MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN

Bahan Kajian MK. STELA – smno.fpub.juni2013
MENDUGA
PRODUKTIVITAS
TANAMAN
“Quantitative measure of crop yield in given
measured area of field”.
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
Pertumbuhan
Pertumbuhan tanaman
berhubungan dengan faktorfaktor yg mempengaruhinya.
G = f (X1, X2, X3 .....Xn)
G = measure of growth
Xi = growth factors
The factors that affect plant
growth can be classified as
genetic or environmental.
Waktu. time
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
Mathematical Growth Functions
Ekspresi CROP Growth
Analysis (CGA)
biasanya menunjukkan
seperangkat metode
kuantitatif untuk
mendeskripsikan dan
menginterpretasikan
perilaku sistem
tanaman pada kondisi
alamiah, semi-natural
atau dalam lingkungan
terkendali.
Sumber: http://www.diprove.unimi.it/groups/agro_rg3.htm
KURVA RESPON TANAMAN
Liebig (1860, German)
(Linear): Y = mX + b
dimana:
Y = Hasil tanaman.
m = slope - i.e. rate of yield
increase. It is a function of
the environment and
nutrient.
X = Jumlah hara (pupuk) yang
ditambahkan.
b = minimum yield, one would
get this yield with no
nutrient additions.
Sumber: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~teloynac/354gcur.pdf
KURVA RESPON TANAMAN
Mitscherlich (1910, German)
(Law of Diminishing Returns)
(1) ….. dy/dx = (A-Y)C
if integrate equation (1), then get
(2) ….. log (A-Y) = log(A) – cX
dimana:
A = maximum possible yield theoretical).
Y = actual yield.
dy/dx = slope - i.e. rate of yield increase. It is a
function of the environment, the nutrient, and
amount of nutrient already present. This
value gets smaller as nutrient amount
increases.
x = Jumlah hara (pupuk) yang ditambahkan
nutrient added.
c = Konstante.
Sumber: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~teloynac/354gcur.pdf
KURVA RESPON TANAMAN
Bray (1920, U. Illinois) ... (soil interactions)
Pengembangan Model dasar Mitscherlich menjadi:
log (A-Y) = log(A) - c1B – cX
dimana:
A = Hasil maksimum yang mungkin (teoretis).
Y = Hasil aktual.
dy/dx = slope - i.e. rate of yield increase. It is a
function of the environment, the nutrient, and
amount of nutrient already present. This value
gets smaller as nutrient amount increases.
X = amount of nutrient added.
c1 = constant that is for B.
c = constant.
B = value explaining behavior of ‘immobile’ nutrients
(e.g. K, P, Ca, Mg). The c1B term takes into account
the reality that nutrients interact with soil and not
all nutrients behave identically.
Sumber: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~teloynac/354gcur.pdf
KURVA RESPON TANAMAN
Baule (c. 1920, German mathematician, worked with
Mitscherlich) (nutrient interactions)
Baule developed idea of “half-way points.”
Using the identical relationship as Mitscherlich, Baule
concluded that
Y = A - A(1/2) # Baule Units
dimana:
A = Hasil maksimum yg mungkin (teoretis).
Y = Hasil tanaman aktual.
# Baule Unit = the amount of nutrient that when added
results in moving Y (yield) one-half way closer to A
(maximum possible yield).
Practically, this equation says when one Baule Unit of a nutrient is added, then yield increases
50% of the difference between current yield and possible yield. If a second Baule Unit is
added, then yield increase will be 1/2-way closer to the maximum possible yield, so 2 Baule
Unites would result in 75% of the maximum possible yield increase. If a third Baule Unit of a
nutrient is added, move 1/2-way closer to the maximum possible yield, or 87.5% of the
maximum possible yield would result.
Sumber: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~teloynac/354gcur.pdf
KURVA RESPON TANAMAN
KURVA RESPON PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN
THE "LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS“
When all growth factors except one are adequately supplied, adding increments of the
limiting growth factor will increase yields. One of the best known attempts to express growth
curves mathematically was that of Mitscherlich. His equation predicts that each succeeding
increment of growth factor (a plant nutrient, for example) will produce a smaller increment of
growth than the preceding increment.
The Mitscherlich yield response curve is an example of a well-known concept in economic
theory-the law of diminishing returns. The equation has the form
dy/ dx = (A-y)C
where dy is yield increase from an increment of growth factor dx, A is maximum yield
attainable as the result of adding an unlimited amount of growth factor, y is the yield obtained
after any given quantity of the factor x has been applied, and C is a proportionality constant.
Actual yield response curves always pass through a maximum; and, excess nutrient depresses
yield. Sometimes initial increments of added nutrient are so immobilized by the soil or utilized
by soil organisms or weeds that they increase growth less than later increments.
Sumber: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IC-002.pdf
KURVA RESPON TANAMAN
HASIL TANAMAN
ILLUSTRATED
CONCEPTS IN
TROPICAL
AGRICULTURE
A series prepared by
the Department
ofAgronomy and Soil
Science College of
Tropical Agriculture
University ofHawaii
GROWTH RESPONSE
CURVES-THE "LAW OF
DIMINISHING
RETURNS“
DOSIS PUPUK
Sumber: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IC-002.pdf
Crop Forecasting by using Crop-Yield Weather Regression Model
M. Rezaul Karim Talukder & M. Sayedur Rahman.
MODEL REGRESI TANAMAN-IKLIM
Regression analysis is a statistical technique for investigating
and modelling the relationship between variables.
Applications of regression are numerous and occur in almost
every field, including food management, engineering, the
physical sciences, economics, life and biological sciences,
and the social sciences. In fact, regression analysis may be
the most widely used statistical technique.
Model regresi yg melibatkan lebih dari satu variabel bebas
disebut “multiple regression model”.
Sumber: www.nfpcsp.org/.../Workshop_on_Regression_Model_Hand_Note_0.do...
Crop Forecasting by using Crop-Yield Weather Regression Model
M. Rezaul Karim Talukder & M. Sayedur Rahman.
Model regresi tanaman-iklim:
m
n
Yi = i+  ij Wj + ik Ik + ui
j=1
k=1
Where Yi is the yield of the ith crop, Wj is the jth agro-climatic variable
in the production of the ith crop, Ik is the kth input variable in the
production of the ith crop, j and k are the coefficient of the relevant
variable, o is the constant and ui is the disturbance term.
For a particular crop, the explicit form of the equation will be
determined by the variables relevant for the crop. In the present
exercise, the full model contained ten regressors, which were to
explain the yield of Boro rice for the 2001-02 season.
Sumber: www.nfpcsp.org/.../Workshop_on_Regression_Model_Hand_Note_0.do...
Crop Forecasting by using Crop-Yield Weather Regression Model
M. Rezaul Karim Talukder & M. Sayedur Rahman.
Formula model regresi linear berganda:
Y = o + 1 MXT + 2 MNT + 3 AVT + 4 DTR + 5 TRF + 6 CRF
+ 7 NSR +  PR +  FERT +  TIME + e
dimana:
Y= Yield of Boro rice (Mt/ha).
MXT= Maximum temperature (0c); MNT= Minimum temperature (0c); AVT=
Average temperature (0c); DTR= Diurnal temperature range (0c); TRF= Total
rainfall of the week (mm); CRF= Cumulative rainfall for the season up to the
week (mm); NSR= Net solar radiation (cal/cm2/day); PR = Price value (Tk.
per quintal) ; FERT = Fertilizer (‘000 Mt.); TIME= Year; e= Stochastic term/
residual term / error term.
Sumber: www.nfpcsp.org/.../Workshop_on_Regression_Model_Hand_Note_0.do...
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
FAKTOR GENETIK
1. Field crops - Yield potential is determined by genes of the plant. A large part of
the increase in yield over the years has been due to hybrids and improved
varieties. Other characteristics such as quality, disease resistance, drought
hardiness are determined by the genetic makeup. Corn hybrids are an example of
a dramatic yiel incease resulting from genetics. Genetic engineering is now
becoming an important tool in changing a plants potential.
2. Nursery crops and turf - not interested in total growth as much as appearance.
Ex. is Bermudagrass
3. Variety and Plant Nutrient needs-Hybrid corn producing 200 bu/ac requires more
plant nutrients than a hybrid producing 100 bu/ac. As potential crop yields are
increased, the plant nutrients required are increased. Current research in the Soil
Science and Genetics department is concerned with developing corn hybrids that
use nitrogen more efficiently - Produce more grain per pound of N - fertilizer.
4. A producer has control over the genetic factor by his choice of variety.
Field crops - highest yielding, disease resistant, etc.
Nursery - Best appearance - dwarf vs larger shrubs
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN
All external conditions and influences affecting the life and
development of an organism. The following are regarded as the most
important environmental factors
1. Temperatur
2. Suplai Air
3. Energi radiasi matahari
4. Komposisi atmosfir
5. Soil aeration and soil structure
6. Kemasaman tanah = Soil reaction
7. Faktor biotik
8. Supply of mineral nutrients
9. Absence of growth-restricting substances
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
Temperature
A measure of the intensity of heat. Plant growth occurs in a fairly
narrow range - 60 - 100 degrees F
1. Temperatur Secara langsung mempengaruji:
1. FOTOSINTESIS
2. RESPIRASI
3. TRANSPIRASI - loss of water
4. PENYERAPAN AIR DAN HARA DARI TANAH.
2. The rate of these processes increases with an increase in temperature responses
are different with different crops cotton vs collards or potatoes fescue vs bermuda
grass. These generalizations hold within a crops range of adaptation
3. Temperature also affects soil organisms nitrifying bacteria inhibited by low
temperature. pH may decrease in summer due to activities of microorganisms
4. Temperatur tanah mempengaruhi penyerapan air dan hara
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
AERASI TANAH
Compact soils of high bulk density and poor structure are
aerated poorly.
Pore space is occupied by air and water so the amount of air
and water are inversely proportional to the amount of
oxygen in the soil. On well drained soils, oxygen content is
not likely to be limiting to plant growth.
Plants vary widely in their sensitivity to soil oxygen. Paddy
rice vs tobacco
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
KEMASAMAN TANAH = Soil reaction
pH influences availability of certain nutrients
ex phosphate availability low on acid soils.
Al is toxic to plants diseases affected by pH
Potato scab controlled by keeping pH below
5.5
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
SUPLAI AIR
Plant growth restricted by low and high levels
of soil moisture :
1. can be regulated with drainage and
irrigation
2. good soil moisture improves nutrient
uptake
If moisture is a limiting factor fertilizer is not
used efficiently.
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
Hubungan antara stabilitas struktur (agregat) tanah dnegan hasil
tanaman pd berbagai perlakuan olah tanah (TDD = triple disc drill ;
SC/TDD = scarify and triple disc drill ; DDC = direct drill with combine ;
DP = district practice - cultivate and seed with combine
Sumber: http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_92448.html
HUBUNGAN DOSIS PUPUK DG HASIL TANAMAN
Sumber: http://www.smart-fertilizer.com/fertilizer-application-rates
FAKTOR PEMBATAS HASIL TANAMAN
Sumber: http://www.smart-fertilizer.com/fertilizer-application-rates
DOSIS PUPUK untuk HASIL OPTIMUM-EKONOMIS
A yield goal is the yield you hope to harvest. In order to be profitable, it is very
important that you set a yield goal that is realistic and achievable and that you use
the right tools and practices to achieve that goal.
KEUNTUNGAN
KERUGIAN
Sumber: http://www.smart-fertilizer.com/fertilizer-application-rates
A Typical Nitrogen Response Curve
Hasil
maksimum
Dosis pupuk
optimum ekonomis
on-farm
Maximum yield (C) is
reached at a nitrogen
rate greater than the onfarm economic optimum
and this is never a target
if farm profits are to be
maximised.
Application of nitrogen
above point C does not
increase yield, and with
further applications yield
falls and the need for
agro-chemicals such as
fungicides and growth
regulators may increase.
Sumber: http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/adlib/defra/content.aspx?doc=262994&id=263054
KURVA RESPON PUPUK NITROGEN
A typical N response
curve (orange line)
versus a response
curve for a
'workhorse' hybrid
(blue line).
The response curve
for a workhorse
hybrid has a higher
check plot yield
(yield at 0 lb N/acre)
and an above
average response to
60 lb N/acre.
Sumber: http://cropphysiology.cropsci.illinois.edu/research/MYP.html
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Penelitian DILAKUKAN untuk memprediksi hasil jagung dan kedelai
sebagai indeks produktivitas tanah-tanah di Illinois , kedua tanaman
ini meliputi 90% dari keseluruhan lahan pertanian yang ada.
Model regresi berganda digunakan untuk evaluasi hubungan antara 16
sifat tanah yg terpilih dari 34 tipe tanah-utama dengan hasil jagung
dan kedelai yang telah ditetapkan (data sekunder) periode 1970-an
(1967±1976).
Statistical models developed from major soils were tested internally
by calculating the 10-year average corn and soybean yields for each of
the 34 major soils.
The coefcients generated from multiple regression were further tested
using the soil property values for the additional 165 soils identi®ed in
nine counties representing the crop reporting districts and weather
districts in Illinois.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Crop yields are the result of environmental factors such as soil,
climate, and management inputs. The e€ect of technology and
management on crop yield is determined, in part, by the type of soil.
Consequently more specific information on the influence of soil
properties on crop yields is required.
Banyak pakar mencoba menemukan hubungan antara sifat-sifat tanah,
iklim, hasil tanaman, dan tanah-tanah , kemudian
membandingkannya.
Banyak penelitian agronomis membuktikan bahwa “kedalaman tanah”
sangat menentukan hasil tanaman, secara langsung dan tidak
langsung.
Banyak sifat-sifat tanah yg dianggap sangat mnenentukan hasil
tanaman , ternyata berhubungan dengan kemampuan tanah
menyimpan air (WHC - Water holding capacity).
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Perbedaan hasil tanaman dan produktivitas tanah dapat
dicerminkan dalam bentuk Indeks Produktivitas.
Productivity ratings are a good indicator of the suitability of
soils for crop production. They are useful in determining
optimum soil management and use.
Accurate and reliable soil productivity information is desired
for crop yield estimates and productivity indices of each soil
type to complement land appraisal and use management.
Data sekunder tentang produktivitas tanaman masa lalu
dapat dikoreksi dengan penyesuaian numerik sesuai dnegan
perkembangan teknologi tanaman.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Hasil tanaman meningkat secara signifikan di daerah Illinois USA
selama periode 1945 hingga 1995.
Peningkatan hasil tanaman ini ternyata disebabkan oleh perbaikan
teknologi tanaman (Swanson et al., 1977) yang meliputi:
1. Input kimia-biologis seperti jenis unggul, pupuk mineral, pestisida,
dan populasi tanaman yang lebih tinggi.
2. Sumberdaya mekanik, ALSINTAN
3. Pengelolaan.
Along with augmented crop yield trend, there were annual
fluctuations from weather effects.
1.
Swanson, E.R., Smith, D.G., Nyankori, J.C., 1977. Have corn and soybean yields reached a plateau? Series E, Agricultural
Economics No 77, E-17.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Trends in crop yields are important for economic decision
makers, as well as for farm owners and operators because
yield performance may influence determinations regarding
agricultural inputs levels and adoption of new technologies.
Additionally, past, present and future crop yield data could
be used as a basis for land valuation (assessment), crop
insurance, and other related farm business.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Kecenderungan hasil tanaman menjadi salah satu issue
penting dalam pembangunan pertanian. Berbagai kajian
dilakukan untuk analisis kecenderungan hasil tanaman dan
meramalkan prospek masa depannya.
Many of these studies were focused at or within a state
level.
Greater yield increments were identified in the previous 5year period compared to the latter period.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
The overall objective of this study was to
update the corn and soybean yields which
serve as a productivity index for Illinois soils
since these crops are grown on 90% of the
cropland.
An approach based on multiple regression
was used to evaluate the relationship
between 16 selected soil properties of major
soils and established corn and soybean
yields.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Prosedur Analisis
Tahapan analisisnya adalah:
1. To develop crop yield-soil property models by stepwise multiple
regression with 1970s crop yields along with soil properties from
34 major (base and benchmark) soils;
2. To internally check by calculating average corn and soybean yields
using the model generated coe•
cients and the soil properties values
for each of the 34 major soils;
3. To test coeficients generated from multiple regression using the
soil property values for an additional 165 soils identified in nine
counties representing the crop reporting districts and weather
districts in Illinois;
4. Mengidentifikasi data “pencilan” hasil jagung dan kedelai (lebih
dari 2 simpangan baku.)
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Prosedur Analisis
5. Menentukan alasan terjadinya pencilan data dan mengusulkan
perbaikan model prediktif.
6. Menentukan besarnya perubahan hasil jagung dan kedelai yang
dilaporkan petani selama periode waktu tertentu (1976 – 1995) di
berbagai daerah sentra produksi;
7. To use the 20-year crop regional yield increases to predict 1990s
crop yields for 199 soils in nine northern and southern Illinois
counties;
8. To evaluate the model predicted plus 20-year trend increased crop
yields and established plus 20-year trend increased crop yields for
nine selected test counties by comparing with the 1990s farmer
reported county crop production.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
PEMILIHAN TIPE TANAH
Thirty-four major soil types were chosen for a model development to
determine crop yield estimates. These included nine base soils which
were selected to represent the best producing soils under basic
management which were assigned the highest basic productivity
indices (Pis).
Each of these soils have extensive acreage in Illinois. From various soil
survey and soil conservation programs, it was determined that a list of
30 benchmark soils represented most of the major soil conditions in
the state.
Hasil penelitian menemukan lima tipe utama tanah dan disarankan
digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mengembangkan model hubungan
hasil tanaman dnegan sifat tanah.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
PEMILIHAN TIPE TANAH
Sejumlah sifat fisika dan kimia tanah yang mempengaruhi hasil
tanaman dapat diidentifikasi dnegan bantuan model regresi linear
berganda, yaitu:
1.
2.
3.
Tebalnya lapisan permukaan (topsoil) (cm);
11. % debu pada topsoil;
% BOT pada topsoil;
12. KTK pada topsoil;
Depth (cm) to redoxamorphic (wetness) features drainage class (relates to
drainage class);
13. Subsoil thickness (cm);
4. Plant available water to a depth of 150 cm;
5. Rooting depth as a function of soil structure (cm);
6. Depth in cm to 2nd parent material (usually thickness of loess);
7. Permeability;
14. Nilai pH topsoil ;
8. Subsoil pH;
15. Nilai BI topsoil;
9. Nilai BI subsoil;
16. Kejenuhan Na topsoil;
10. % liat pada subsoil.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Analisis Regresi Hasil Tanaman
Stepwise multiple regression was implemented to establish
the relationship between 10-year crop yield estimates and
selected soil property values.
Sifat-sifat tanah dinyatakan dalam bentuk “nilai numerik”
untuk setiap karakteristik tanah.
Hanya satu nilai ditetapkan oleh tipe tanah atau sifat tanah
pada horison A, horison B atau profil tanah.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Analisis korelasi digunakan nuntuk memberikan informasi ttg sifat
peubah yg dipakai dlm model regresi berganda, dan untuk
mengidentifikasi peubah-peubah mana yg korelasinya lebih kuat.
Simple statistical data analyses were evaluated (stemleaf diagrams,
box plot, and normal probability plot) in order to check the usual
assumption in regression analysis.
The diagrams for most of the predictor variables were acceptable bellshaped curves. The variable exchangeable sodium was not a bellshaped curve, since all but one of the soils had values of zero.
The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was applied to analyze the soil
and yield data.
The R-square option was utilized with emphasis on maximizing R for
regression.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Analisis regresi linear berganda dipakai untuk meng-estimasi
hubungan antara hasil tanaman dan peubah-peubah sifat-tanah.
Perhitungan dilakukan dnegan model:
Yi = β0 + β1X1 + β 2X2 ...... βiXi + εi .............. (1)
where Yi is the response or dependent variable, which represents the
predicted crop yields.
The explanatory factors X1, X2, . . . Xi are assumed to be independent.
i is the error due to the fact that the postulated independent variables
do not completely account for the variation in Y.
The parameter b0, b1 . . . bi are the population regression coe•
cients for
the soil effects.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Model sifat tanah yg dikembangkan dari tanah-tanah utama, diuji
dengan menghitung rataan hasil tanaman pada semua tanah
pertanian di daerah sentra produksi tanaman.
The predicted crop yields were compared to the established yield estimates
for each crop, and to the farmer reported crop yields in IAS.
The coeficients generated by multiple regression in the models were used
with the soil property values for 165 additional soils found in the nine
counties.
These were not included in the original 34 major (base and benchmark) soils
list. The sign and magnitude of the coeficients generated in the multiple
regression models did not establish the absolute relationship between
specific soil properties and crop yields since the variables were not
completely independent
and since multi-collinearity did not exist between some soil variables.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Teknik regresi dipakai untuk meng-evaluasi hubungan antara tahun
dan hasil jagung dan kedelai.
Pendekatan pertama dipakai untuk analisis data hasil tanaman untuk
semua lokasi, dan pendekatan ke dua untuk menganalisis dua jenis
tanah di suatu daerah survei.
Data hasil tanaman (data sekunder) dianalisis untuk dua periode
waktu yang berbeda, misalnya periode 1945 - 1995, dan periode 1976
- 1995.
Yield trend was measured using the least squares method which
employed the following trend equation:
Y = a + bx
where Y, predicted value of Y based on the selected year; a, estimated
value of Y where X=0; b, average change in Y for each change in year.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
KORELASI ANTARA HASIL TANAMAN
DAN NILAI SIFAT-SIFAT TANAH
Secara umum variabel (sifat tanah) bahan organik (OM),
available water (AvW), bulk density horison AE (DbAE), dan
bulk density horison B (DbB), Tebalnya horison AE (ThAE);
Kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) dan pH horison AE (pHAE)
secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan hasil jagung dan
kedelai.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Table 2. Simple statistics for response and predictor variables for major
soils
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Korelasi paling kuat ditemukan antara kandungan BOT dan
KTK tanah. Air tersedia, pH dan BI dari horison AE dan
horison B juga berkorelasi dnegan kandungan BOT.
Other significant correlations were observed between
available water and thickness of AE horizons.
High correlations between paired variables, such as organic
matter and cation exchange capacity, silt of AE horizons and
available water, explain, in part, why cation exchange
capacity and available water were not selected in the
reduced models.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Seleksi Peubah dan Analisis Regresi
Model sifat tanah yang diperoleh dalam penelitian biasanya
berdasarkan pada respon hasil tanaman (jagung dan
kedelai) terhadap karakteristik fisika dan kimia tanah.
Most of these soil types occur in only the northern
(including central) or southern region.
Therefore, the influence of climate had been considered on
a regional basis.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Analisis Regresi Hasil Tanaman
Model regresi digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pentingnya sifat-sifat
tanah yang terpilih untuk memprediksi hasil tanaman.
Prosedurnya adalah sbb:
Analisis regresi pendahuluan dilakukan dg mengadoksi prosedur
pemilihan variabel Cp , untuk mengidentifikasi variabel yg paling
mempengaruhi hasil tanaman, dan kemudian memilih tiga model
regresi terbaik berdasarkan statistik Cp Mallow.
Prosedur pemilihan Cp menghasilkan n perangkat model yg dianggap
optimeum menurut kriteria Cp.
Model-model ini kemudian diuji dengan memprediksi hasil tanaman
berdasarkan sifat-sifat tanah dari 34 tipe tanah yg dipilih.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Model regresi berganda yg terbaik antara sifat-sifat tanah dan
koefisien-koefisiennya bagi setiap tanaman disajikan dalam Tabel 3.
Persamaan ini mencerminkan model regresi berganda yg paling
signifikan berdasarkan nilai koefisien determinasinya R2.
Tanaman jagung dan kedelai dipengaruhi oleh beberapa sifat tanah
yang menghasilkan persamaan model yang distingtif.
Tabel 3. Model Regresi sifat-sifat tanah dengan hasil jagung dan kedelai pada kondisi
tingkat pengelolaan rata-rata 1970-an (1967±1976)
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
BI horison B dan Na-tukar ternyata sangat berkorelasi
dengan hasil tanaman, dan kedua peubah sifat-tanah ini
muncul dalam model regresi hasil tanaman.
Clay content of the B horizon was a non-significant
correlated variable with crop yields, however, it was an
important parameter in determining variations within both
models.
Kedalaman zone perakaran dan kedalaman bahan induk
tanah tidak berkorelasi dengan hasil tanaman.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Prediksi hasil tanaman dengan menggunakan model
regresi sifat-sifat tanah mempunyai nilai R2 (koef
determinasi) yg tinggi kalau dibandingkan (diuji)
dengan nilai-nilai hasil tanaman dari data sekunder.
Untuk tipe-tipe tanah yang dianalisis, ternyata
persentase variasi hasil jagung dan kedelai yang
dapat dijelaskan oleh model regresi sebesar 90%
(Figs. 2 and 3).
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Nilai hasil jagung
tahun 1970-an
(1967±1976) dari
data sekunder
dan nilai prediksi
hasil jagung
(menggunakan
model) untuk 34
tipe tanah di
Illinois.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Nilai hasil
kedelai tahun
1970-an
(1967±1976) dari
data sekunder
dan nilai prediksi
hasil kedelai
(menggunakan
model) untuk 34
tipe tanah di
Illinois.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Prediksi hasil tanaman untuk 165 tipe tanah lainnya
dilakukan di sembilan negara bagian di USA.
Dua model hasil tanaman yang dikembangkan dari
34 tipe tanah diuji pada tipe-tipe tanah lainnya di
smebilan negara bagian untuk mendapatkan prediksi
hasil tanaman.
Model-model tersebut juga digunakan untuk
memprediksi hasil tanaman berdasarkan sifat-sifat
tanah di daerah-daerah pertanian Illinois.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Table 4. Number of observations with residuals greater than one and
two standard deviations by (S.D.)crop.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Hasil jagung yang telah ditetapkan untuk periode 1970s (1967±1976) (published in
Circular 1156 Soil Productivity in Illinois) dan prediksi hasil jagung pada 165 tipe
tanah di Illinois.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Fig. 5. Hasil kedelai yang telah ditetapkan untuk periode 1970s (1967±1976)
(published in Circular 1156 Soil Productivity in Illinois) dan prediksi hasil kedelai pada
165 tipe tanah di Illinois.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Nilai prediktif dari 16 sifat-sifat kimia dan fisika
tanah diuji dengan menggunakan 34 tipe tanahutama yg mewakili kondisi tanah pertanian di
Illinois.
Model regresi berganda untuk memprediksai hasil
jagung dan kedelai, yg berfungsi sebagai indeks
produktivitas tanah-tanah di Illinois, ternyata dapat
bekerja dnegan baik dan dapat digunakan di daerahdaerah sekitarnya.
Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000)
151±170
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Definisi ‘HASIL TANAMAN '
A measurement of the amount of a crop that was harvested
per unit of land area. Crop yield is the measurement often
used for a cereal, grain or legume and is normally measured
in metric tons per hectare (or kilograms per hectare).
“Hasil Tanaman” juga menunjukkan produksi benih (biji)
dari tanaman.
Misalnya, sebutir benih jagung menghasilkan tiga benih
baru, maka hasil tanaman ini 1:3.
Sumber: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crop-yield.asp
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
In agriculture, crop yield (also known as
"agricultural output") refers to both the measure
of the yield of a crop per unit area of land
cultivation, and the seed generation of the plant
itself (e.g. one wheat grain produces a stalk
yielding three grain, or 1:3)
Hasil tanaman biasanya diukur dengan satuan
ton per hektar.
Sumber:
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
PERANAN TANAH DALAM PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN
1. Penunjang fisik ..... roots anchor plant to maintain upright
stature so leaves can intercept sunlight
2. Pori tanah menahan air dan udara yg tersedia bagi
tanaman ….....both are essential to root growth
3. Hara tanaman … soils supply variable amounts of
nutrients. Also, soils retain / release nutrients applied as
fertilizers, manures, and other organic sources
4. Tekstur Tanah sangat menentukan WHC dan ketersediaan
hara dalam tanah.
Sumber: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc185/student_files/ClassNotes/ClassNotes.7a.Soil%20and%20Plant%20Relationships.12.pdf
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Model estimasi hasil tanaman gandum, jagung, dan kapas
biasanya berdasarkan pada sifat-sifat tanah tertentu.
The procedure consisted of computing algebraic equations following analyses by
multiple regression.
Sifat-sifat tanah yang lazim digunakan : Kedalaman tanah, Kandungan
liat, Kedalaman muka-air-tanah jenuh, Kandungan karbonat, Salinity,
Kejenuhan Na dan KTK.
The selected properties accounted for 78 to 84% in the general model and for 56 to
80% in the quadratic model of the variations in yields of the three crops.
Estimates were also made of the optimum expressions of two properties, useful
depth and depth to hydromorphic features, to maximize yields of the crops.
Sumber: Crop yield predictions based on properties of soils in Sevilla, Spain. D. De La Rosa, F. Cardona, J. Almorza. Geoderma, Volume 25,
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
KUALITAS TANAH unt. PRODUKSI TANAMAN
On the basis of soil parameters provided by HWSD seven key soil
qualities important for crop production have been derived, namely:
nutrient availability, nutrient retention capacity, rooting conditions,
oxygen availability to roots, excess salts, toxicities, and workability.
Soil qualities are related to the agricultural use of the soil and more
specifically to specific crop requirements and tolerances.
Untuk ilustrasi kualitas tanah, jagung dipilih sebagai tanaman referens
karena distribusinya sangat luas dan nilai ekonominya tinggi.
Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/soils/harmonized-world-soil-database/soil-quality-for-crop-production/en/
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Kualitas Tanah dan Karakteristik Tanahnya
KUALITAS TANAH
SQ1
Nutrient availability
KARAKTERISTIK TANAH
Soil texture, soil organic carbon, soil pH, total exchangeable
bases
Soil Organic carbon, Soil texture, base saturation, cation
exchange capacity of soil and of clay fraction
SQ2
Nutrient retention
capacity
SQ3
Rooting conditions
Soil textures, bulk density, coarse fragments, vertic soil
properties and soil phases affecting root penetration and soil
depth and soil volume
SQ4
Soil drainage and soil phases affecting soil drainage
SQ5
Oxygen availability to
roots
Excess salts.
SQ6
Toxicity
Soil salinity, soil sodicity and soil phases influencing salt
conditions
Calcium carbonate and gypsum
SQ7
Workability
(constraining field
management)
Soil texture, effective soil depth/volume, and soil phases
constraining soil management (soil depth, rock outcrop,
stoniness, gravel/concretions and hardpans)
Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/soils/harmonized-world-soil-database/soil-quality-for-crop-production/en/
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Hubungan antara sifat fisika tanah dnegan produksi tanaman
Sumber: http://www.fisicadosolo.ccr.ufsm.quoos.com.br/downloads/Relationship_between_soil_physical.pdf
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN
Hubungan antara isfat alamiah tanah, agroteknologi, dan hasil
tanaman
Sumber: http://www.fisicadosolo.ccr.ufsm.quoos.com.br/downloads/Relationship_between_soil_physical.pdf
FUNGSI PRODUKSI TANAMAN
In general, the agricultural crops are significantly dependent on
climate factors. Such variables could be not only the temperature and
rainfall but also the soil moisture and the level of evaporation.
Nevertheless the other factors have also an important role in the
variability of crop production - classical production factors (capital,
land and labor) or fertilizers and pesticides.
The modeling of crop production is complex problem and needs the
sophisticated approach. The aim of the paper is to study the most
appropriate form of crop production function - the applied variables
and mathematical form.
Fungsi produksi CES (Constant elasticity of substitution) dan VES
(Variable elasticity of substitution) menjadi alat bantu analisis yang
mudah dilakukan.
Sumber: Crop production function – study. Tereza Suchánková, Radka Bezděkovská. Proceedings of 30th International Conference
Mathematical Methods in Economics . http://mme2012.opf.slu.cz/proceedings/pdf/144_Suchankova.pdf
FUNGSI PRODUKSI TANAMAN
Fungsi produksi dapat menjelaskan nilai output yang dihasilkan dari
kombinasi faktor-faktor produksi pada tingkat teknologi yang ada.
Penjelasan detail tentang fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas production
function (PFCD) banyak dibahas dalam pustaka ilmiah.
The same literature explains the principles of the constant elasticity of
substitution production function (PFCES), including well-known
Kmenta’s approximations for two inputs.
Detailed description can be found in literature.
The variable elasticity of substitution production function (PFVES) can
be found in literature.
Sumber: Crop production function – study. Tereza Suchánková, Radka Bezděkovská. Proceedings of 30th International Conference
Mathematical Methods in Economics . http://mme2012.opf.slu.cz/proceedings/pdf/144_Suchankova.pdf
FUNGSI PRODUKSI TANAMAN
FUNGSI PRODUKSI N Cobb-Douglas (PFCD)
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan model PFCD dengan dua faktor produksi:
dimana :
Yit is a crop yield in the region i and in the time t, ai represents the level of achieved
technology in the region i, g the non-objectified technological progress – the parameter for the
proxy variable time t, Ait and Bit are the explanatory variables – production factors in the
region i and in the time t. The coefficients α and β are the elasticities of output (harvest) with
respect to the explanatory variables. The sum of these elasticities gives the information about
the returns to scale. The uit is the stochastic disturbance term. For more information about the
individual effects of each region, it is useful to log-transform the model in order to obtain the
form linearized in parameters.
Maka diperoleh bentuk persamaan:
lnYit = ln ai + gt +α ln Ait +β lnBit + uit.
Sumber: Crop production function – study. Tereza Suchánková, Radka Bezděkovská. Proceedings of 30th International Conference
Mathematical Methods in Economics . http://mme2012.opf.slu.cz/proceedings/pdf/144_Suchankova.pdf
FUNGSI PRODUKSI TANAMAN
Pendekatan linear telah dilakukan oleh Kmenta [5]. Model dengan
efek-efek individual adalah: :
where αi is a deviation from the constant, representing the influence
of each individual region i, β1 is common constant, g the nonobjectified technological progress – the parameter for the proxy
variable time t, β2 and β3 are the elasticity coefficients of the
explanatory variables A and B and β4 expresses the elasticity of
correction part of the model.
Kmenta, J.: On estimation of the CES production Function. International Economic Review 8 (1967),80-89.
Sumber: Crop production function – study. Tereza Suchánková, Radka Bezděkovská. Proceedings of 30th International Conference
Mathematical Methods in Economics . http://mme2012.opf.slu.cz/proceedings/pdf/144_Suchankova.pdf
Phosphorus Fertilization Modes Affect Crop Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Soil
Biological Properties in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System
Guan Guan, Shuxin Tu, Hailan Li, Juncheng Yang, Jianfeng Zhang, Shilin Wen and Li Yang.
Soil Science Society of America Journal. SSSAJ. 2012.. Vol. 77 No. 1, p. 166-172
Field experiments were performed to investigate the effects of different P fertilizer application
modes on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, number of microbes (bacteria,
actinomycetes, and fungi), and diversity of microbes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) rotation system.
Pengurangan dosis pupuk P-anorganik sebesar 20% tidak menyebabkan penurunan hasil
tanaman, serapan hara, aktivitas enzim tanah, atau jumlah mikroba tanah.
In addition, both the 20% reduction in applied P and the mixed application of organic manure
and chemical P fertilizer increased not only the activity of neutral phosphatase, sucrase,
protease and urease, but also the number of soil microbes, as well as the Shannon’s microbial
diversity index (H), although they had no impact on crop yield and nutrient uptake.
Pengurangan aplikasi dosis pupuk P sebesar 20% dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi
efek pencemaran pada lahan pertanian. Aplikasi kombinasi rabuk organik dengan
pupuk P-anorganik disarankan untuk memperbaiki kualitas kesuburan tanah.
Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/77/1/166
Correlation of Soil Tests for Available Phosphorus and Potassium with Crop Yield Responses to Fertilization
O. H. Long and L. F. Seatz. SSSAJ. Vol. 17 No. 3, p. 258-262. Published: July, 1953.
Results are presented in graphic form showing soil-test values for P and K plotted against crop
yields obtained without P or K expressed as percent of yields where phosphate or potash was
applied.
Two methods of approach are used in showing the degree of correlation. One method is
concerned with “prediction accuracy” at only the lower values of soil P or K. The other method
is concerned with the regression curves and correlation coefficients for the experiments as a
whole.
Responses of corn to phosphorus fertilization on loess-derived soils correlated least
satisfactorily with the soil test where a predicted yield response was obtained in only 17% of
the tests. Permanent pastures showed the best correlation; all experiments were on soils low
in phosphate and responded to applications of P. The prediction accuracies obtained with
other crops were as follows: corn, on limestone-derived soils, 64%; cotton, 54%; small grains,
70%; and legume hays, 63%.
Responses of cotton to potassium fertilization indicated the best correlation with the soil test,
the prediction accuracy being 60%. The prediction accuracies obtained with the other crops
were: corn, 44%; small grains, 47%; legume hays, 33%; and permanent pastures, 57%.
The correlation coefficient (r) was not significant with respect to P on any crop; it was
significant with respect to K only on corn.
Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/17/3/SS0170030258
Phosphorus Soil Test Correlation to Sugarcane Grown on Histosols in the Everglades
G. H. Korndörfer, D. L. Anderson, K. M. Portier and E. A. Hanlon. SSSAJ. 1995. Vol. 59 No.
6, p. 1655-1661
Metode ekstraksi P-tanah digunakan untuk menduga jumlah P-tersedia
dalam tanah, dan hasil ekstraksinya dapat dikorelasikan dengan hasil
tanaman.
Hasil ekstraksi P-tanah dnegan mengekstraks air, asam asetat, dan Mehlich-1
dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor respon hasil tanaman terhadap
pemupukan P.
Acetic acid extractable P was more highly correlated to sugar and cane yields
(r = 0.72* and 0.63**, respectively) than water-extractable P (r = 0.27** and
0.39**, respectively). Mehlich-1 extractable P was poorly correlated to sugar
(r = 0.25*) and cane (r = 0.05ns) yields.
P-terekstrak asam asetat terpilih menjadi indikator terbaik untuk menduga
respon tanaman tebu terhadap pemupukan P.
Kriteria P-terekstraks asam asetat dikembangkan untuk mendefinisikan
kelompok tingkat hasil uji tanah yg berhubungan dnegan respon tanaman:
Tingkat RENDAH berkisar 0 - 9 mg L−1, MEDIUM berkisar 9 - 39 mg L−1, dan
TINGGI : lebih dari 39 mg P L−1.
Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/59/6/SS0590061655
Long-Term P and K Applications: I. Effect on Soil Test Incline and Decline Rates and
Critical Soil Test Levels
G. W. Randall, T. K. Iragavarapu and S. D. Evans. JPA. 2013. doi: 10.2134/jpa1997.0565Vol. 10 No.
4, p. 565-571..
Kondisi awal hasil uji tanah P-Bray dan K-tukar adalah 22 dan 150 ppmuntuk tanah lempung
liat Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Qpic Endoaquolls) di lokasi Waseca, MN,
10 dan 228 ppm, untuk tanah lempung liat Aastad (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Pachic Udic
Haploboroll) di lokasi Morris, MN.
Aplikasi sebar pupuk P dan K setiap tahun selama 12 tahun dengan dosis 0, 50, 100
lb P2O5/acre dan 0,50, 100 lb K2O/acre.
For the Webster soil, STP increased by 0.42 and 1.92 ppm/yr with the 50- and 100-lb P2O5
rates, respectively, and by 0.69 and 2.49 ppm/yr for the Aastad sol Decline rates of STP ranged
from as high as 3.3 pp/yr at an initial STP of 40 ppm to 0.4 ppdyr at initial STP of ≤10 ppm.
Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Crycine mar (L.) Merr,] yields were not increased by broadcast
applications of P when STP was >13 ppm on the Webster soil and >19 ppm on the Aastad soil.
Year-to-year STK variability was very high and precluded calculation of incline or decline rates
or the critical STK concentration.
Uji P-tanah dapat dipertahankan pada tingkat 18 - 20 ppm untuk
profitabilitas optimum dengan aplikasi 40 - 50 lb P2O5/acre /tahun.
Sumber: https://www.agronomy.org/publications/jpa/abstracts/10/4/565
SOIL TESTING FOR SITE SPECIFIC CROP MANAGEMENT: RESIN-EXTRACTABLE RATIOS AND SOYBEAN
PRODUCTION
Olness, Alan Gesch, Russell Barbour, Nancy Rinke, Jana . International Conference on Site Specific
Agriculture . Proceedings . Publication Acceptance Date: July 19, 2000 .
Hasil tanaman meningkat sebesar 27% kalau rasio molar Mg
: (Mg + Ca) ekstraks resin meningkat 0.2 - 0.8.
Seed yields of 9061 increased in 2 of 3 years as the Mg:(Mg +
Ca) molar ratio increased. Seed yields of 704 increased as
the resin extractable Mg:(Mg + Ca) molar ratio increased in
both years in which it was grown.
Hasil kedelai meningkat dengan adanya aplikasi MgPO4; hal
ini mendukung temuan bahwa kandungan Mg ekstraks resin
berhubungan erat dengan haisl kedelai.
Sumber: http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=112432
Maize Yield as Affected by Water Availability, Soil Depth, and Crop Management
P. A. Calviño, F. H. Andrade and V. O. Sadras. AJ. 2003. doi: 10.2134/agronj2003.2750Vol. 95
No. 2, p. 275-281.
1.
2.
3.
Fungsi dasar dikembangkan untuk mengkuantifikasikan hubungan antara hasil
tanaman dnegan ketersediaan air (W) selama periode pembentukan biji.
Fungsi dasar diuji dnegan seperangkat data independen.
Fungsi dasar digunakan untuk evaluasi efek kedalaman tanah dan praktek
pengelolaan thdhasil tanaman.
Yield varied between 4.2 and 10 t ha−1, and most of this variation (>84%) was
accounted for by W during the period bracketing flowering. Shallow soils presented
lower yield than deep soils at a given rainfall.
Efek praktek pengelolaan thd produktivitas dapat dianalisis dengan fungsi
hubungan antara hasil tanaman dengan ketersediaan air (W).
Technology-related yield increases were (a) 2.3 t ha−1 from the late 1980s to the mid1990s, mainly explained by P fertilization, better and earlier weed control, and
improved hybrids; (b) 0.9 t ha−1 from the mid-1990s to 1996–1998, related to no-till
and higher plant density; and (c) 0.8 t ha−1 from 1996–1998 to 1999–2000, mainly
explained by enhanced rates of N fertilization.
Sumber: https://www.agronomy.org/publications/aj/abstracts/95/2/275
The probability of precipitation and the crop-yield, soildepth function
Angelos Pagoulatos. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation July/August 1989 vol. 44
no. 4 349-351
Kedalaman horison fragipan pada tanah lempungdebu Zanesville ternyata sangat mempengaruhi hasil
tanaman.
Semakin dalam lokasi horison fragipan, semakin
tinggi hasil tanaman jagungnya; efek ini ternyata
juga dipengaruhi oleh distribusi hujan selama
periode pertumbuhan tanaman jagung.
Sumber: http://www.jswconline.org/content/44/4/349.abstract
Effect of soil type and depth on crop production
J. W. S. Reitha1, R. H. E. Inksona1, K. S. Caldwella1, W. E. Simpsona1 and J. A. M. Ross
The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 103 / Issue 02 / October 1984, pp 377-386.
Tanah bergambut mampu menghasilkan tanaman lebih baik daripada
tanah mineral, diduga karena ia mampu melepaskan N lebih banyak.
Topsoil yang dalam (tebal) menunjukkan hasil tanaman yg tertinggi.
Topsoil dengan subsoil pasir menunjukkan hasil tanaman yang
terendah.
All the crops on the peaty soil had higher concentrations of P in the dry matter than
those from the seven mineral soils. Crops and herbage on the Laurencekirk and
Foud-land soils had consistently slightly higher P concentrations than those on the
other five mineral soils. Compared with the amounts applied, the crops removed
considerably more K but only 45–68% of the P.
Berbagai serie-tanah menunjukkan proporsi P-residu yang terekstraks asam asetat
dengan nilai yang berbeda-beda.
Kedalaman topsoil sangat menentukan hasil tanaman, dan dapat dipakai sebagai
faktor utama dalam Klasifikasi Kapabilitas Lahan pertanian.
Sumber: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4654960
Simulating the Effects of Soil Depth and Climatic Factors on Corn Yield
J. B. Swan, M. J. Shaffer, W. H. Paulson and A. E. Peterson
SSSAJ. 1987. Vol. 51 No. 4, p. 1025-1032.
Model simulasi dipakai untuk meng-estimasi respon hasil tanaman terhadap
kondisi iklim dan simpanan lengas tanah.
Ada efek interaksi antara kondisi iklim dan WHC tanah terhadap hasil
jagung. Pada 1983, 1984, dan 1985 hasil jagung meningkat kalau
kedalaman tanah meningkat; pada tahun 1981 dan 1982 hasil jagung
hanya sedikit berhubungan dengan kedalaman tanah.
The observed differential effect of soil depth to residuum on corn yield under
different years' climatic conditions necessitated the use of a simulation model to
estimate corn yield accurately in a given year and to express the probability of
obtaining a given yield level. Frequency distributions for grain yield were determined
for specific soil depths to residuum.
Hasil biji jagung ditentukan sebagai fungsi kedalaman tanah berdasarkan nilai-nilai
simulasi faktor iklim harian di suatu lokasi, selama periode 100 tahun.
Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/51/4/SS0510041025
CROP PRODUCTION AND SOIL SALINITY: EVALUATION OF FIELD DATA FROM INDIA BY
SEGMENTED LINEAR REGRESSION WITH BREAKPOINT
R.J. Oosterbaan , D.P. Sharma , K.N. Singh and K.V.G.K Rao.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Land Drainage for Salinity Control in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, February 25th to March
2nd, 1990, Cairo, Egypt, Vol. 3, Session V, p. 373 - 383
Hubungan
antara hasil
gandum
dengan
salinitas
tanah (ECe)
Sumber: www.waterlog.info/pdf/segmregr.pdf
CROP PRODUCTION AND SOIL SALINITY: EVALUATION OF FIELD DATA FROM INDIA BY
SEGMENTED LINEAR REGRESSION WITH BREAKPOINT
R.J. Oosterbaan , D.P. Sharma , K.N. Singh and K.V.G.K Rao.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Land Drainage for Salinity Control in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, February 25th to March
2nd, 1990, Cairo, Egypt, Vol. 3, Session V, p. 373 - 383
Hasil tanaman sawi (t/ha)
Salinitas tanah, Ec (dS/m)
DEPTH OF SOIL CULTIVATION AS AN INFLUENCING FACTOR ON CROP YIELDS OF
GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Dr. J. Skierkowski
ISHS Acta Horticulturae 17: Symposium on Protected Growing of Vegetables
Pengolahan tanah secara-dalam menunjukkan efek
yg bagus terhadap hasil buah tanaman tomat.
Higher yields are obtained of spring tomatoes, even
though in the case of autumn tomatoes significant
differences in favour of the deep cultivation of soil
were obtained.
Sumber: http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=17_12
. Soil Properties and Crop Yields along the Terraces and Toposequece
of Anjeni Watershed, Central Highlands of Ethiopia
Tadele Amare, Aemro Terefe, Yihenew G. Selassie, Birru Yitaferu, Bettina Wolfgramm, Hans Hurni
JAS. Vol 5, No 2 (2013) .
Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pH tanah, kation-tukar, P-tersedia, jumlah
kation basa dan persen kejenuhan basa tidak berbeda antara “loss zone” dan
“deposition zone”, sedangkan C-organik, dan N-total lebih tinggi pada lokasi
“deposition zone”.
For both testing crops, higher mean yields were found at deposition zones followed
by the middle zones while the lowest value was obtained from the loss zones. Soil
pH, exchangeable cations, available phosphorus, sum of exchangeable bases, percent
base saturation, organic carbon and total nitrogen showed significant variation due
to slope position differences. Toe slope position followed by crest slope position
showed higher mean value of the parameters.
Implementasi tindakan konservasi tanah di DAS Anjeni dapat
mengurangi erosi tanah, memperbaiki kualitas tanah dan
meningkatkan hasil tanaman.
Sumber:http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/23934
THE EFFECT OF SOIL THICKNESS ON CROP YIELDS
Richard Barnhisel2, James Powell, and R. Brent Gray .
Paper was presented at the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation,
Breckenridge, CO, June, 19-23, 2005.
Ketebalan tanah pada lokasi lahan-reklamasi bekas tambang sangat
berpengaruh terhadap hasil-hasil berbagai jenis tanaman.
The soil thickness was most important for corn, followed by grain sorghum,
soybeans, wheat, and alfalfa. Soil compaction also affected crop yields, especially for
corn. Since the primary standard used to determine Phase III bond release in the
mid-western states is based on corn yield, several studies were conducted on the
effect of both soil depth and bulk density data as controlling factors in determining
corn yield.
Hasil kedelai dan gandum tidak terlalu terpengaruh oleh kedalaman tanah,
dibandingkan dnegan hasil jagung. Hasil Alfalfa paling tidak-terpengaruhi oleh
kedalaman tanah, dan tanaman ini membantu mengurangi pemadatan tanah.
Hasil jagung lebih baik setelah lima tahun lahan digunakan untuk memproduksi
alfalfa.
Sumber: http://www.asmr.us/Publications/Conference%20Proceedings/2005/0040-Barnhisel-KY.pdf
Relation between soil organic matter and yield levels of nonlegume crops in organic and
conventional farming systems
Christopher Brock, Andreas Fließbach, Hans-Rudolf Oberholzer, Franz Schulz, Klaus Wiesinger , Frank Reinicke, Wernfried
Koch, Bernhard Pallutt, Bärbel Dittman, Jörg Zimmer, Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen,
Günter Leithold. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. Volume 174, Issue 4, pages 568–575, August, 2011.
Bagaimana hubungan antara haisl tanaman dnegan kandungan BOT
pada kondisi pertanian organik dan pertanian konvensional ?.
Yield levels of nonlegume crops were positively correlated with SOM
levels, but the correlation was significant only under conditions of
organic farming, and not with conventional farming treatments. While
absolute SOM levels had a positive impact on yield levels of
nonlegumes, the yield levels of nonlegumes and SOM-level
development over time correlated negatively.
Semakin tinggi hasil tanaman non-legume, semakin banyak diperlukan
suplai BO untuk mempertahankan kandungan BOT.
Sumber: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.201000272/abstract
. Dryland Crop Yields and Soil Organic Matter as Influenced by Long-Term Tillage and
Cropping Sequence
Upendra M. Sainju , Andrew W. Lenssen, Thecan Caesar-TonThat and Robert G. Evans
AJ. 2009. doi: 10.2134/agronj2008.0080xVol. 101 No. 2, p. 243-251.
Praktek budidaya tanaman yg lebih baik diperlukan untuk
memperbaiki hasil tanaman lahan kering dan mempertahankan
kandungan BOT.
Spring wheat grain and biomass yields increased with crop growing season
precipitation (GSP) and were greater in STW-F than in FSTCW and FSTW-B/P when
GSP was <250 mm. Although mean grain and biomass yields were greater,
annualized yields were lower in STW-F than in other treatments.
In FSTW-B/P, barley and pea grain and biomass yields also increased with increased
GSP.
Kandungan C-organik dan N-total tanah berkorelasi linear dengan total
residu biomasa yang dikembalikan ke tanah.
Sistem pertanaman semusim dengan minimum atau tanpa olah tanah
disarankan untuk melestarikan hasil tanaman lahan kering dan menjaga
kandungan BOT.
Sumber: https://www.agronomy.org/publications/aj/abstracts/101/2/243?access=0&view=pdf
. Soil Organic Matter Levels and Crop Yields in Puerto Rico
M. A. Lugo-López, J. A. Bonnet, E. Hernández-Medina, P. Landrau and G. Samuels
SSSAJ. 1954. Vol. 18 No. 4, p. 489-493.
No increases in organic-matter content were observed in some latosols
of Puerto Rico with an open porous structure and low fertility level
when treated with different quantities of velvetbean green manure,
sugarcane trash, and filter-press cake.
Peningkatan hasil jagung diperoleh dnegan perlakuan pupuk hijau
“velvet-bean”, mungkin karena peningkatan suplai N-tersedia dalam
tanah.
Aplikasi bahan organik dapat meningkatkan kandungan BOT, tetapi
tidak terlalu berdampak pada kondisi fisika tanah.
Peningkatan hasil tebu dan nanas diduga ada hubungannya dengan
perbaikan kondisi fisika tanah akibat peningkatan kandungan BOT.
Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/18/4/SS0180040489?access=0&view=pdf
Air dan Hasil Tanaman..
Respon hasil tanaman thd air : the original FAO water
production function
FAO addressed the relationship between crop yield and water use in the
late seventies proposing a simple equation where relative yield reduction
is related to the corresponding relative reduction in evapotranspiration
(ET). Specifically, the yield response to ET is expressed as:
where Yx and Ya are the maximum and actual yields, ETx and ETa are the
maximum and actual evapotranspiration, and Ky is a yield response factor
representing the effect of a reduction in evapotranspiration on yield
losses. Equation 1 is a water production function and can be applied to all
agricultural crops, i.e. herbaceous, trees and vines.
Sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2800e/i2800e02.pdf
Gradien Hasil-Irigasi dan Fungsi produksi tanamanair
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377406002010
Hasil tanaman , t/ha
Contoh kurva respon nitrogen untuk tanaman gandum dari petani di
Picardie (Northern France)
Dosis pupuk N, kg/ha
Sumber: http://stephane.decara.free.fr/mypdf/GodaBamiDeboDeCaJayeNian05.pdf
Penyesuaian kurva STICS dg memperhatikan kalibrasi model ekonomi
berdasarkan hasil-referensi dan referensi biaya variabel.
Sumber: http://stephane.decara.free.fr/mypdf/GodaBamiDeboDeCaJayeNian05.pdf
The potential contribution of plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce
environmental degradation – A comprehensive evaluation
Luz E. de-Bashan, Juan-Pablo Hernandez, Yoav Bashan
Applied Soil Ecology. Volume 61, October 2012, Pages 171–189
Schematic
representati
on of uses
of plant
growthpromoting
bacteria
and AM
fungi in
bioremediat
ion
processes.
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929139311001983
The potential contribution of plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce
environmental degradation – A comprehensive evaluation
Luz E. de-Bashan, Juan-Pablo Hernandez, Yoav Bashan
Applied Soil Ecology. Volume 61, October 2012, Pages 171–189
Potential
rehabilitation
strategies to
address
desertificatio
n of eroded
land.
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929139311001983
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
Ketersediaan hara tanaman menjadi faktor pembatas bagi
pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman.
Definition of growth - The progressive development of an
organism.
Usually expressed as dry weight (total of the part we're
interested in such as grain), height, length, diameter
Pertumbuhan tanaman merupakan fungsi waktu, berbentuk
kurva S selama musimpertumbuhannya.
Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm
Bagaimana menduga produktivitas
tegakan hutan tanaman jati….. ?
Sumber: foto smno.hutan jati.saradan.febr2013