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The letter f following a page number denotes a figure, and the letter t denotes a table.
abangan (syncretic Muslims), 32–33, 54, 96
Abduh, Mohammad, 6, 39, 50–51
Abdurrahman, Maman, 59, 65, 87, 126
Abshar Abdalla, Ulil, 2–3
Abu Zayd, Nasr, 68
Aceh, 30, 52, 55, 60–61, 149–153, 167
Achmadijah, See Ahmadiyah
adat (customary law), 105–106, 147
adiaphora (uncertain knowledge), 130, 140
agama (religion), 78, 106–108
Agrama, Hussein, 72–73
ahl al-Kitab (People of the Book), 134–136, 137
ahlus sunnah wal-jama’ah (followers of the
Sunnah), 76, 112, 142
Ahmadiyah, 17, 65–93, 121, 122t, 123,
153t, 162
and Muhammadiyah, 73–74, 89–90, 114,
142, 144–145, 153t
and Nahdlatul Ulama, 75–77, 131–132,
142, 153t
and Persatuan Islam, 74–75, 77, 87
Qadiani and Lahore, 73
akidah (correct belief), 147, 152, 156–158
Alfian, 31, 39–40, 42, 114
aliran sesat (deviant streams of belief), 75, 78
al-amr bi al-ma’rūf wa nahy ’an al-munkar
(doing good and forbidding bad), 142
Anderson, Benedict, 13, 25n.13, 32n.34, 68–71
Anshary, M Isa, 25, 53, 98–99, 103–104
Ansor (youth section of NU), 80, 111–113,
116–118
Arendt, Hanna, 38
Asad, Talal, 6n.12, 7n.17, 8, 11, 22n.9,
31n.29, 38, 67, 69, 72, 91, 94–95, 135
Asian values, 126–127
Asnawi, Kyai Hadji, 48
Aspinall, Edward, 91, 114
Assyaukanie, Luthfi, 71–72
Austria, 162–163, 165, 167
Azra, Azyumardi, 2–3, 85
Bader, Veit, 160
Bahruddin, Kiyai Soleh, 156–157
Bajpai, Rochana, 4n.8, 129–130, 138, 157
balance, 83, 86, 92, 128, 132, 139–142, 146
Bali, 52, 56, 95, 104–109, 149–151, 167
Balinese religion, 104–109, 122
Baliseering (traditionalization of Bali), 105
Bandung, 45–48, 80
Bangil, 156
Barkey, Karen, xii, 130–131
Barton, Greg, 25, 31, 142
Beck, Herman, 40–43, 73–74
Bellah, Robert, 73
Ben Gurion, David, 6–7
Benda, Harry, 20, 75, 77, 97
Berger, Peter, xii
Bhargava, Rajeev, 4n.8, 7, 159
bidah (innovation in religion), 50
blasphemy, 1, 65–68, 79–92, 80f, 84f, 109,
132, 154, 164
Britain, 91. See also United Kingdom
201
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Brown, Wendy, 16
Buddhists, 1, 67, 81, 85, 87, 99, 105, 144
Buddhism, 65, 78, 107–108, 135
bughat (rebels against a legitimate
government), 32, 117
Bulgaria, 163, 193
Burhani, Najib, 54n.82, 157
Bush, Robin, 29–30, 59
caliphate, 48–49, 75–76, 141
Casanova, José, 7
caste, 105, 129–130, 157
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 3–4, 126
Chalil, Muhammed, 39
Chatterjee, Partha, 13, 69
Chinese, 41, 46, 57–58
Christians, 1–6, 14–18, 19–23, 36–64,
60t, 61t, 62t, 63t, 91, 122t, 134–138,
148–166, 149f
and Muhammadiyah, 21, 29–30, 31–34,
38f, 38–44, 51–59, 85, 89, 125t,
142–144, 151t, 152t, 153t, 154t, 155t
and Nahdlatul Ulama, 21, 29–30, 31–34,
38f, 48–51, 57, 59, 120, 125t, 151t, 152t,
153t, 154t, 155t
and Persatuan Islam, 38f, 45–48, 95–104,
125t, 133
Christianization, 2, 32, 34, 54–59, 60
Christmas, 145, 149–150, 154–157
civilizations, 4, 7–8, 168
cleavages, 26, 38–51, 58, 79, 104
and tolerance, 17, 22–23, 36–38, 37f,
38f, 58, 64
coevolution, 5, 10–12, 17–18, 93–123
colonialism
Dutch, 41–42, 46, 49, 105
legacy of, 8, 166
Communists, 17–18, 19–23, 32, 45. See also
Indonesian Communist Party
Confucianism, 65, 81, 87, 135
consociationalism, 133–134, 146, 157,
165–166
Constitutional Court, 1, 26–27, 82–90, 84f,
130, 143, 147, 155–156
constructivism, 5, 8–16, 10n.35, 36, 93
Coolen, Coenraad Laurens, 49–50
Cox, Harvey, 4
Crouch, Melissa, 67, 82, 83, 155
culture, 32–33, 139–140, 143
and religion, 88, 104–109
Dahlan, Ahmad, 38–41, 48, 58
dakwah (Islamic propagation), 39, 126, 164
Davie, Grace, 161
defamation of religion, See blasphemy
democracy, 3, 8, 33, 126, 129–130, 137–138,
157–158, 159–168
defined, 161
guided, 104, 111
and Islam, 7–8, 18, 66, 124–158
parliamentary, 10, 95–104
and religion, 10–12, 90–92, 159–168
Denpasar, 149–151, 149f, 151f, 167
Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia
(DDII, Indonesian Council for Islamic
Propagation), 1, 54–57
dhimmi (protected minorities in medieval
Islamic law), 134–147
Djakababa, Yosef, 79
Djamaluddin, Amin, 87
dzanniyyat (uncertain issues in Islam), 139
Egypt, 3, 11, 41n.13, 54, 68, 72, 95, 102,
136–137
Elson, Robert, 66, 70, 77, 151
Emmerson, Donald, xi
ethnicity, 17, 22, 37–38, 37f, 38f, 59–63, 62t,
63t, 142
Euben, Roxanne, 4n.8, 9, 126n.3
Fatayat NU, 116
fatwas (statement of opinion by a scholar or
body of experts in Islamic law), xv, 26,
37–38, 75
as a mechanism for path dependency, 22
from Majelis Ulama Indonesia, 67, 81,
145–146, 157
from Muhammadiyah, 44–45, 146
from Nahdlatul Ulama, 50–51, 117–118, 140
as pedagogy, 22
from Persatuan Islam, 47–48, 100
Fealy, Greg, 25n.17, 103–104, 109–117
Federspiel, Howard, xv, 25, 31, 45, 53, 74–76,
95, 101, 103
Feener, Michael, 135–136
fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), 134–136, 139, 147
Fogg, Kevin, xiii, 70–71, 78n.75, 80, 96n.12
Formichi, Chiara, 70–71
Fox, Jonathan, 7n.17, 8n.22, 12n.42
France, 3, 159
Front Pembela Islam (FPI, Islamic Defenders
Front), 66, 81, 84, 84f, 89, 126
fur’iyah (differences of opinion among
Muslims that do not concern core
doctrine), 76, 86, 130
furu, See fur’iyah
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Geertz, Clifford, 31, 32–33
General Social Survey, 28, 148
Ghannushi, Rashid al-, 136–137
Gibson, James, 19, 20, 61–62
Gill, Anthony, 8–9, 33–34
Greece, 11, 164–167
Gus Dur, See Abdurrahman Wahid
Hadikusomo, Haji Djarnawi, 54
hadith (traditions of the Prophet), 6, 30, 86,
136, 140–141, 145
Hadler, Jeffrey, 25
Hakim, Lutfi, 1
Harsono, Andreas, 66
Harun, Lukman, 54–55
Hasjim, Wahid, 76–78, 130, 156
Hassan, Ahmad, 25, 45, 47, 74, 95
Hefner, Robert, xii, 8, 15, 25, 33, 57, 66,
95, 136
Hindus, 19–21, 56, 87, 93–95, 104–109, 122t,
125t, 135, 148, 149f, 150, 151t, 152,
153t, 167
Hinduism 32, 65, 78, 87, 93, 104–109,
129–130
Hirchkind, Charles, 69–70, 72, 103
hisab (use of astronomical calculations to
open or close the fasting month), 44
Hisanori, Kato, 57
Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia, 66, 81, 84f
Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, 9
ibadah (worship), 147–148, 152, 153t, 157
Idenburg, Alexander Willem Frederik, 41
ijma (consensus within Islam), 130
ijtihad (setting aside precedent in favor of
a new interpretation in Islamic law),
31, 44, 76
illiberal, 156, 160, 167. See also nonliberal
imperialism, xiii, 2–3, 76–77, 91, 138
inclusion-moderation theory, 11–12, 126,
153–154, 166
India, 104, 105, 107–109, 129–130, 146,
157–159, 164, 166–167
Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 32, 88,
96–104, 109–123, 149
Indonesian Revolution, 20, 31–32, 70, 96,
103, 121, 137
Inglehart, Ronald, 14, 33, 93
International Crisis Group, 66
international relations theory, 7
intolerance, 16–18, 19–35, 21t, 36–64, 37f,
38f, 65–92, 109–122
and ethnicity, 17, 22, 60–61
203
indicators of, 20–21, 25–27, 27t
and nation-building, 68
as productive, 17, 23, 68, 73–90
and state-building, 23–24
and threat, 36–38, 61–63
Iqtidar, Humeira, xii, 162n.166
Islamists, 5, 21, 31, 38, 53–54, 64–66, 70–72,
91, 102
and inclusion-moderation theory, 11, 103,
114, 125–126
and tolerance, 136–137
See also Front Pembela Islam, Hizb
ut-Tahrir Indonesia, Partai Majelis Syuro
Muslimin Indonesia, Persatuan Islam
Jakarta, 56, 59, 60–62, 60t, 84, 105–109,
111, 113, 116, 121, 122, 122t, 125t,
149–155, 149f
Jakarta Charter, 72
Japanese Occupation, 77–78, 106
Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL, Liberal Islamic
Network), 15
Javanese, 67, 88, 105, 120, 138, 142
ethnicity, 36–64, 38f, 62t, 63t
language, 41
royalty, 47
society, 23, 32–33
Jesus, 1, 41, 44, 73–74, 95, 102, 134, 145
Jews, 44, 47, 51, 52, 123
American, 3, 91, 96n.11
and nationalism, 13, 67
and tolerance, 99–100, 131, 134–135
jihad (struggle to accomplish a religious goal),
15, 32, 102, 113, 121
jizyah (tax on non-Muslims), 134–136
Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB), 46
Jordan, 11, 81, 104
Judaism, 6–7, 10, 134, 135, 142, 162
justice, 137–138, 139–142, 145
kafir (a non-Muslim), 32, 101–102, 104, 110,
117–118, 140
Kalyvas, Stathis, 9, 31, 64, 93
kiai (religious scholars), 113, 114
kepercayaan (belief associations), 67, 87–88,
107, 162
Khawarij (a group in early Islam that opposed
both Sunni and Shia communities), 141
Kongres Al-Islam Hindia (Indies All Islam
Congress), 48
Kraemer, Hendrik, 39, 46–47
kraton (royal palace in Yogyakarta), 39
kufur (disbelief in Islam), 102
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Kuyper, Abraham 41
Kymlicka, Will, 129, 131
Laffan, Michael, 10n.35, 25, 66n.5,
70–72, 126
Lebanon, 134, 165
Lewis, Bernard, 7n.21, 93, 131, 135
liberalism, 1–4, 142, 143f
criticism of, 2–3, 128, 133–134, 137–138
and tolerance, 127–129
Liddle, R. William, 5, 15, 66, 71, 93
Lijphart, Arend, 31, 134
Locke, John, 9, 14, 29, 124, 132, 139, 146, 158
on tolerance, 127–129
influence on survey research, 29, 148–149
Maarif, Syafii, 82, 85, 89, 90, 144
Maarif, Syamsul, 60, 156
Madiun, 96, 100
Madjid, Nurcholish, 82
madrasah (Islamic schools that also incorporate
non-religious subjects), 94, 114
Madjelis Islam A’la Indonesia (MIAI, High
Islamic Council of Indonesia), 52–53,
76–77, 81, 95
Mahkamah Konstitusi, See Constitutional
Court
Mahmood, Saba, 2n.6, 4n.8, 90–91, 126n.3
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI, Indonesian
Council of Ulamas), 67, 81, 84–85, 94,
145, 157, 188
majority domination, 154–155, 155t
majusi (Persian or Zoroastrian religion), 51,
135, 142
Manado, 43, 60–61, 149–151, 151, 155
Marx, Anthony, 13
Marx, Karl, 6, 101
Masroori, Cyrus, 132–133
Masyumi, See Partai Majelis Syuro Muslimin
Indonesia
mazhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence), 30,
76, 139, 142
Mecca, 39, 40, 47–49, 59, 81, 114
Mecham, Quinn, 104, 114
Mentri Agama, See Ministry of Religion
Mhum, Shodiq S.H., 156
military, 15, 32, 87, 109–122, 117f, 162, 166
millet system, 130–132, 134, 147
Minangkabau, 52, 96
Ministry of Religion (MORA), 74, 77–79,
81–82, 85, 155–156
and Balinese religion, 104–109
and the definition of religion, 67, 88–89, 135
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 65, 73. See also
Ahmadiyah
missionaries, 36–38, 46, 49–50, 52–56
Moaddel, Mansoor, 10n.37
moderation, 11–12, 126, 138–142, 153
modernist Muslims, See reformist Muslims
modernity, 3–4, 5–7, 14, 35, 168
Moeis, Abdul, 45
Moustafa, Tamir, xi, 104n.44
Mu’ti, Abdul, 85, 124, 143–144
Mudzhar, Atho, 84
Muhammadiyah
in Central Java, 36–38, 38f, 42, 46, 49–50
and civil society, 15, 158
and comparative political theory, 14, 18,
124–158
and democracy, 6, 18, 124–158
founding of, 5–6, 38–44, 38f
and mainstream Islam, 15–16
mass membership, 29–30
and path dependency, 51–59
and the political, 89–90, 94f, 128–129
and political alliance, 35, 53–54
as santri, 32–33
sources on, 25, 28
theology, 30–31
tolerance to Ahmadiyah, 65–92, 66n7, 114,
122t, 125t
tolerance to Christians, 31–32, 38f, 39–44,
51–59, 60t, 63t, 96, 122t, 125t, 151t,
152t, 153t, 154t
tolerance to Communists, 109–110, 116,
121, 122t, 125t
tolerance to Hindus, 122t, 125t, 151t
and traditional Muslims, 48–51
Mujani, Saiful, xiii, 5, 15, 30, 66, 71, 93, 136
mujtahid (scholar who defines Islamic law for
new situations), 48
muktazilah (a 10th century Muslim group that
believed reason to be the supreme value
of Islam), 140
multiculturalism, 146–147, 157–158
multiple modernities, 7, 12, 18
munafik (hypocrites), 32, 93, 100, 121, 142
Muslim Brotherhood, 95
Muslimat NU, 116
musyrik (polytheists), 104, 110, 134–135, 140
Muzadi, Hasyim, 89, 90
Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)
and civil society, 15, 94f, 158
and comparative political theory, 14, 18, 24,
124–158
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and democracy, 6, 18, 124–158, 159–168
in East Java, 36–38, 48–50
founding of, 5–6, 39, 48–51, 59
and liberalism, 1–3, 25, 143f
and mainstream Islam, 15–16
mass membership, 29–30
and the military 109–123, 117f
and path dependency, 51–59
and the political, 94f, 128–129
and political alliance, 35, 53–54, 59,
104, 118f
and reformist Muslims, 48–52, 59
as santri, 32–33
sources on, 25, 28
theology, 30–32, 111–114
tolerance to Ahmadiyah, 65–92, 122t,
125t, 153t
tolerance to Christians, 21, 38f, 48–51,
53–54, 57, 59, 60t, 63t, 96, 122t, 125t,
151t, 152t, 153t, 154t, 155t
tolerance to Communists, 17–18, 109–123,
118f, 119f, 120f, 122t, 125f
tolerance to Hindus, 122t, 125t, 151t, 153t
and Western scholars, 25, 132, 142
Nasakom (Soekarno’s ideological synthesis of
nationalism, religion, and communism),
80, 104, 118, 121
National Alliance for Freedom of Religion and
Belief (AKKBB), 82–84, 84f
nationalism, 4–5, 13, 68–73
godly, 13, 17–18, 65–92
Islamic, 13, 68
multinationalism, 129, 159
religious, 13, 67
secular, 68–69
Natsir, Mohammed, 25, 46, 53–54, 83, 91,
95, 100
on tolerance, 97–98, 103–104, 125, 137, 157
Noer, Deliar, 39, 41, 45, 48–49, 76–77, 130
nonliberal, 3
nonsecular, 3
Norris, Pippa, 14, 93, 134
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),
56–57, 81
orientalism, 14, 16, 140–142
Ottoman Empire, 130–132, 134, 147
Pakistan, 11, 54, 81, 95, 102
Pancasila, 71–72, 78, 81, 88, 94f, 107, 118,
121, 136
Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN), 35,
57–58, 129
205
Partai Komunis Indonesia, see Indonesian
Communist Party
Partai Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia
(Masyumi), 17, 35, 53–54, 77, 90,
95–104, 110–112, 122, 133
Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), 95–104,
110–112, 119, 122
Pepinsky, Tom, 66, 93
Persatuan Islam (Persis)
and democracy, 95–104
founding of, 5–6, 45–48
moderation, 95–104, 125–126, 157
and political alliance, 54
sources on, 25, 28
theology, 30–32, 58–59, 95, 157
tolerance to Ahmadiyah, 65, 74–79, 81, 84f,
87, 125t
tolerance to Christians, 17, 38f, 45–48, 53,
55, 59–63, 60t, 63t, 95–104, 125t
tolerance to Communists, 95–104, 125t
tolerance to Hindus, 125t
in West Java, 45
pesantren (Islamic boarding school), 94, 114,
139, 149, 153–154
Philpott, Daniel, xiii, 9–10, 30, 34, 64
political parties, 6n.12, 34–35, 100, 103n.44,
128–129, 166
political theory, 3–4, 12–14, 17–18
comparative, 126–155
polytheists, 47, 48, 51, 93, 104–110, 134, 140
priyayi (Javanese upper class), 32
proselytizing, 2–3, 52, 55–56, 107, 148, 155,
158, 167. See also dakwah, missionaries
Qaradawi, Yusuf al-, 136–137
qath’iyyat (established issues in Islamic
law), 139
quietism, 15, 20–21, 112–113
Rabit’at al-Alam al-Islami (Muslim World
League), 56–57, 81
Rais, Amien, 32, 57–58, 82, 129
Ramadan, Said, 102
Ramage, Douglas, 71, 81
rational choice theory, 8–10, 33–34
Rawls, John, 14, 33, 91, 98, 124,
127–130, 158
reformist Muslims, 5–6, 36–64, 38f,
70, 73, 74, 76, 142–146. See also
Muhammadiyah
religion
and democracy, 10–12, 90–92, 159–168
defined, 5, 8, 78
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religion (cont.)
and nationalism, 68–73
and political theory, 12–15, 68–73, 124–158
and social science research, 5, 6–16, 30–32
and state, 1, 10–12, 88–89, 95–123
See also agama, blasphemy
religious economies, 8–10, 33–34
religious freedom, 2–3, 56, 65–68, 82–92,
97–100, 124, 134–136, 153–158,
166–167
research design, 24–30
alternative explanations, 30–35
case selection, 30–35
comparative historical analysis, 24–26
concept formation, 4–5, 12–14, 16–18, 19,
67–73, 95, 146–155, 149f, 160
ethnography, 26–28
hypotheses, 19–24
interviews, 26
path dependency, 21–23, 26
primary sources, 24–25, 26
response bias, 170–171
subnational comparison, 24
survey protocol, 169–171
survey research, 28–30
Ricklefs, Merle, 23, 25, 33, 36, 79, 95–96, 123
Ridha, Rasyid, 6, 50–51, 73n.37
Rofesky Wickham, Carrie, 10n.33, 11n.40
Romania, 160–161, 163–165
Ross, Michael, 12n.43, 14, 31n.28
ru’yah (sighting of the new moon to open or
close the fasting month), 44
Rumi (Muhammad Jalal al-Din Balkhi),
132–133
Said, Edward, 16
Salim, Agus, 48–49
Sani, Arsul, 1–3, 86
santri (devout Muslims), 32, 39, 96,
114–115, 147
and democracy, 138, 159–158
internal cleavage within, 103–104, 123
and tolerance, 32–33, 156
Sarekat Islam, 34, 43, 45–46, 80
Saudi Arabia, 49, 51, 54, 56, 165
Schweber, Howard, xi
secularism, 3, 5, 12, 72–73, 90–93, 140–142,
159–160
secularization, 1–18
Senegal, 158, 159
Shaafi, See Syafii
Shia Muslims, 47, 141–142, 162
Siddiq, Achmad, 133, 136–137, 139–142
Sihombing, Uli Parulian, 82–83
Slater, Dan, xi, 25
Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan, 25, 50
Soeharto, xv, 56, 65, 71, 81, 88, 115–116, 131
Soekarno, 1, 52, 76, 78–81, 80f, 104,
108–115, 118–123
South Africa, 134
Spinner-Halev, Jeffrey, 128–129, 147, 156
state, 23–24, 65, 93–123, 94f, 122t
Dutch colonial, 41–42, 49–51, 105–108
Indonesian, 1, 93–123
recognition of religion, 20–24, 67, 81, 86,
88–90, 104–109, 162–163
and religion, 1, 5, 10–12, 88–89, 93–123,
94f, 159–168
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah,
1–2, 27–28
Stepan, Alfred, xiii, 8, 11–12, 57, 129, 159–161
Stouffer, Samuel, 28
Straus, Scott, xi, 20, 123
Sufism, 21, 40, 132–133
Sultan Mosque, 39
Sundanese, 38, 38f, 45–46, 59–63, 62t, 63t, 162
Sunnah (traditions of the prophet), 30, 47, 50,
76, 112, 125, 132, 142
survey research
and comparative political theory, 146–155
and the problem of replication, 28–29, 149
protocol, 169–171
questions, 28, 171–179
sample, 28–30
on secularization, 7, 14–15
on tolerance, 20, 28–29, 148–155, 149f
Suseno, Franz Magnis, 32, 162
Switzerland, 50, 134, 159, 167
Syafii (the Sunni school of jurisprudence that is
prominent in Southeast Asia), 30, 39, 75
Syamsuddin, Din, 128, 143, 157
tahlil (recitation of the phrase “there is no god
but God”), 47
takbil (the practice of kissing someone’s hand
as a sign of respect), 45
taklid (Islamic legal term denoting adherence to
decisions by previous jurists), 44, 45, 75
talkin (to recite instructions for the dead at
graveside), 76
Tardjo, Abdul Rahman, 1
tarekat (an order of mystical practice), 139
tasamuh (Arabic language term for tolerance
or patience), 99
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Ten Berge, J.J., 46
theology, 9–10, 30–32, 93
tolerance, 1–18, 19–35, 124–158
Americans, 20
bhinneka tunggal ika, 131
communal, 146–158
communal functionalist, 133–134
criticism of, 16, 137–138
defined, 3, 19, 29
and democracy, 3, 33, 159–168
and education, 29–31, 134, 140, 149–150,
149f, 152t, 153t, 155, 161–165
and group rights, 151–152, 151t
and Hinduism, 129–130
indicators of, 20–21, 27t, 28–29,
148–151, 149f
and Islamic law, 134–136
and legal pluralism, 152–153, 152t, 153t
and majority domination, 154–155, 155t
and Muhammadiyah, 142–146
mystical, 132–133
and Nahdlatul Ulama, 138–142
and the New Islamists, 136–137
pragmatic, 130–132
and the primacy of faith, 153–154, 154t
secular-liberal, 3, 127–129
and secularization, 4
and the separation of religious and social
affairs, 153, 153t
and skeptical humanism, 130
and Sufism, 132–133
tolerantia, 131
traditional Muslims, 5, 38f, 53, 75, 109,
138–142
and reformist Muslims, 37–38, 44, 45, 47–52,
59, 76, 130
See also Nahdlatul Ulama
Tunisia, 92, 104n.44, 158
Turkey, 50, 88, 92, 104n.44, 114, 158, 159
207
ukhuwah (brotherhood), 136, 143–145, 165
Umar, Nasaruddin, 5n10
umma (community), 33, 69–70, 77, 100,
120f, 148
and Ahmadiyah, 75
Christian, 100, 119–121, 133
United Kingdom, 11, 154, 167. See also
Britain
United States, 3, 4, 7, 29, 61, 92, 154,
159, 170
usul, See usuliyah
usuliyah (issues of core doctrine in Islam), 76,
86, 130, 139
Van der Veer, Peter, 13, 69–70, 72
vedraagzaamheid (Dutch term for tolerance), 99
Wahhab, Kyai Abdul, 48
Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd al-, 48–51
Wahid, Abdurrahman, 25, 57, 82, 109, 136
Wald, Kenneth, 6n.15
wali songo (the nine saints who are believed to
have converted Java to Islam), 139
Wardy, Bijran, A 54
Weber, Max, 6, 7
Wedeen, Lisa, xi, 10n.35, 22n.9, 33n.35, 38,
70, 72, 126
Wilcox, Clyde, 6n.15
Wildavsky, Aaron, 9
World Values Survey, 28, 148, 150, 152,
154, 160
Yayasan Irena Center, 87, 89
Young, Iris Marion, 137–138
Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 126
zakat (obligatory religious tax), 39, 94f, 101,
135n.32
Zwemer, Samuel, 39–41, 43
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