1. What is meant by HIV and AIDS? HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus . AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . 2. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? HIV is a virus that can cause AIDS. AIDS is the last of the three stages of HIV infection. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), people who are in the first stage — acute HIV infection — experience flu-like illness within 2 to 4 weeks after infection. It can last for several weeks. People at this stage have a large amount of virus in their blood, and are more likely to transmit the infection. The second stage, clinical latency, marks a period in which the virus is already active but only reproduces at a low level, HIV.gov said. People at this stage may not experience symptoms, but can still transmit HIV to others. This stage can last for decades, depending on maintenance, but can also be faster. AIDS, the third stage, leads to the most severe illness, because the virus damages the immune system all the time, the CDC said. On average, people with AIDS who don't get treatment can survive three years, according to the CDC. Treatment at all three stages can prevent or slow down symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission, the CDC said. 3. How do you know if you have HIV or AIDS? Testing is the best way to determine if you have HIV, but symptoms can occur before HIV appears on a test. Some experience flu-like symptoms — including fever, chills, rashes, cold sweat, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes or oral ulcers — within two weeks after infection. 4. How does HIV make you sick? HIV attacks your immune system by reducing CD4 cells, or T cells, making it more difficult to fight other infections. "Over time, HIV can destroy many of these cells so that the body cannot fight infection and disease," according to HIV.gov. According to HIV.gov, this condition becomes AIDS when the number of T cells drops below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood, or certain AIDS-related complications such as severe infections arise. 5. How is the virus transmitted? A person can be infected with HIV only through certain activities where they come in contact with certain body fluids. Blood, semen, preseminal fluid, rectal fluid, vaginal fluid, and breast milk can transmit HIV, according to the CDC. "This fluid must come into contact with mucous membranes or tissue that is damaged or directly injected into the bloodstream (from a needle or injection device) for transmission to occur," said the CDC. Unprotected anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV is one of the two main ways of spreading the virus in the United States (US), according to HIV.gov. The use of contaminated needles or syringes is another method. A mother can transmit the virus to her child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. It can also be infected if it is hit by something that is contaminated with HIV. 6. Can saliva or mosquitoes spread HIV? No. HIV cannot be transmitted through saliva, sweat, or tears, unless the blood from someone with HIV is mixed. That means touching, using the same bathroom, kissing, and other activities will not spread the virus. Insects such as mosquitoes and fleas also cannot spread it. 7. Can HIV be transmitted through giving blood? The CDC says that HIV transmission in health care settings is "very rare." During the early years of the HIV crisis in the 1980s, cases of infection by blood transfusion were more common, according to HIV.gov, but current "rigorous testing" has greatly reduced the risk. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute says that the risk of HIV transmission through blood transfusion is lower than the risk of people being killed by lightning. You cannot get HIV by giving blood, says the CDC. 8. Can you get HIV again if you already have HIV? Can. HIV superinfection occurs when a person with HIV is infected with a different type of virus, according to the CDC. The effects vary, and some people may experience contractions that are resistant to the medications they are already taking, said the CDC, but "superinfection that is difficult to treat is rare." 9. How many people around the world have HIV? According to the United Nations, 36.9 million people were living with HIV worldwide in 2017. Of these, 35.1 million adults and 1.8 million were children. The CDC estimates that 1.1 million people in the United States are living with HIV at the end of 2015. Fifteen percent do not know that they are infected. 10. How many people have just been infected with HIV in 2017? Around the world, 1.8 million people, according to the United Nations. In the United States, 38,739 people were diagnosed with HIV, according to the CDC. 11. How many people died last year due to HIV / AIDS related diseases? Worldwide, 940,000 people, said the United Nations. In the United States, 15,807 people diagnosed with HIV died in 2016. The CDC says that death can be caused by any cause. 12. How have the number of cases and deaths changed since the HIV / AIDS epidemic began? Since the outbreak began, 77.3 million people have been infected with HIV and 35.4 million have died from HIV / AIDS related diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 940,000 who died from HIV / AIDS in 2017 worldwide experienced a 52 percent decrease from 2004 and a 34 percent decline from 2010. According to US data, 1.8 million people newly diagnosed in 2017 are a 56 percent decrease from 2.8 million people in 2000. 13. When did the HIV / AIDS epidemic begin? US scientists found the first clinical evidence for a disease that would become known as AIDS in 1981, according to the United Nations. Chimpanzees in Central Africa have been identified as a source of HIV in humans. Their version of the virus - called SIV - is likely transmitted to humans and then mutated, the CDC said. HIV has existed in the United States from the mid to late 1970s. 14. Are cases increasing amid an opioid crisis? Concern is growing that opioid users sharing needles can cause an increase in HIV cases. In 2015, Scott County, Indiana, suffered an outbreak with 181 HIV diagnoses related to opioid use, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. According to CDC data quoted by the Kaiser Family Foundation, the share of HIV infection in the United States related to intravenous drug use decreased from 40 percent in 1990 to only 6 percent in 2015. The share jumped in 2015, largely due to the Indiana outbreak. Data shows that the number dropped back to pre-2015 levels the following year. 15. Are some demographics more risky than others? Gay and bisexual men are the most affected population in the United States, the CDC said. Sixty-six percent of people newly diagnosed with HIV in 2017, come from male sexual contact with men, according to the CDC. Twenty-four percent are from heterosexual contact; 70 percent of those diagnosed are women. Forty-three percent of people diagnosed in 2017 are black or AfricanAmerican. Twenty-six percent are white and 26 percent are Hispanic or Latin. 16. What stigma is there about HIV / AIDS? Fears surrounding HIV and AIDS have allowed false information to spread, and discrimination against some people has grown. Discrimination based on sexuality, gender, drug use, sex work, and economic status, among others, can be very detrimental to people infected with HIV, the United Nations warns. People with HIV who see this stigma tend not to seek treatment immediately. That stigma can also prevent people from being tested or revealing their infection. In the United States, there are legal protections aimed at preventing discrimination against people with HIV. 17. Can HIV / AIDS be treated? Can. People with HIV can take a series of drugs, called antiretroviral therapy, or antiretroviral therapy, which slows the development of the virus, keeps them healthy for years and drastically reduces the chance of the virus spreading, the CDC said. 18. How does ART work? Antiretroviral therapy, which usually uses three drugs, is aimed at reducing a person's viral load (level of HIV in the blood). The combination of drugs can "maximally suppress the HIV virus and stop the progression of HIV disease. ART also prevents HIV transmission, "said the World Health Organization. If the viral load remains undetectable, "you effectively have no risk of HIV transmission to an HIV-negative partner through sex," the CDC said. The CDC says that people can achieve an undetectable viral load within six months. But inappropriate dosages can increase the burden and risk of HIV transmission. 19. What is the average life expectancy with treatment today? Diagnosis of HIV or AIDS 30 years ago, often giving one to two years of life expectancy, according to HIV.gov. With care, it changes. "Today, someone who is diagnosed with HIV and treated before the disease is much more developed, can live almost as long as someone who does not have HIV," the CDC said. "Life expectancy in patients starting ART has increased by about 10 years during the ART era," researchers reported last year in The Lancet. Their life expectancy is still lower than the rest of the population. 20. Is there a cure? Not yet. Researchers are trying to find a cure. If a drug is found, it is likely to take one of two forms, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Eradication of the virus means that HIV is eliminated from the patient's body. This approach will involve "pushing the virus out of its latent state, so that the enhanced immune system or the therapy provided can target and eliminate HIV-infected cells," NIAID said. The researchers also studied gene mutations in certain people whose immune cells fight HIV. Functional medication — or continued free remission of ART — means that HIV is not eliminated, but rather suppressed to the point where daily medication is no longer needed. 21. Who is Timothy Brown? Timothy Brown, also known as a Berlin patient, is sometimes considered the first person to recover from HIV. Brown - an American living with HIV in Berlin - is being treated for leukemia and requires a bone marrow transplant, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The donor has a genetic mutation for a protein called CCR5. "CCR5 is on the surface of human immune cells, and HIV uses this protein to enter and infect cells," the agency said. "When CCR5 is dysfunctional or doesn't exist because of a defect in the gene that codes for it, HIV no longer has an easy way to infect immune cells." As a result of the transplant, Brown leukemia has healed, and no HIV infection was found. Doctors report this case study in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2009. But bone marrow transplants are intensive, the agency said, and doctors have not been able to replicate Brown's results. 22. Is there a vaccine? No, but there are a number of developments. The National Institutes of Health opened the first clinical trial with 138 healthy HIV-negative volunteers in 1987, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH). In 2016, the NIH announced a vaccine trial in South Africa involving 5,400 people — the largest in the country's history. Researchers are building on the success of 2009 in Thailand, where for the first time the vaccine has shown modest success in preventing HIV infection. 23. What are the general prevention methods? The CDC recommends not having sexual relations, reducing the number of sexual partners, and using condoms correctly every time you have sex, as a way to reduce the risk of HIV exposure through sex. Only using sterile needles, and never sharing them, also reduces risk. 24. What is PrEP and how effective is it ? Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a daily medication for HIV-negative people who are at high risk of contracting HIV. According to the CDC, it can reduce the risk of contracting HIV through sex by 90 percent and by injection by 70 percent. PrEP is not a vaccine, and should not be used as a substitute for condoms and sterile needles, the CDC warns. 25. What is PEP and how effective is it? Post-exposure prophylaxis is for emergencies: Possible exposure in the last 72 hours. "The sooner you start PEP, the better," the CDC said. "Every hour counts." PEP consists of antiretroviral drugs (ART), and if properly prescribed and taken (usually once or twice a day for 28 days), it can be effective, though not 100 percent, for preventing HIV, the CDC said. But PEP should not be used every time you have unprotected sex and only in an emergency, the CDC said. 26. Do I have to be tested for HIV? The CDC recommends everyone from ages 13 to 64 to be tested at least once. People with a greater risk of infection - such as sexually active gay or bisexual men, people who have had sex with HIV-positive partners, people who have shared needles, and sex workers - should be tested more often. The CDC recommends testing once a year for people involved in this high-risk behavior. For gay and bisexual men who are sexually active, the CDC says testing every three to six months can be beneficial. If you are pregnant, and even if you are in a monogamous relationship, the CDC recommends testing to ensure and reduce the risk of HIV transmission to your child or partner. The sooner a pregnant woman starts treatment, the less likely it is to transmit HIV to her child. 27. How was I tested? Most HIV tests involve blood or oral fluid. Clinics, hospitals, community health centers, and many other locations provide HIV testing. Home testing equipment is also available. HIV does not always appear immediately in a test. Your body and type of test determine how long HIV can be detected. 28. What is World AIDS Day? The World Health Organization first declared World AIDS Day in 1988. This was the first global health day. Commemorated every year on December 1, the day was intended to raise global awareness about the fight against HIV, support for people with HIV, and remember those who died from HIV / AIDS related diseases. 29. How can I help on World AIDS Day? Donating money to various organizations that fight HIV / AIDS, attending World AIDS Day events or just showing solidarity by wearing a red ribbon is a way to help fight HIV / AIDS. According to UN data, $ 4.8 billion is available for low to middle income countries to fight AIDS in 2000. In 2017, the amount is $ 21.3 billion. 30. What does the red ribbon show? The red ribbon was created in 1991 by artists in New York who sought to raise awareness of HIV / AIDS. Artists see the red tape as an easy way to show compassion for those living with HIV, given the stigma around it. "They chose red because of their courage, and because it became a symbol of enthusiasm, heart and love," according to the organizer of World AIDS Day. Main photo caption: Indonesian medical students light candles during commemoration to commemorate World AIDS Day in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, 2015. (Photo: AP / Trisnadi) NGO Treat people with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) without stigma, as should interact with other people in general, indirectly help prevent the transmission of HIV / AIDS. Tika Surya Atmaja from the AIDS Concern NGO Forum stressed that HIV will not be transmitted through social contact such as shaking hands, kissing on the cheek to eating and drinking together. "You don't need to be afraid of getting infected by staying away from them," Tika told Antara in Jakarta, Saturday (1/12). According to Tika, in the last few years more and more PLWHA have been actively involved in the prevention of HIV / AIDS because they have the support of people around them. "They became a companion for the family, the surrounding community, there were also those who became activists so that the community became more aware that ODHA was not as scary as they imagined," he said. This condition is different from ancient times where people living with HIV are usually afraid to open their mouths about their illnesses to others. According to Tika, the involvement of PLWHA in educating the public about HIV / AIDS is important to eliminate the inherent stigma. "They can meet a lot of people, be volunteers, can be active actors in providing counseling and testimonials so that it is not exposed to others as well." Tika explained that there were no prominent characteristics when someone was infected with HIV because often the sign was only seen for months, even years later. "It could be up to 10 years after being infected that it still feels healthy, suddenly I am sick and have little immunity or a large amount of virus," he said. He suggested doing routine health checks, ideally three months to six months, to find out if the body is free from the HIV virus. After there were ARV drugs for PLWHA, HIV / AIDS which was once labeled as a deadly disease was considered to be a chronic disease that could be controlled while taking medication regularly GOVERNMENT Responding to this health issue the Head of the Ministry of Health's Communication and Community Services , drg. Widyawati, MKM said, the problem of HIV and AIDS became a health challenge in almost all over the world, including in Indonesia. Since it was first discovered until June 2018, HIV / AIDS has been reported by 433 (84.2 percent) from 514 districts / cities in 34 provinces in Indonesia. "The cumulative number of HIV infections reported up to June 2018 was 301,959 people (47 percent of the estimated ODHA number of people with HIV AIDS in 2018 was 640,443 people) and was most prevalent in the age group of 25 -49 years and 20-24 years. with the highest number of HIV infections were DKI Jakarta (55,099), followed by East Java (43,399), West Java (31,293), Papua (30,699), and Central Java (24,757), "drg Widyawati said in a release received by Suara.com . He added, the number of reported HIV cases continues to increase every year, while the number of AIDS is relatively stable. This shows the success that more and more people with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) are known for their status while still in the phase of being infected (HIV positive) and not yet entering the AIDS stage. "HIV has a cure, antiretroviral (ARV) name. ARV drugs can suppress the amount of HIV virus in the blood so that the immune system (CD4) is maintained. Just like other chronic diseases such as hypertension, cholesterol, or DM, ARV drugs must be taken regularly. , on time and for life, to improve the quality of life of PLWHA and prevent transmis sion, "he added. Furthermore Drg Widyawati said that the availability of ARVs was guaranteed by the government and its use was free. ARV services can be accessed at hospitals and health centers in 34 provinces, 227kab / cities. There are currently a total of 896 ARV services, consisting of services that can initiate ARV therapy and satellite services. Data from the Ministry of Health 2017 recorded that of 48,300 HIV positive cases found, 9,280 AIDS cases were recorded. While the second quarter of 2018 data recorded that of 21,336 HIV positive cases, there were 6,162 AIDS cases. The cumulative number of AIDS cases since it was first reported in 1987 to June 2018 was 108,829 cases. Many of the myths that accompany HIV / AIDS patients can be transmitted through the use of shared toilets, mosquito or insect bites, using shared eating utensils, shaking hands or hugging, or living at home with PLWHA. According to drg Widyawati, the HIV virus is not easily transmitted, because it can only be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse at risk, sharing needles, blood products and organs, as well as from HIV-positive pregnant women who can transmit it to their babies. "A person's HIV status can only be known by carrying out blood tests in the laboratory. Therefore, if you feel you have carried out a risky behavior or feel you are at risk of being infected, immediately do an HIV test," he continued. HIV / AIDS prevention and control efforts aim to realize the Three Zero target in 2030, namely no more new HIV infections, no more deaths from AIDS, and no more stigma and discrimination in people with HIV AIDS (PLWHA). On World AIDS Day (HAS) 2017, a 90-90-90 Fast Track strategy has been launched which includes: to accelerate the achievement of 90% of people living wit h HIV (PLWHA) knowing their HIV status through testing or early detection; 90% of PLWHA who know the HIV status to start ARV treatment) and 90% of PLWHA who are on ARV treatment have successfully suppressed the amount of the virus thereby reducing the possibility of HIV transmission; and there is no longer the stigma and discrimination of PLWHA. "In order to achieve the 90-90-90 Fast Track target, the Ministry of Health also echoes the Suluh, Discover, Treat and Defend (STOP) acceleration strategy to achieve the 2030 target. This year, the Test and Treat strategy will also be launched, namely PLWHA can immediately starting ARV therapy once diagnosed with HIV, "explained Drg Widyawati detailing the efforts made by the Ministry of Health on World AIDS Day. HIV I was infected with HIV in 2009 from my partner who was a drug user in the past. So at that time I was a person who did not understand information, I only knew that HIV could be transmitted through sex and did not know through drug users, "he told at Erasmus Huis, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Thursday (11/30). She found out she had HIV when a friend suggested that her husband undergo an HIV test because there was a history of drug use. However, at that time Ayu and her husband were still in a period of rejection and took a long time before finally conducting an examination. In accordance with the Health Service Standard Operation Procedure (SOP), if a person is infected the wife, child or husband must undergo an examination. "I have characteristics because I experienced a drastic weight loss so that I only weighed 35 kg. Then there was fungus on the tongue and diarrhea. Actually the characteristics are like a normal disease, so it is difficult to explain," he said. Ayu did an examination and at that time she found out she was HIV positive. As for conditions that are already bad, Ayu's husband died in 2009 ago. He remarried to someone who was HIV negative in 2014. See also: 7 Reasons 'Safe' Choose Condoms Ayu added that the support of the closest people is one way to recover. He then goes on to say that he has a support system from a good family. For him the support of those closest to him and his family coupled with the habit of taking drugs regularly and undergoing ARV therapy is a way for faster recovery. "If asked why this healthy because of ARV therapy. This therapy is very important, if told to drink it, drink it. Take it for life and on time, don't be late," he said. Most people become infected and sad, shut themselves up and do not have a support system. If we meet with friends we must encourage. How to slowly talk to the family or then look for support groups, "said Ayu. He also experienced discriminatory behavior from the community. He was afraid to meet and even tell people. He then realized that the stigma and discriminatory behavior occurred due to lack of understanding. Ayu finally decided to talk. "Finally, from that day on I decided that HIV must have a face. If we continue hiding then we ask people not to discriminate and then PLWHA also discriminate against themselves will not be finished," he added. See also: 4th largest, AIDS sufferers in Jakarta Reach 42 Thousand Even so, the problem does not stop with stigma. Ayu together with her husband and child who now live in Bandung revealed that HIV services are spread in almost all government referral hospitals, but PPIA is only available in one hospital. "Prevention of HIV transmission must open the eyes of the people if people with HIV have healthy children, we can give birth to healthy children. What I criticize is the PPIA and the doctor who has only one but the need is great," he added. Ayu then gave a message to people who just found themselves HIV positive not to deny and forgive themselves and deal with it sincerely. Also do not forget to look for support groups if it is difficult to tell parents. Support groups can be identified through a doctor. In addition, an important message is to not forget to take ARV therapy. Getting treatment before entering AIDS will accelerate recovery. Now Ayu serves on the board of the Indonesian Positive Women's Association (IPPI) and is in charge of monitoring. Before becoming active with IPPI he "went directly to the field" by becoming a peer supporter at the hospital while he was still in Jakarta. When someone has done the examination process with a doctor, Ayu helps to strengthen. Even though he is no longer active in the field, he still conveys positive messages through writing that he uploads on his blog.
