kekebalan terhadap yurisdiksi

Prinsip Umum:

KEKEBALAN TERHADAP
YURISDIKSI

Iman Prihandono,
Prihandono, SH., MH., LL.M

Departemen Hukum Internasional
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga
E-Mail: [email protected]
Blog:
Blog: imanprihandono.wordpress.com
Setiap negara berdaulat memiliki kedudukan
yang sama dengan negara berdaulat lainnya,
lainnya,
maka tidak ada negara yang tunduk terhadap
kedaulatan negara lainnya.
lainnya.
Par in parem non habet imperium (an equal
does not have authority over an equal).
Ketika berada dalam wilayah negara lainnya,
lainnya,
sebuah negara pemegang kedaulatan akan
mendapatkan kekebalan (immunity)
immunity) terhadap
hukum negara itu.
itu.
Absolute Sovereign Immunity
The Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon US
Supreme Court (1812), John Marshall CJ:



Yurisdiksi sebuah negara dalam wilayahnya
adalah absolut dan ekslusif,
ekslusif, tetapi ini tidak
berlaku terhadap “kedaulatan asing”
asing” yang
ada diwilayahnya.
diwilayahnya.
Kekebalan ini berlaku bagi kepala negara
asing, perwakilan diplomatik dan barangbarangbarang mereka.
Kekebalan ini tidak berlaku bagi barangbarangbarang pribadi (private
(private properties),
properties),
perorangan yang berada dalam wilayah suatu
negara untuk tujuan bisnis dan urusan pribadi
lainnya, juga terhadap kapal dagang
(merchant vessel)
vessel) yang memasuki wilayah
sebuah negara untuk urusan perdagangan.
Restrictive Theory of
Sovereign Immunity

Perkembangan selanjutnya adalah lahirnya
teori Kekebalan Terbatas dari negara asing.
Teori ini mempersempit kekebalan negara
asing dengan fokus pada aktifitas negara yang
digolongkan menjadi kebal (immune)
immune) dan
tidak kebal (nonnon-immune).
immune).
Dalam membedakan aktifitas publik atau
privat, teori ini menggunakan ”the act test”
test”
dengan menggolongkan perbuatan (act
(act))
menjadi dua: jure emperii (’by right of
government’
government’) dan jure gestionis (’by the
private law of transactions’
transactions’).

Jure emperii merupakan perbuatan yang
mendapatkan kekebalan (immune
(immune)) sedangkan
jure gestionis sebaliknya.
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The Act of State Doctrine

Menurut doktrin ini pengadilan sebuah negara
tidak dapat mengadili perkara menyangkut
keabsahan tindakan publik yang diambil oleh
pemerintah negara lain.
The act test ternyata juga mendapatkan
penolakan dari negaranegara-negara barat. Penolakan
ini muncul karena jika perbuatan/tindakan
yang dilakukan untuk kepentingan pemerintah
negara asing harus digolongkan sebagai jure
emperii,
emperii, maka semua kegiatan perdagangan
sebuah negara akan mendapatkan kekebalan.
Dengan demikian tindakan publik sebuah
negara adalah kebal dan tidak dapat
diintervensi oleh putusan pengadilan asing.
Diplomatic Immunity
1.
Underhill v. Hernandez (1897) US Supreme
Court, Fuller CJ:
2.
“every sovereign state is bound to respect the
independence of every other sovereign state,
and the courts of one country will not sit in
judgment on the acts of the government of
another, done within its own territory”
territory”.
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961:



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The premises of the mission shall be inviolable
(Art. 22);
The archives and documents of the mission
shall be inviolable (Art. 24);
The official correspondence of the mission
shall be inviolable. The diplomatic bag shall
not be opened or detained (Art. 27);
The person of a diplomatic agent shall be
inviolable. He shall not be liable to any form
of arrest or detention (Art. 29);
3.
The Extraterritoriality Theory:
Theory: tempat dan
bagunan diplomatik merupakan perluasan
dari wilayah kedaulatan negara pengirim.
pengirim.
The Representative Character Theory:
Theory:
diplomat merupakan personifikasi dari
negara berdaulat yang mengirimnya.
mengirimnya.
The Functional Necessity Theory:
Theory:
kekebalan diberikan kepada diplomat sebagai
bagian dari penting untuk dapat menjalankan
misi dan fungsi diplomatiknya.
diplomatiknya.
Batasan-batasan:


Without prejudice to their privileges and
immunities, it is the duty of all persons
enjoying such privileges and immunities to
respect the laws and regulations of the
receiving State. They also have a duty not to
interfere in the internal affairs of that State
(Art. 41(1)).
The premises of the mission must not be used
in any manner incompatible with the functions
of the mission as laid down in the present
Convention or by other rules of general
international law (Art 41(3)).
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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons,
including Diplomatic Agents 1973
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities
of the United Nations 1946:
Each State Party shall make punishable by
appropriate penalties: A murder,
murder, kidnapping or
other attack upon the person or liberty of an
internationally protected. A violent attack upon
the official premises, the private
accommodation or the means of transport of an
internationally protected person likely to
endanger his person or liberty (Art. 2);
Yurisdiksi di Laut
Wilayah Kedaulatan Negara:
 Perairan Pedalaman.
Pedalaman.
 Laut Teritorial.
Teritorial.
 Perairan Kepulauan.
Kepulauan.
Wilayah Yurisdiksi Nasional:
Nasional:
 Jalur/
Jalur/ Zona Tambahan.
Tambahan.
 Perairan ZEE.
 Landas Kontinen.
Kontinen.


If any warship does not comply with the laws
and regulations of the coastal State concerning
passage through the territorial sea and
disregards any request for compliance
therewith which is made to it, the coastal State
may require it to leave the territorial sea
immediately (Art. 30).
Nothing in this Convention affects the
immunities of warships and other government
ships operated for nonnon-commercial purposes
(Art. 32).
Representatives of Members to the principal
and subsidiary organs of the United Nations
and to conferences convened by the United
Nations, shall, while exercising their functions
and during their journey to and from the place
of meeting, enjoy privileges and immunities
(Section 11).
Laut Teritorial (UNCLOS 1982)


The criminal jurisdiction of the coastal State
should not be exercised on board a foreign ship
passing through the territorial sea to arrest any
person or to conduct any investigation in
connection with any crime committed on board
the ship during its passage (Art. 27).
The coastal State should not stop or divert a
foreign ship passing through the territorial sea
for the purpose of exercising civil jurisdiction
in relation to a person on board the ship (Art.
27).

Tabrakan kapal:
kapal: berlaku yurisdiksi negara
bendera (Psl.
Psl. 97);

Pemberantasan pengangkutan budak belian:
belian:
berlaku yurisdiksi negara bendera (Psl.
Psl. 99);

Piracy: berlaku asas universal (Psl
(Psl.. 100100-107);

Pemberantasan pengangkutan narkotika secara
gelap:
gelap: berlaku yurisdiksi negara bendera (Psl.
Psl.
108);
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Yurisdiksi di Pesawat Udara


Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts
Committed on Board Aircraft 1963.
a. unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by any
other form of intimidation, seizes, or exercises
control of, that aircraft, or attempts to perform any
such act, or
b. is an accomplice of a person who performs or
attempts to perform any such act commits an offence
(hereinafter referred to as "the offence").
a.) offences against penal law;
b.) acts which, whether or not they are offences, may
or do jeopardize the safety of the aircraft or of
persons or property therein or which jeopardize good
order and discipline on board.


The State of registration of the aircraft is competent
to exercise jurisdiction over offences and acts
committed on board.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful
Seizure of Aircraft [Hijacking Convention] 1971

Each Contracting State undertakes to make the
offence punishable by severe penalties.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1973.
(a) performs an act of violence against a person on
board an aircraft in flight if that act is likely to
endanger the safety of that aircraft; or
(b) destroys an aircraft in service or causes damage to
such an aircraft which renders it incapable of flight or
which is likely to endanger its safety in flight;

Each Contracting State undertakes to make the
offences mentioned in Article 1 punishable by severe
penalties.
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