Golongan Darah pdf

GOLONGAN
DARAH
Semester I 2016
History
Karl Landsteiner
(1900)
Sistem golongan darah
Paling penting: - ABO
- Rhesus
Golongan Darah
History of Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions
•Experiments with blood transfusions
have been carried out for hundreds of
years. Many patients have died and it was
not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl
Landsteiner discovered human blood
groups, that blood transfusions became
safer.
He found that mixing blood from two
individuals can lead to blood clumping.
The clumped RBCs can crack and cause
toxic reactions. This can be fatal.
•
http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landsteiner/readmore.html
History of Blood Groups and Blood
Transfusions (Cont.)
• Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood
clumping was an immunological reaction
which occurs when the receiver of a blood
transfusion has antibodies against the donor
blood cells.
•Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to
determine blood types and thus paved the
way for blood transfusions to be carried out
safely. For this discovery he was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1930.
What is blood made up of?
An adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood
circulating in the body.
Blood consists of several types of cells floating
around in a fluid called plasma.
The red blood cells (RBCs) contain
haemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. RBCs
transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide
from the tissues.
The white blood cells fight infection.
The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get
a wound for example.
The plasma contains salts and various kinds of
proteins.
Erythrocytes
■ Structure
– Biconcave, anucleate
■ Components
– Hemoglobin
– Lipids, ATP, carbonic
anhydrase
■ Function
– Transport oxygen from
lungs to tissues and
carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs
19-6
GOLONGAN DARAH SISTEM ABO
 ANTIGEN (Aglutinogen) :
 Merupakan glikoprotein yang terdapat pada permukaan sel darah
merah
 Perbedaan golongan darah  karena perbedaan jenis antigen
 Macam antigen: Antigen A dan Antigen B
 ANTIBODI (Aglutinin):
 Molekul protein yang yang dihasilkan oleh sel-B (limfosit B) untuk
merespon adanya antigen.
 Terdapat pada serum atau cairan darah.
 Macam antibodi. Anti-A dan Anti-B
AB0 blood grouping system
Blood group A
If you belong to the blood
group A, you have A antigens
on the surface of your RBCs
and B antibodies in your
blood plasma.
Blood group B
If you belong to the blood
group B, you have B antigens
on the surface of your RBCs
and A antibodies in your
blood plasma.
Blood group AB
If you belong to the blood group
AB, you have both A and B antigens
on the surface of your RBCs and no
A or B antibodies at all in your
blood plasma.
Blood group O
If you belong to the blood group O (null),
you have neither A or B antigens on the
surface of your RBCs but you have both A
and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
Pengecekan Golongan Darah
Reaksi Transfusi/Penggumpalan Darah
 Menurut Mandel pembentukan antigen diawasi oleh gen maka segala sifatnya
akan diwariskan.
 Gen A, B, O merupakan pasangan kromosom yang dapat mewariskan kepada
keturunannya.
 Misalnya ;
Ayah gol. darah A , genotifnya AO dan Ibu gol. darah B, genotifnya BO
Kemungkinan anaknya:
Ayah
A
O
B
AB
BO
O
AO
OO
Ibu
Ayah gol. darah AB , genotifnya AB dan Ibu gol. darah O, genotifnya OO
Kemungkinan anaknya;
Ayah
A
B
O
AO
BO
O
AO
BO
Ibu
Ayah gol. darah A , genotifnya, AO dan Ibu gol. darah AB, genotifnya OO
Kemungkinan anaknya ;
AYAH A
O
iBU
A
AA
AO
B
AB
BO
SISTEM RHESUS
■ RHESUS : +
■ RHESUS : ■ REAKSI ERITROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
– IBU : Rh –
– BAYI : Rh +
Distribution of Rh(D) Types
Population
Rh(D) pos
Rh(D) neg
Caucasian
86%
14%
AfricanAmerican
95%
5%
Oriental
>99%
<1%
ABO & Rh(D)
18
Penggumpalan Rh
Dalam keadaan normal , serum atau plasma orang tidak mengandung anti
Rh akan tetapi orang dapat distimuler (dipacu) untuk membentuk antibodi
rhesus , yaitu dgn jalan :
1. Transfusi
misal ; jika seorang perempuan Rh neg karena sesuatu hal harus
ditolong dengan tranfusi dan kebetulan darah yg diterimanya berasal dari
donor Rh pos sehingga perempuan tersebut distimuler untuk membentuk
anti Rh. Akibatnya serum darah perempuan yg semula bersih dari anti Rh,
sekarang mengandung anti Rh. Lebih-lebih jika transfusi dilakukan lebih dari
sekali, maka banyak anti Rh akan bertambah.
2. Perkawinan  Eritroblastosis Fetalis
Ibu Rhesus (-)
Ayah Rhesus (+)
Bayi Pertama
Rhesus (+)
plasenta
Bayi ke dua dst
Rhesus (+)
Ikterus / Eritroblastosis fetalis / HDN
Kematian Janin dalam kandungan
Eritrosit bayi masuk kedalam
Sirkulasi darah ibu terbentuk
Zat anti rhesus