g. Hellige), or measured
with a portable pH meter in a soil suspension (1 part
soil and 2.5 parts 1 M KCl or 0.1 M CaCl2 solution).
After shaking the solution and waiting for 15 minutes,
the pH value can be read. For the measurement, use a
transparent 50-ml plastic cup with marks for 8 cm3 soil
(~ 10 g) and 25 ml solution.
Klasifikasi nilai pH
Catatan untuk Klasifikasi Tanah
Pada kebanyakan tganah, nilai pH berkorelasi dnegan
kejenuhan basa, hal ini penting dalam klasifikasi
tanah di lapangan. Akan tetapi hal ini memerlukan
pembuktian di laboratorium.
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Kandungan Bahan organik tanah
“Bahan organik” refers to all decomposed, partly decomposed and
undecomposed organic materials of plant and animal origin. It is generally
synonymous with humus although the latter is more commonly used when
referring to the well decomposed organic matter called “substansi humik”.
The content of organic matter of mineral horizons can be estimated from the
Munsell colour of a dry and/or moist soil, taking the textural class into account.
This estimation is based on the assumption that the soil colour (value) is due to a
mixture of dark coloured organic substances and light coloured minerals.
This estimate does not work very well in strongly coloured subsoils. It tends to
overestimate organic matter content in soils of dry regions, and to underestimate
the organic matter content in some tropical soils. Therefore, the organic matter
values should always be locally checked as they only provide a rough estimate.
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Estimasi kandungan BOT berdasarkan Munsell soil colour
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Kandungan BOT untuk klasifikasi tanah
1. If saturated with water for ≥ 30 consecutive days in most years (unless
drained):
• ≥ [12 + (clay percentage of the mineral fraction × 0.1)]% organic carbon or
• ≥ 18 percent organic carbon, else ≥ 20 percent organic carbon → organic
material.
2. Organic material saturated with water for ≥ 30 consecutive days in most years
(unless drained) → histic horizon.
3. Organic material saturated with water for < 30 consecutive days in most years
→ folic horizon.
4. Weighted average of ≥ 6 percent organic carbon, and ≥ 4 percent organic
carbon in all parts → fulvic and melanic horizon.
5. Organic carbon content of ≥ 0.6 percent → mollic and umbric horizon.
6. Organic carbon content of ≥ 1.5 percent → voronic horizon.
(Note: the ratio of organic carbon to organic matter is about 1:1.7–2.)
Write the range or average value in the description sheet.
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STRUKTUR TANAH
Soil structure refers to the natural organization of soil particles into discrete
soil units (aggregates or peds) that result from pedogenic processes. The
aggregates are separated from each other by pores or voids. It is preferred
to describe the structure when the soil is dry or slightly moist. In moist or
wet conditions, it is advisable to leave the description of structure to a later
time when the soil has dried out. For the description of soil structure, a
large lump of the soil should be taken from the profile, from various parts of
the horizon if necessary, rather than observing the soil structure in situ.
Sruktur tanah dideskripsikan dengan indikator “grade”, “ukuran” dan “tipe”
agregat.
Kalau suatu horison tanah mengandung agregat dnegan bermacam
“grade”, ukuran atau tipe, semuanya harus dideskripsikan dan hubungan
satu sama lain harus dijelaskan.
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Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
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Grade Struktur
In describing the grade or development of
the structure, the first division is into
apedal soils (lacking soil structure) and
pedal soils (showing soil structure).
Klasifikasi struktur
In apedal or structureless soil, no
aggregates are observable in place and
there is no definite arrangement of natural
surfaces of weakness. Structureless soils
are subdivided into single grain and
massive.
Single-grain soil material has a loose, soft
or very friable consistence and consists
on rupture of more than 50 percent
discrete mineral particles.
Massive soil material normally has a
stronger consistence and is more
coherent on rupture. Massive soil material
may be further defined by consistence
(below) and porosity (below).
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Klasifikasi Tipe Struktur
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Tipe Struktur
Kode tipe-struktur tanah
Tipe-tipe alamiah dari
struktur tanah adalah
gumpal, pipih, granuler, dan
lainnya.
Where required, special
cases or combinations of
structures may be
distinguished, which are
subdivisions of the basic
structures.
Kode-kode yang
direkomendaiskan adalah
seperti pada tabek berikut.
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Ukuran Struktur
Kelas ukuran kombinasi
Size classes vary with the structure
type. For prismatic, columnar and
platy structures, the size classes
refer to the measurements of the
smallest dimension of the aggregate.
Combined classes may be
Constructed.
Where a second structure is present, its
relation to the first structure is
described. The first and second structures
may both be present (e.g. columnar and
prismatic structures). The primary structure
may break down into a secondary
structure (e.g. prismatic breaking into
angular blocky). The first structure may
merge into the second structure (e.g. platy
merging into prismatic).
Kombinasi struktur tanah
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Kelas-kelas ukuran untuk Tipe-tipe struktur tanah
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DESKRIPSI STRUKTUR TANAH
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Soil structure, or absence of rock structure (the term “rock structure” also applies to unconsolidated
sediments in which stratification is still visible) in half of the volume or more of the fine earth → cambic
horizon.
Soil structure sufficiently strong that the horizon is not both massive and hard or very hard when dry
(prisms larger than 30 cm in diameter are included in the meaning of massive if there is no secondary
structure within the prisms) → mollic, umbric and anthric horizons.
Granular or fine subangular blocky soil structure (and worm casts) → voronic horizon.
Columnar or prismatic structure in some part of the horizon or a blocky structure with tongues of an eluvial
horizon → natric horizon.
Moderate to strong, angular blocky structure breaking to flat-edged or nutshaped elements with shiny ped
faces → nitic horizon.
Wedge-shaped structural aggregates with a longitudinal axis tilted 10–60 ° from the horizontal → vertic
horizon.
Wedge-shaped aggregates → vertic properties.
Platy structure → puddled layer (anthraquic horizon).
Uniformly structured → irragric horizon.
Separations between structural soil units that allow roots to enter have an average horizontal spacing of ≥
10 cm → fragic horizon.
Platy or massive structure → takyric horizon.
Platy layer → yermic horizon.
Strong structure finer than very coarse granular → Grumic qualifier.
Massive and hard to very hard in the upper 20 cm of the soil → Mazic qualifier.
A platy structure and a surface crust → Hyperochric qualifier.
Stratification in ≥ 25 percent of the soil volume → fluvic material.
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Konsistensi
Konsistensi mencerminkan derajat kohesi atau adhesi dari massa tanah.
Konsistensi mencakup ciri-ciri tanah seperti friability, plasticity, stickiness
dan resistensi terhadap kompresi. Sifat ini sangat tergantung pada jumlah
dan tipe liat, bahan organik dan kandungan lengas tanah.
For reference descriptions, a recording of consistence is required for the dry,
moist and wet (stickiness and plasticity) states. Where applicable, the
smeariness (thixotropy) and fluidity may also be recorded. For routine
descriptions, the soil consistence in the natural moisture condition of the
profile may be described.
Konsistensi basah selalu dapat dideskripsikan, dan kondisi lembab kalau
tanahnya kering, dengan jalan menambahkan air ke sampel tanah.
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Konsistensi pada
kondisi kering
Konsistensi massa tanah pada kondisi kering
Konsistensi kering
ditentukan dengan
jalan “memecah”
atau “meremas”
massa tanah
kering udara di
antara jari tangan
“thumb and
forefinger”.
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Konsistensi pada kondisi LEMBAB
Consistence when moist is determined by attempting to crush a mass of
moist or slightly moist soil material.
Konsistensi massa tanah pada kondisi lembab
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Konsistensi pada kondisi basah:
Kelekatan maksimum dan plastisitas maksimum
Soil stickiness depends on the extent to which soil structure is destroyed and
on the amount of water present. The determination of stickiness should be
performed under standard conditions on a soil sample in which structure is
completely destroyed and which contains enough water to express its
maximum stickiness.
In this way, the maximum stickiness will be determined and comparison
between degrees of stickiness of various soils will be feasible. The same
principle applies to soil plasticity.
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Kelekatan
Stickiness is the quality of adhesion of the soil material to other objects
determined by noting the adherence of soil material when it is pressed
between thumb and Finger.
Klasifikasi kelekatan tanah
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Plastisitas tanah
Plasticity is the ability of soil material to change shape continuously under the
influence of an applied stress and to retain the compressed shape on removal
of stress. Determined by rolling the soil in the hands until a wire about 3 mm
in diameter has been formed
Klasifikasi plastisitas tanah
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Deskripsi Konsistensi Tanah
Catatan untuk klasifikasi
tanah
1. Extremely hard consistence
when dry → petrocalcic
horizon.
2. Surface crust with very hard
consistence when dry, and
very plastic and sticky
consistence when wet →
takyric horizon.
3. Air-dry clods, 5–10 cm in
diameter, slake or fracture in
water within 10 minutes →
fragic horizon.
http://saret.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/bsbc/chap6.htm
Soil consistency states for a sand and a clay soil
(friable soil is best for tillage).
4. Penetration resistance at
field capacity of ≥ 50 kN m-1
→ fragic horizon.
5. Penetration resistance of ≥
450 N cm-2 → petroplinthic
horizon.
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Deskripsi Tanah
Status lengas tanah
Soil-water status is the term used for the moisture condition of a horizon at
the time the profile is described. The moisture status can be estimated in the
field.
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah:
1. The definitions of mineral and organic materials and of the histic, folic
and cryic horizons depend on the soil-water status.
2. Temporarily water-saturated → Gelistagnic, Oxyaquic and Reductaquic
qualifiers.
3. Organic material floating on water → Floatic qualifier.
4. Permanently submerged under water < 2 m → Subaquatic qualifier.
5. Flooded by tidewater, but not covered at mean low tide → Tidalic
qualifier.
6. Artificially drained histic horizon → Drainic qualifier.
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Deskripsi Lengas Tanah
Klasifikasi status lengas-tanah
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Klasifikasi soil moisture regimes
Aquic
Udic
Ustic
Xeric
Aridic
: wet, anaerobic, mottled
: adequate water throughout year
: Water may be deficient, but usually available
during growing season
: Most moisture during the noncropping time,
dry Mediterranean
: Long dry periods
Sumber: http://staff.aub.edu.lb/~webeco/SIM215soiltaxonomy.htm ....... 16/2/2013
Deskripsi Bobot Isi (BI) Tanah
BOBOT ISI
Bulk density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of dry soil (105 °C). This volume
includes both solids and pores and, thus, bulk density reflects the total soil porosity.
Low bulk density values (generally below 1.3 kg dm-3) generally indicate a porous
soil condition. Bulk density is an important parameter for the description of soil
quality and ecosystem function. High bulk density values indicate a poorer
environment for root growth, reduced aeration, and undesirable changes in
hydrologic function, such as reduced water infiltration.
There are several methods of determining soil bulk density. One method is to obtain
a known volume of soil, dry it to remove the water, and weigh the dry mass. Another
uses a special coring instrument (cylindrical metal device) to obtain a sample of
known volume without disturbing the natural soil structure, and then to determine the
dry mass. For surface horizons, a simple method is to dig a small hole and fill it
completely with a measured volume of sand.
Field determinations of bulk density may be obtained by estimating the force
required to push a knife into a soil horizon exposed at a field moist pit wall.
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Deskripsi BOBOT ISI Tanah
Estimasi Bobot Isi Tanah di Lapangan (Untuk tanah-tanah mineral)
Observasi
Bentuk agregat
tanah
Bobot isi
Kg/dm-3
Kode
Tanah-tanah berpasir, berdebu dan berlempung dnegan
kandungan liat rendah
Many pores, moist materials drop easily out of the auger; materials with vesicular
pores, mineral soils with andic properties.
Granular
< 0.9
BD1
Sample disintegrates at the instant of sampling, many pores visible on the pit wall.
single grain,
granular
0.9–1.2
BD1
Sample disintegrates into numerous fragments after application of weak
pressure.
single grain,
subangular,
angular blocky
1.2–1.4
BD2
Knife can be pushed into the moist soil with weak pressure, sample
disintegrates into few fragments, which may be further divided.
subangular and
angular blocky,
prismatic, platy
1.4–1.6
BD3
Knife penetrates only 1–2 cm into the moist soil, some effort required, sample
disintegrates into few fragments, which cannot be subdivided further.
prismatic, platy,
(angular blocky)
1.6–1.8
BD4
Very large pressure necessary to force knife into the soil, no furtherdisintegration
of sample.
Prismatic
> 1.8 BD5
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Deskripsi BOBOT ISI Tanah
Estimasi Bobot Isi Tanah di Lapangan (Untuk tanah-tanah mineral)
Observasi
Bentuk agregat tanah
Bobot isi
Kg/dm-3
Kode
Tanah-tanah berlempung dengan kandungan liat tinggi,
Tanah berliat
When dropped, sample disintegrates into numerous fragments,
further
disintegration of subfragments after application of weak pressure.
Angular blocky
1.0-1.2
BD1
When dropped, sample disintegrates into few fragments, further
disintegration of subfragments after application of mild pressure.
Angular blocky, Prismatic,
Platy, Columnar
1.2 -1.4
BD2
Sample remains mostly intact when dropped, further disintegration possible
after application of large pressure.
coherent, prismatic,
platy, (columnar,
angular blocky, platy,
wedge– shaped)
1.4 -1.6
BD3
Sample remains intact when dropped, no further disintegration after
application of very large pressure.
coherent (prismatic,
columnar, wedge–
shaped)
> 1.6 BD
4, 5
Note: If organic matter content is > 2%, bulk density has to be reduced by 0.03 kg dm-3 for each 1%
increment in organic matter content.
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Deskripsi Bobot Isi Tanah
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah:
1.
2.
Source: according to Ad-hoc-AG-Boden, 2005.
Bobot Isi 0.90 kg dm-3 atau kurang
→ Ciri Andik.
Dalam tapak-bajak, bobot isi ≥ 20
percent (relative) lebih tinggi dari
lapisan
lumpur
→
Horison
anthraquic.
Root penetration is not only limited by
bulk density, but also by texture. Finetextured soils contain fewer pores in
size and abundance than needed for
unrestricted root growth. Therefore, the
evaluation of bulk density has to take
soil texture into account.
Untuk keperluan evaluasi, juga dapat
digunakan “packing density” (PD = BD +
0.009 ・% clay).
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Deskripsi Porositas Tanah
POROSITAS
Voids include all empty spaces in the soil.
They are related to the arrangement of
the primary soil constituents, rooting
patterns, burrowing of animals or any
other soil-forming processes, such as
cracking, translocation and leaching. The
term void is almost equivalent to the term
pore, but the latter is often used in a more
restrictive way and does not, for example,
include fissures or planes. Voids are
described in terms of type, size and
abundance. In addition, continuity,
orientation or any other feature may also
be recorded.
Klassifikasi Porositas
1
2
3
4
5
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
<2 %
2–5 %
5–15 %
15–40 %
> 40 %
Porositas merupakan indikasi total
volume rongga yg dapat dikenali dnegan
lensa pembesaran 10x, diukur dengan
areanya, dan dicatat sebagai persentase
permukaan yang dihuni oleh pori.
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Type
There is a large variety in the shape
and origin of voids. It is impractical
and usually not necessary to
describe all different kinds of
voids comprehensively. Emphasis
should be given to estimating the
continuous and elongated voids.
The major types of voids may be classified in a
simplified way. In most cases, it is recommended
that only the size and abundance of the channels,
which are mostly continuous tubular pores, be
described (Figure xx). For the other types of
voids, the following size and abundance classes
should serve as a guide for the construction of
suitable classes for each category .
Klasifikasi Pori
I
Interstitial
Controlled by the fabric, or arrangement, of the soil particles, also known as textural voids.
Subdivision possible into simple packing voids, which relate to the packing of sand particles, and
compound packing voids, which result from the packing of non-accommodating peds.
Predominantly irregular in shape and interconnected, and hard to quantify in the field.
B
Vesicular
Discontinuous spherical or elliptical voids (chambers) of sedimentary origin or formed by
compressed air, e.g. gas bubbles in slaking crusts after heavy rainfall. Relatively unimportant in
connection with plant growth.
V
Vughs
Mostly irregular, equidimensional voids of faunal origin or resulting from tillage or disturbance of
other voids. Discontinuous or interconnected. May be quantified in specific cases.
C
Channel
Elongated voids of faunal or floral origin, mostly tubular in shape and continuous, varying
strongly in diameter. When wider than a few centimetres (burrow holes), they are more
adequately described under biological activity.
P
Plane
Most planes are extra-pedal voids, related to accommodating ped surfaces or cracking patterns.
They are often not persistent and vary in size, shape and quantity depending on the moisture
condition of the soil. Planar voids may be recorded, describing width and frequency.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Rome, 2006
Charts for estimating size and abundance of pores
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED
NATIONS. Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Pori Tanah
UKURAN PORI
Diameter rongga-rongga yang
memanjang atau tubular dideskripsikan
sebagai “sangat halus” hingga “sangat
kasar”.
KELIMPAHAN PORI
The abundance of very fine and
fine elongated pores as one group,
and of medium and coarse pores as
another group is recorded as the
number per unit area in a square
Decimetre.
Klassifikasi diameter pori
FM = fine and medium; FF = fine and very fine; MC = medium and
coarse.
Klassifikasi Kelimpahan pori
Catatan nuntuk Klasifikasi Tanah
1. Vesicular layer below a platy layer or
pavement with a vesicular layer →
yermic horizon.
2. Sorted soil aggregates and vesicular
pores → anthraquic horizon.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED
NATIONS. Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Tanah
Klasifikasi kelimpahan selimut
KONSENTRASI MATERIAL
TANAH
Pengkayaan sekunder, sementasi
dan re-orientasi.
SELIMUT = SELAPUT = Coatings
This section describes clay or mixed-clay
illuviation features, coatings of other
composition (such as calcium carbonate,
manganese, organic or silt), reorientations
(such as slickensides and pressure faces), and
concentrations associated with surfaces but
occurring as stains in the matrix (“hypodermic
coatings”). All these features are described
according to their abundance, contrast, nature,
form and location.
Kelimpahan Selaput
For coatings, an estimate is made of how
much of the ped or aggregate faces is
covered. Corresponding criteria should be
applied when the cutanic feature is related to
other surfaces (voids, and coarse fragments)
or occurs as lamellae.
Klasifikasi ke-kontras-an selimut
F
Faint
Surface of coating shows only little contrast in colour,
smoothness or any other property to the adjacent
surface. Fine sand grains are readily apparent in the
cutan. Lamellae are less than 2 mm thick.
D
Distinct
Surface of coating is distinctly smoother or different in
colour from the adjacent surface. Fine sand grains are
enveloped in the coating but their outlines are still visible.
Lamellae are 2–5 mm thick.
P
Prominent
Surface of coatings contrasts strongly in smoothness or
colour with the adjacent surfaces. Outlines of fine sand
grains are not visible. Lamellae are more than 5 mm thick.
Kontras Selaput
Klasifikasi konstras selimut seperti berikut ini.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED
NATIONS. Rome, 2006
Deskripsi “Coating“ Tanah
Sifat
Sifat selimut dapat dideskripsikan
seperti pada tabel berikut.
Bentuk Selimut
For some coatings, the form may be
informative for their Genesis. For
example, manganese and iron–
manganese coatings of dendroidal
form indicate their formation owing
to poor infiltration and periodically
reductive conditions because of
percolating water.
Lokasi Selimut
Lokasi selimut atau akumulasi liat
dijelaskan. For pressure faces and
slickensides, no location is given
because they are by definition
located on pedfaces.
Klasifikasi Sifat Selimut
C : Clay - Liat
S : Sesquioxides
H ; Humus
CS : Clay and sesquioxides
CH : Clay and humus (organic matter)
CC : Calcium carbonate
GB : Gibbsite
HC : Hypodermic coatings (Hypodermic coatings, as used
here, are field-scale features, commonly only expressed as
hydromorphic features. Micromorphological hypodermic
coatings include non-redox features [Bullock et al., 1985].)
JA :
Jarosite
MN:
Manganese
SL :
Silica (opal)
SA :
Sand coatings
ST :
Silt coatings
SF :
Shiny faces (as in nitic horizon)
PF :
Pressure faces
SI :
Slickensides, predominantly intersecting
(Slickensides are polished and grooved ped surfaces that are
produced by aggregates sliding one past another.)
SP :
Slickensides, partly intersecting
SN :
Slickensides, non intersecting
Source: Adapted from Schoeneberger et al, 2002.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
Deskripsi Tanah
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah:
1. Evidence of silica accumulation, e.g.
as coatings → petroduric horizon.
2. Slickensides → vertic horizon and
vertic properties.
3. Evidence of clay illuviation → argic
and natric horizons.
4. Cracked coatings on sand grains →
spodic horizon.
5. Uncoated sand and silt grains →
Greyic qualifier.
6. Clay coatings in the argic horizon →
Cutanic qualifier.
7. Illuviation in the form of lamellae in
the argic, natric and spodic horizon →
Lamellic qualifier.
8. Coatings that have a different colour
from the matrix.
Klasifikasi Bentuk Selimut
C
CI
DI
DE
DC
O
Continuous
Continuous irregular (non-uniform,
heterogeneous)
Discontinuous irregular
Dendroidal
Discontinuous circular
Other
Klasifikasi lokasi selimut dan akumulasi liat
P
PV
PH
CF
LA
VO
BR
NS
Pedfaces
Vertical pedfaces
Horizontal pedfaces
Coarse fragments
Lamellae (clay bands)
Voids
Bridges between sand grains
No specific location
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
Deskripsi Tanah
Cementation dan Compaction
Keberadaan kompaksi atau sementasi
dideskripsikan dnegan indikator “sifat”,
“kontinyuitas”, “struktur”, “agent dan
Derajat”.
Compacted material has a firm
or stronger consistence when
moist and a close packing of
particles. Cemented material does
not slake after 1 hour of immersion
in water.
KONTINYUITAS
Klasifikasi kontinyuitas sementasi/ Kompaksi
B
Broken
The layer is less than 50 percent
cemented or compacted, and shows a
rather irregular appearance.
D
Discontinues
The layer is 50–90 percent cemented or
compacted, and in general shows a
regular appearance.
C
Continues
The layer is more than 90 percent
cemented or compacted, and is only
interrupted in places by cracks or
fissures .
Klasifikasi fabrik lapisan semen/kompak
Klasifikasi kontinyuitas sementasi /
kompaksi.
STRUKTUR
Fabrik atau struktur lapisan sementasi
atau kompaksi.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
Deskripsi Tanah
Sementasi dan Kompaksi
Nature
The nature of cementation or
compaction is described according
to the cementing agent or
compacting activity.
Degree
Klasifikasi derajat sementasi /
kompaksi.
Klasifikasi sifat sementasi / kompaksi
K
Q
KQ
F
FM
FO
I
GY
C
CS
M
P
NK
Carbonates
Silica
Carbonates–silica
Iron
Iron–manganese (sesquioxides)
Iron–organic matter
Ice
Gypsum
Clay
Clay–sesquioxides
Mechanical
Ploughing
Not known
Klasifikasi derajat sementasi / kompaksi.
N : Non-cemented and non-compacted : Neither cementation nor compaction observed (slakes in water).
Y : Compacted but non-cemented Compacted mass is appreciably harder or more brittle than other
comparable soil mass (slakes in water).
W : Weakly cemented : Cemented mass is brittle and hard, but can be broken in the hands.
M : Moderately cemented : Cemented mass cannot be broken in the hands but is discontinuous (less than 90
percent of soil mass).
C : Cemented : Cemented mass cannot be broken in the hands and is continuous (more than 90 percent of
soil mass).
I : Indurated : Cemented mass cannot be broken by body weight (75-kg standard soil scientist) (more than
90 percent of soil mass).
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF
Deskripsi Sementasi / Kompaksi Tanah
Catatan untuk klasifikais Tanah:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Es ditutup oleh bahan organik → Histosols.
Sementasi oleh es atau kristal es mudah dilihat → cryic horizon.
≥ 75 % es (volume) → Glacic qualifier.
Sementasi oleh bahan organik dan aluminium → spodic horizon.
Horison spodik sementasi → Ortsteinic qualifier.
Iron pan that is 1–25 mm thick and is continuously cemented by a combination of
organic matter, iron and/or aluminium → Placic qualifier.
7. Strongly cemented or indurated → petrocalcic, duric, gypsic and plinthic horizons,
Petric, Petrogleyic and Petrosalic qualifiers.
8. Cementation on repeated wetting and drying → plinthic horizon.
9. Roots cannot penetrate except along vertical fractures that have an average
horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20 percent (by volume) of the layer →
petrocalcic, petroduric and petrogypsic horizons.
10. Horison sementasi atu indurasi kuat yang terdiri atas bongkahan-bongkahan
yang panjang horisontalnya < 10 cm → Fractipetric dan Fractiplinthic qualifiers.
11. Kompaksi alamiah atau artifisial → Densic qualifier.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Tanah
Konsentrasi Mineral
Konsnetrasi-mineral mencakup berbagai macam konsentrasi
kristalin sekunder, microcrystalline dan amorphous substansi
non-organik sebagai pengisinya, Konkresi lunak, konsentrasi
yang bentuknya tidak teratur (becak-becak), nodul-nodul material
yang terbentuk secara pedogenesis.
Gradual transitions exist with mottles (above), some of which may
be considered as weak expressions of nodules. The mineral
concentrations are described according to their abundance, kind,
size, shape, hardness, nature and colour.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Tanah
Abundance (by volume)
Kelimpahan konsnetrasi mineral
dapat diklasifikasikan seperti pada
tabel.
Macam - Jenis
Macam-mavcam konsentrasi
mineral dapat diklasifikasikan
seperti pada tabel.
T
C
SC
S
N
IP
IC
R
O
Klasifikasi kelimpahan konsnetrasi mineral
(volume)
N
V
F
C
M
A
D
None
Very few 0–2
Few
Common 2–15
Many
Abundant
Dominant
0%
2–5
15–40
40–80
> 80
Crystal
Concretion A discrete body with a concentric internal structure, generally cemented.
Soft concretion
Soft segregation (or soft accumulation)
Differs from the surrounding soil mass in colour and composition but is not easily separated as a
discrete body.
Nodule Discrete body without an internal organization.
Pore infillings Including pseudomycelium of carbonates or opal.
Crack infillings
Residual rock fragment
Discrete impregnated body still showing rock structure.
Other
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Tanah
Size and shape
Ukuran dan bentuk konsentrasi
mineral.
Klasifikasi ukuran dan bentuk
Hardness
Kekerasan konsentrasi mineral.
Nature
Konsnetrasi Mineral dideskripsikan
sesuai dengan komposisi dan
substansi yang terkandung di
dalamnya.
Colour
The general colour names are
usually sufficient to describe the
colour of the nodules (similar to
mottles) or of artefacts.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Tanah
Warna konsentrasi mineral
WH
RE
RS
YR
BR
BS
RB
YB
YE
RY
GE
GR
GS
BU
BB
BL
MC
Sifat konsentrasi mineral
White - Putih
Red - Merah
Reddish - Kemerahan
Yellowish red
Brown - Coklat
Brownish - Kecoklatan
Reddish brown
Yellowish brown
Yellow - Kuning
Reddish yellow
Greenish - Kehijauan
Grey - Kelabu
Greyish
Blue - Biru
Bluish-black - Hitam kebiruan
Black - Hitam
Multicoloured
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
Deskripsi “Konsentrasi Mineral”
Catatan untuk klasifikasi tanah
1. ≥ 10 percent (by volume) of weakly cemented to indurated,
2. silica-enriched nodules (durinodes) → duric horizon.
3. Reddish to blackish nodules of which at least the exteriors are at least weakly
cemented or indurated → ferric horizon.
4. Firm to weakly cemented nodules or mottles with a stronger chroma or redder
hue than the surrounding material → plinthic horizon.
5. Strongly cemented or indurated reddish to blackish nodules → pisoplinthic
horizon.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Tanah: Aktivitas Biologis
AKAR - Roots
The recording of both the size and the abundance
of the roots is in general sufficient to characterize
the distribution of roots in the profile. In specific
cases, additional information can be noted, such
as a sudden change in root orientation.
The abundance of roots can only be compared
within the same size class. The abundance of fine
and very fine roots may be recorded similarly as
for voids , expressed in the number of roots per
decimetre square.
Ukuran - Size (diameter)
Klasifikasi ukuran akar.
Klasifikasi diameter akar
VF
F
M
C
Very fine
Fine
Medium
Coarse
< 0.5 mm
0.5–2
2–5
>5
Note: Additional codes are: FF, very fine and fine; FM,
fine and medium; and MC, medium and coarse.
Kelimpahan akar
N
V
F
C
M
None
Very few
Few
Common
Many
< 2 mm
0
1–20
20–50
50–200
> 200
> 2 mm
0
1–2
2–5
5–20
> 20
Abundance
Klasifikasi ekelimpahan akar.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
Deskripsi Tanah
Aktivitas Biologis lainnya
Biological features, such as
krotovinas, termite burrows, insect
nests, worm casts and burrows of
larger animals, are described in
terms of abundance and kind. In
addition, specific locations, patterns,
size, composition or any other
characteristic may be recorded.
Kelimpahan
Keliimpahan aktivitas biologis
dideskripsikan secara general.
Macam-Jenis-Kind
Contoh-contoh aktivitas biologis.
Kelimpahan aktivitas biologis
N
F
C
M
None
Few
Common
Many
Contoh Aktivitas Biologis
A
B
BO
BI
C
E
P
T
I
Artefacts
Burrows (unspecified)
Open large burrows
Infilled large burrows
Charcoal
Earthworm channels
Pedotubules
Termite or ant channels and nests
Other insect activity.
Sumber: Guidelines for soil description. Fourth edition. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 2006
PROFIL TANAH - HIPOTETIK
Tanah adalah lapisan tipis yang
menutupi permukaan bumi ,
kecuali permukaan air dan
singkapan batuan yang terbuka.
Sifat dan ciri tanah ditentukan
oleh faktor lingkungannya.
Lima faktor dominan dalam
genesis (pembentukan) tanah:
1. Ilkim
2. Bahan induk (rocks and
physical and chemical
derivatives of same),
3. Relief
4. Organisms (fauna and flora),
5. Waktu.
Sumber: http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/ILRI/x5546E/x5546e04.htm ……. DIUNDUH 16/2/2013
DESKRIPSI
TANAH
………. Selanjutnya ….….
Diunduh dari: http://blog.ub.ac.id/mastertommy/files/2013/01/panduan_deskripsi.pdf …. 13/2/2013