Tanggungjawab Negara - equality before the law

TOPIK BAHASAN:
Fundamental Principle of IL;
2. Legal Source;
3. The Nature of State Responsibility;
4. Internationally Wrongful Act;
5. Imputability;
Imputability;
6. Reparation;
7. Preclusion of wrongfulness;
8. Expropriation;
1.
Tanggungjawab Negara
Iman Prihandono,
Prihandono, SH., MH., LL.M
Departemen Hukum Internasional
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga
E-Mail: [email protected]
Blog:
Blog: imanprihandono.wordpress.com
1. Fundamental Principle of IL

The Nature of International Legal System;

Doctrine of state sovereignty;

Doctrine of equality between states;
2. Sumber Hukum:
Draft articles on
Responsibility of States for
internationally wrongful acts
Ketika sebuah negara melakukan
perbuatan melanggar hukum
(internationally unlawful act)
act) terhadap
negara lain, maka tanggungjawab
internasional timbul.
timbul.
Pelanggaran terhadap kewajiban
internasional akan menimbulkan
kewajiban untuk melakukan reparasi.
reparasi.
3. The Nature of State Responsibility
1.
Adanya kewajiban hukum internasional
yang mengikat diantara kedua negara;
negara;
2.
Telah terjadinya perbuatan (act)
act) atau
tindakan (omission)
omission) yang melanggar
kewajiban hukum tersebut;
tersebut;
3.
Adanya kerugian sebagai akibat dari
pelanggaran tersebut;
tersebut;
adopted by the
International Law Commission
at its fiftyfifty-third session (2001)
(DASR)
1
4. Internationally Wrongful Act


Art 2 DASR - there is an internationally
wrongful act of a state when:
a)
Conduct consisting of an action or
omission is attributable to the state under
international law; and
b)
That conduct constitutes a breach of an
international obligation of the state.
Art 1 DASR: every internationally wrongful
act of a state entails responsibility;
Every state is subject to the possibility of
being held to have committed
internationally wrongful act entailing its
international responsibility;
IL Tidak Membedakan:


Existence of a breach of an
international obligation
Contractual Responsibility;
Art 12 DASR: There is a breach of an
international obligation by a State when an
act of that State is not in conformity with
what is required of it by that obligation,
regardless of its origin or character.
character.
Tortius Responsibility;
Dengan tambahan:

International Crimes;
Mungkinkah negara dipidana?


Ian Brownlie:
Brownlie: State responsibility was
limited to the obligation to compensate.
compensate.
Berdasar pada 3 perkembangan IL:
1. Concept of Jus Cogens;
Cogens;
2. Tanggungjawab pidana internasional
terhadap individu;
individu;
3. UN Charter terhadap ancaman atau
pelanggaran perdamaian internasional;
internasional;
Contoh:






Aggressions;
Colonial domination;
Slavery;
Genocide;
Apartheid;
Massive pollution of the atmosphere of
seas;
2
Teori Tanggungjawab
1.
2.
Objective Responsibility (Risk
(Risk Theory):
Theory):
Tanggung jawab negara lahir bila
terdapat:
terdapat: unlawful act, caused injury,
committed by state or its agent,
irrespective of good or bad faith;

Negara tidak bertanggungjawab dalam
hukum internasional terhadap perbuatan
warganegaranya.
warganegaranya.

Namun negara bertanggungjawab
terhadap perbuatan atau tindakan dari
pejabatnya.
pejabatnya.
Subjective Responsibility (Fault
(Fault Theory):
Theory):
Tanggung jawab negara hanya lahir bila
terdapat:
), negligent
terdapat: intention (dolus
(dolus),
(culpa);
culpa);

act of state organ = an act of state;

position of the organ in the constitutional
structure is irrelevant;

territorial government entity;

an organ not part of formal structure;

5. Imputability
Art 10 DASR: a movement which become
the new government; IranIran-US Claims
Tribunal.
Short v. The Islamic Republic of Iran; not
yet established control.
Yeager v. The Islamic Republic of Iran;
Revolutionary Guard.
Rankin v. The Islamic Republic of Iran;
difficulties of life.
life.
Nicaragua Case (ICJ 1986);
Corfu Channel Case (ICJ 1949);
Rainbow Warrior incident;

Art 8 DASR: conduct of a person or group of
persons; Art 11 DASR Acknowledge by State
Iran Case (ICJ 1980);
The conduct of a person or group of persons
shall be considered an act of a State under
international law if the person or group of
persons is in fact acting on the instructions of, or
under the direction or control of, that State in
carrying out the conduct.

the organ exceeded its competence or
contravened instructions;

action of rioters and rebels – State must show
due diligence;
6. Reparation
1.
Cessation of unlawful activities;
2.
Restitution in kind;
3.
Compensation;
4.
Satisfaction;
5.
Assurance of nonnon-repetition;
3

Restitution: “…that is, to re-establish the
situation which existed before the wrongful
act was committed…”..

Compensation: Rainbow Warrior incident
case. Art 36 DASR: “…any
financially
“…
assessable damage including loss of
profits…”..




Satisfaction: Official apologies, the
punishment of guilty officials, the formal
acknowledgement of the unlawful
character of the act, an expression of
regret.. Art 37 DASR.
Art 24 DASR: in a situation of extreme
distress.
7. Preclusion of wrongfulness

Consent of the Injured State; troops at its
request (Art 20 DASR).

Legitimate application of a sanction;
reprisal – countermeasures.
Art 49 DASR: entitled IS not to comply.
Art 50 DASR: may not include threat or
use of force.

Art 23 DASR: irresistible force or
unforeseen external event; Gill Case.
8. Expropriation/Nasionalisasi

Art 25 DASR: only means of safeguarding
an essential interest of the state against a
grave and imminent peril. Torrey Canyon
Case.
Dalam hukum internasional,
internasional, nasionalisasi
terhadap hak milik/asset
milik/asset asing adalah
dimungkinkan.
dimungkinkan.

Namun beberapa syarat dan kondisi harus
terpenuhi.
terpenuhi.
Art 51 jo.
jo. 2(4) UN Charter: self defense – if
armed attack occurs (Art 21 DASR).

Kenapa hukum internasional?
internasional? Karena
adanya “internationalized contract”
contract”.
Sumber Hukum:
Syarat dan Kondisi Nasionalisasi
1.
The World Bank Guidelines on the
Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment;
1.
2.
The 1961 Harvard Draft Convention on
the International Responsibility of States
for Injury of Aliens;
Kepentingan umum (Public Utility);
Utility); BP
Case (Libya
Libya
v.
UK);
);
(
UK
2.
Kompensasi yang langsung,
langsung, layak dan
efektif (prompt, adequate dan effective
compensation);
compensation); Amco v. Indonesia –
future profits.
3.
Tidak diskriminatif (NonNon-Discrimination).
Discrimination).
3.
The 1962 General Assembly Resolution
on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural
Resources;
4.
The 1974 Charter of Economic Rights
and Duties of States;
4
The 1985 Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

Memberikan perlindungan terhadap
“nonnon-commercial risks”
risks”:
Pembatasan transfer dalam mata uang
asing;
asing;
2. Nasionalisasi;
Nasionalisasi;
3. Pelanggaran kontrak oleh pemerintah;
pemerintah;
4. Kerugian yang timbul akibat perang atau
gangguan sipil;
sipil;
1.
5