broiler small intestinal villi response to feed containing virgin

Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner 2011
BROILER SMALL INTESTINAL VILLI RESPONSE TO FEED
CONTAINING VIRGIN COCONUT OIL-BYPRODUCT
(BLONDO)
(Respon Villi Usus Kecil Ayam Broiler terhadap Ransum
yang Mengandung Hasil Ikutan Minyak Kelapa Murni (Blondo))
F. RAHIM1, E. PURWATI1, A. LASARI1 and I. RAHMADANI 2
1
The Faculty of Animal Science of The Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Pauh, Padang 25163
2
The Veterinariant Research and Test Station, Baso, Bukittinggi
ABSTRAK
Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi respon villi usus halus ayam broiler terhadap pakan yang
mengandung blondo sudah dilakukan dengan menggunakan d.o.c. broiler strain Cobb sebagai materi ternak.
Penelitian dirancang ke dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan, 4 ulangan dan setiap
unit percobaan terdiri dari 5 anak ayam, sehingga dibutuhkan sejumlah 100 ekor anak ayam. Perlakuan A, B,
C, D dan E berturut-turut adalah pemberian 0; 7,5; 15; 22,5 dan 30% blondo dalam ransum. Perubah yang
diamati adalah tinggi villi di dalam duodenum dan ileum dari usus halus. Perlakuan A, B, C, D dan E berturutturut menghasilkan rata-rata tinggi villi setelah 3 minggu penelitian adalah 0,970; 1,100; 1,195; 0,975 dan
0,920 mm pada duodenum dan 0,735; 0,730; 0,775; 0,745 dan 0,588 mm pada ileum, dan setelah 6 minggu
penelitian 1,325; 1,340; 1,443; 1,143 and 1,140 mm pada duodenum dan 0,968; 0,928; 0,980; 0,853 dan 0,708
mm pada ileum. Sidik ragam respon usus kecil (dalam hal tinggi villi duodenum dan ileum) terhadap
perlakuan A, B, C, D and E berturut-turut menghasilkan perbedaan sangat nyata (P < 0,01) sesudah 3 maupun
6 minggu periode penelitian. Penghitungan DMRT dapat disimpulkan bahwa hanya sampai tingkat
pemakaian blondo dalam ransum 15% yang direspon lebih baik oleh villi usus kecil ayam broiler.
Kata Kunci: Ayam Broiler, Hasil Ikutan Minyak Kelapa Murni (Blondo), Villi Usus Halus
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the responce of broiler small intestine villi to feed containing
Virgine Coconut Oil (VCO)-by product, that later on would be called blondo. Broiler d.o.c. of strain Cobb as
animal material and was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4
replications and each experimental unit consisted of 5 chicken, then sum of 100 chicken were required in the
experiment. Treatments in the experiment A, B, C, D, and E were respectively utilization of 0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5
and 30% blondo in the rations. Treatments: A, B, C, D and E respectively resulted in average of villi height at
3 weeks of age: 0.970, 1.100, 1.195, 0.975 and 0.920 mm for duodenum and 0.735, 0.730, 0.775, 0.745 and
0.588 mm for ileum, and at 6 weeks: 1.325, 1.340, 1.443, 1.143 and 1.140 mm for duodenum and 0.968,
0.928, 0.980, 0.853 and 0.708 mm for ileum. Analysis of variance of the small intestine response to
treatments: A, B, C, D and E respectively resulted in highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in height of villi
in duodenum and ileum at 3 weeks as well as at 6 weeks experimental period. It is concluded that, there was
only until level 15% of blondo utilization that resulted in better respond by broiler small intestinal villi.
Key Words: Broiler, Coconut Oil-By Product (Blondo), Intestinal Villi
INTRODUCTION
Cost in poultry production has increased
continously due to limited supply of good
quality raw material such as soybean, maize
and others. An alternative feedstuff that
666
relatively less utilized is by-product in
processing of virgin coconut oil (VCO), which
is ussually called blondo. Although blondo is
rich in omega fatty acid, protein, enzyme and
Lactobacillus (BASWARDOJO, 2005 and
PURWATI et al., 2006), due to high crude fat
Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner 2011
content, its quantity utilization in chicken
ration might become limitation.
Linoleat (omega 6) increased saturated
fatty acid absorption in the chicken small
intestine. Its deficiency caused growth rate to
be suboptimal, fatty liver and high sensitivity
to breathing infection (ANGGORODI, 1995).
According to WAHYU (1997) linoleat was
needed in lipid transportation out from the
liver, while oleat (omega 9), linolenat (omega
3) and several monogliserides with bile salt
formed micells mixture in the intestine
immediately, saturated fatty acid thereafter
would be dissolved.
VCO-making
procedure
involved
fermentation of coconut milk (SIBUEA, 2004).
According to WANG and HESSELTINE (1982)
the fermented product would have special
flavour and texture and contain antioxidant as
well as antibiotics peneciline which could
inhibit growth of pathogenic microorganism.
FOGARTY (1983) reported that fermented
feedstuff would be digested and absorbed
better by animal.
After had been digested by broiler chicken,
ration which containing blondo would be
mainly absorbed through epithelial cells of
small intestinal villi. The shorter villi might
happen due to increment of viscousity in the
internal lumen through consumption of more
fat, what could also happen through high level
of NSP (non starch polysacharides) in the
ration (STANOGIAS and PEARCE, 1985). The
size of villi and microvilli of small intestine are
directly related to the absorbtion capacity of
the intestine of chicken (MACARI, 1995, cit.
FISCHER DA SILVA et al., 2007; YAMAUCHI et
al., 2010). According to FERRER et al. (1995)
villi height is the best measurements to show
the changes on surface area of absorbtive cells.
INCHAROEN et al. (2009) and AWAD et al.
(2009) observed that chicken growth
performance improvement associated with the
increment of its intestinal villi height. Induction
of intestinal function in the duodenum could
improve the growth performance (RUTTANAVUT
and YAMAUCHI, 2010).
Therefore, an experiment had been
conducted with objective to find out the
applicable level of blondo in broiler ration
through studying its small intestinal villi
response. There was hyphothesis in the
experiment that broiler small intestinal villi, in
term of their height, did not respond differently
the ration containing blondo until level 30%.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
One hundred broiler chickens of Cobb Strain
were used in the six weeks experimental period.
At the end of the experiment the chicken were
slaughtered for their villi observation.
Other utilized utensils consisted of writing
facilities, knife, tweezers, embedding cassete,
bottles 500 ml, incubator, microtome, flow
water facilities and object glass with cover. In
experimental work were also needed stuffs
such as formalin, alcohol, Harris-Hematoxylin
dilution, Eosin dilution, aquadest and paraffine.
Chicken were kept in 20 unit of cages that
each had measurement of 75 × 60 × 70 cm and
in the cages were placed feeding as well as
drinking water utensils. The cages had also 60
watt lamp for two weeks as a warmer and since
then only light resource was available until the
end of the six weeks experimental period. As
research material, five chickens were
maintained in each cage. As shown in Table 1
the rations were formulated according to the
requirement of broiler chicken and attempted
to be the same in protein percentage and
energy quantity. Blondo as an experimental
feedstuff was obtained from CV Barokah in a
small city Pariaman, West Sumatra.
The experiment was constructed in
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5
treatments and 4 replications. The treatments:
A, B, C, D and E contained blondo level: of 0,
7.5; 15; 22.5 and 30 % respectively. One unit of
the treatments consisted of 5 chicken. Observed
variables were height of villi in intestinal parts
i.e. duodenum and ileum after 3 weeks as well
as after 6 weeks experimental period.
Data were analysed by anova (STEEL and
TORRIE, 1980) and difference between
treatments were computed using DMRT
(Duncan`s Multiple Range Test).
Experimental work
The exparimant procedure consisted of
drying the blondo, formulating the rations,
preparing the stable, arranging the animal
(chicken) material based on CRD with 5
treatments and 4 replications, and managing
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Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner 2011
Table 1. Feedstuffs and feed nutrients (in %) and energy of the rations used in the experiment
Treatment
A
B
C
D
E
Feedstuffs
Rice brand2
Maize2
Soya Cake
2
3
Blondo
2.40
4.00
9.50
16.50
21.50
56.80
53.25
43.20
32.30
23.00
17.60
14.25
11.30
7.70
4.50
0.00
7.50
15.00
22.50
30.00
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
7,00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
2.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
22.00
21.98
22.08
22.01
22.00
Fat
5.55
4.70
5.86
7.00
8.17
Crude fiber
3.92
3.80
4.02
4.34
4.50
Calcium
0.93
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.97
Fish meal3
Coco cake
2
Coco oil
Bone meal
Nutrients
2
1
Protein
Phospor
ME 4
(kcal/kg)
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.64
0.67
2992.00
2987.00
3007.00
3012.00
3042.00
1
Computed, 2AMRULLAH (2004), 3Analysis at Non Ruminant Laboratory of The Andalas University, 4ME =
(∑ protein × 4,4) + (∑ lemak × 8,7 ) + (∑ BETN × 4) × 1000
the chicken as long as 6 weeks the
experimental period based on feeding trial.
The laboratory works consisted of
proximate analysis of feedstuffs and making
histological small intestinal objects for
determining height of villi in duodenum and
ileum at three weeks as well as at six weeks
experimental period.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Response of villi height
Average height of intestine villi of the broiler
is in Table 2 displayed that after chicken
consumed the rations of treatment: A, B, C, D
and E as long as 3 weeks respectively resulted
in 0.970, 1.100, 1.195, 0.975 and 0.920 mm for
duodenum, 0.735, 0.730, 0.775, 0.745 and
0.588 mm for ileum and after consumed the
rations as long as 6 weeks resulted in1.325,
1.340, 1.443, 1.143 and 1.140 mm for
duodenum and 0.968, 0.928, 0.980, 0.853 and
0.708 mm for ileum. It could be viewed from
668
1
Figure 1 that independently for broiler aged
three or six week, the highest intestinal villi
were obtained when the blondo level was 15%.
Until level blondo 15 % in the ration at 6
weeks of age, the height of duodenal villi was
similar too but the height of ileal ones a rather
higher than those reported by AWAD et al.
(2008) and RAHIM et al. (2007) for duodenum
and ileum 1.405 – 1.647 mm and 0.545 – 0.774
mm respectively. This difference presumably
due to different broiler strains was used.
Analysis of variance shown that broiler
small intestine villi height significantly
responded the blondo containing rations (P <
0.05). As shown in Table 1, there were
relatively the same nutrient content in all five
treatment rations, except fat concentration.
Therefore, it was highly probable that the
difference in small intestine response was
caused by raising of fat content in the ration
through increasing of blondo utilization.
DMRT (Duncan`s Multiple Range Test)
analysis shown that after 3 as well as 6 weeks
experimental period, blondo utilization level
15% increased duodenal villi height, while
Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner 2011
Table 2. Average height of intestinal villi in duodenum and ileum (mm)
Treatment
Three weeks exp. period
Six weeks exp. period
Duodenum
Ileum
Duodenum
A, control
0.970B
0.735A
1.325B
0.968ABa
B, 7.5 % blondo
1.100ABa
0.730ABa
1.340ABb
0.928AB
A
0.775
A
1.443
Aa
Ileum
0.980A
C, 15.0 % blondo
1.195
D, 22.5 % blondo
0.975B
0.745A
1.143C
0.853b
E, 30.0 % blondo
0.920Bb
0.588Bb
1.140C
0.708C
SE
0.0480
0.0312
0.0248
0.0269
Villi Height (mm)
Different small letters superscript at column means significant (P < 0.05), capital letter ones mean high
significant difference (P < 0.01)
(D6)
(D3)
(I6)
(I3)
Treatment
Treatment
Duodenum in three weeks (D3)
Duodenum in six weeks (D6)
Ileum in three weeks (I3)
Ileum in six weeks (I6)
Figure 1. Average height of the intestinal villi (mm)
ileal villi only trended to increase after 3 and 6
weeks at blondo utilization 22.5 dan 15%
respectively. Increment of blondo level above
15 dan 22.5% high significantly decreased villi
height at all four mentioned conditions.
The increment or the trend of increment of
villi height was due to the beneficial effects of
blondo superiorities. SIBUEA (2004) declared
that VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) processing
involved fermentation of coconut milk. Blondo
as fermentation by product contain antioxidant
as well as antibiotics peneciline (WANG and
HESSELTINE, 1982), is rich in omega fatty acids,
Lactobacillus and crude fat (BASWARDOJO,
2005; and PURWATI et al., 2006).
SAKATA et al. (1999) obtained in rats that
Lactobacillus casei increased the ileal crypt
cell production rate by 40%. SANTIN et al.
(2001) also found the increment of villus
height caused by probiotic Lactobacillus
supplementation in ration although GUNAL et al.
(2006) in contrary found that there was no effect
of antibiotics in villus height and crypt depth at
day 21st or 42nd of age. Reports from
VLADEMIROVA and SOURDJIYSKA (1996), JIN
et al. (1998) and VOGT et al. (1981) indicated
that supplementations of probiotics to rations
increased the broiler growth performances,
could be seen as the fact of optimal nutrient
absorption through increment of intestinal villi
height.
According to DMRT (Duncan`s Multiple
Range Test) analysis that increasing of blondo
utilization in the ration up to 15% caused high
significantly decreasing duodenal and ileal villi
after 3 as well as 6 weeks experimental period
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Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner 2011
might be due to the viscous increment in
internal lumen of intestine through consumption
of more fat. It is displayed in Table 1 that fat
content are 5.86, 7.00 and 8.17% in the rations
C, D and E, respectively.
The demaged intestinal mucosa due to
highly viscosity in intestine were observed by
STANOGIAS and PEARCE (1985) through
utilization of high level NSP (non starch poly
saccharides) in the ration. YASAR and FORBES
(2000) reported that the decreased in digesta
viscosity after exogenous enzyme addition is
most likely associated with an improvement in
small intestine wall morphology. MATHLOUTHI
et al. (2002) mentioned that addition of
enzyme to rhy based diets increased villus size
and villus height to crypt depth ratio.
KOLB (1989) declared that cell membrane
consisted of a bimolecular layer of fat stuffs,
that contained several proteins in it. This fat
layer is flexible and always located in liquid
media. The fat consisted mostly of
phospholipide, spingolipide and cholesterol.
The antioxidants (vitamine E), those could
come from the fermented product, like blondo,
prevented formation of peroxide from
unsaturated fatty acid. Peroxide could disturb
plasma membrane and defect the cell. DEITCH
et al. (1995) confirmed that intestinal epithelial
layer constitutes a barrier that protects the host
against
luminal
pathogens.
Reduced
proliferation rate of intestinal epithelial caused
the intestinal villi to be shorter.
CONCLUSION
AWAD, W.A., K. GHAREEB and J. BÖHM. 2008.
Intestinal structure and function of broiler
chickens on diets supplemented with a
synbiotic containing enterococcus faecium and
oligosaccharides. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9(11):
2205 – 2216.
AWAD, W.A., K. GHAREEB, S. ABDEL-RAHEEM and
J. BÖHM. 2009. Effects of dietary inclusion of
probiotic
and
synbiotic
on
growth
performance, organ weights, and intestinal
histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult.
Sci. 2009. 88(1): 49 – 56.
ANGGORODI, R. 1995. Nutrisi Aneka Ternak
Unggas. PT Gramedia, Jakarta.
BASWARDOJO D. 2005. Seluk beluk pembuatan
minyak kelapa & VICO. http://www. indo
coco.com.2000. Jakarta.
DEITCH, E., D. XU, M. NARUHN, D. DEITCH, Q. LU
and A. MARINO. 1995. Elemental diet and IVTPN-induced bacterial translocation is
associated with loss of intestinal mucosal
barrier function against bacteria. Ann. Surg.
221(3): 299 – 307.
FERRER, R., J.L. PLANAS and M. MORETO, 1995. Cell
apical surface area in enterocitytes from
chicken small and large intestine during
development. Poult. Sci. 74: 1995 – 2002.
FISCHER DA SILVA, A.V., A. MAIORKA, S.A. BORGES,
E. SANTIN, I.C. BOLELI and M. MACARI. 2007,
Surface area of the tip of the enterocytes in
small intestine mucosa of broilers submitted to
early feed restriction and supplementation with
glutamine. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 6(1): 31 – 35.
FOGARTY, W.M. (Ed.). 1983. Microbial Enzymes and
Biotechnology. Applied Science Publishers,
London, New York.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
GUNAL, M., G. YAYLI, O. KAYA, N. KARAHAN and
O. SULAK. 2006. The effects of antibiotic
growth promoter, probiotic or organic acid
supplementation on performance, intestinal
microflora and tissue of broilers. Int. J. Poult.
Sci. 5(2): 149 – 155.
Gratitude to Chief of The Veterinariant
Research and Test Station (BPPV) in Baso,
West Sumatra, for some facilities of laboratory
work.
INCHAROEN, T., O. KHAMBUALAI and K. YAMAUCHI,
2009. Performance and histological changes of
the intestinal villi in chickens fed dietary
natural zeolite including plant extract. Asian J.
Poult. Sci. 3: 42 – 50.
Only until level 15% of blondo meal (byproduct in processing of virgin cocconut oil) in
the ration resulted in better respond.
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DISKUSI
Pertanyaan:
1. Bagaimana rangkaian/mekanisme blondo mempengaruhi tinggin ya ulli usus?
2. Bagaimana kandungan lemak blondo?
Jawaban:
1. Viskositas rendah, maka ulli rendah.
2. Blondo tinggi, maka kadar lemak tinggi.
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