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DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................................... i HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN ................................................................................................... ii KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................................. iii PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENELITIAN ........................................................................... iv DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................................................ v DAFTAR GAMBAR................................................................................................................... vi DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................................... vii DAFTAR PETA .......................................................................................................................... vii INTISARI .................................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. x BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Keaslian Penelitian ...................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Maksud, Tujuan, dan Manfaat Yang Diharapkan .................................................................. 6 1.2.1. Maksud Penelitian........................................................................................................ 6 1.2.2. Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.3. Manfaat Penelitian ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Peraturan Perundang-undangan ............................................................................................. 7 1.4. Tinjauan Pustaka .................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.1. Mitigasi ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.2. Bencana dan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan ........................................................ 8 1.4.3. Proses dan Tahapan Gerakan Massa Tanah ........................................................................ 9 1.4.3.1. Faktor-faktor Penyebab Terjadi Gerakan Massa Tanah .................................................. 11 i 1.4.3.2. Tipe-tipe Gerakan Massa Tanah ...................................................................................... 16 1.4.3.3. Gejala Terjadinya Gerakan Massa Tanah dan Batuan ..................................................... 19 1.4.3.4. Zonasi Tingkat Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau....................... 20 1.4.4. Model-model Pengelolaan untuk Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan ................. 23 1.5. Ruang Lingkup Penelitian...................................................................................................... 27 1.5.1. Lokasi dan Letak Penelitian ......................................................................................... 27 1.5.2. Kesampaian Daerah Penelitian .................................................................................... 27 1.5.3. Batas Daerah Penelitian ............................................................................................... 27 1.5.4. Batas Administrasi Penelitian ...................................................................................... 27 1.5.5. Batas Permasalahan Penelitian .................................................................................... 28 1.5.5.1. Batas Ekosistem .............................................................................................. 28 1.5.5.2. Batas Sosial ..................................................................................................... 28 BAB II RUANG LINGKUP PENELITIAN 2.1. Lingkup Kegiatan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 31 2.2. Bagan Alir Penelitian ...................................................................................................... 32 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN 3.1. Metode Penelitian dan Parameter Yang Digunakan ....................................................... 36 3.2. Metode Pemetaan Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/Batuan ................................ 37 3.3. Penentuan Lokasi Sampling ........................................................................................... 37 3.4. Perlengkapan Penelitian .................................................................................................. 38 3.4.1. Tahap Persiapan .................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2. Tahap Kerja Lapangan .......................................................................................... 40 3.4.2.1. Pemetaan Tidak Langsung ..................................................................... 40 3.4.2.2. Pemetaan Langsung ............................................................................... 43 3.4.3. Tahap Analisis Data .............................................................................................. 44 3.4.3.1. Analisis Data Pemetaan Tidak Langsung .......................................................... 44 3.4.3.2. Analisis Data Pemetaan Langsung .................................................................... 52 3.4.4. Tahap Pengukuran Hasil Laporan ........................................................................ 53 iv BAB IV RONA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP 4.1. Komponen Geofisik dan Kimia ..................................................................................... 54 4.1.1. Iklim ................................................................................................................... 54 4.1.2. Bentuk Lahan ..................................................................................................... 56 4.1.3. Tanah .................................................................................................................. 60 4.1.4. Infiltrasi .............................................................................................................. 62 4.1.5. Satuan Batuan ..................................................................................................... 63 4.1.6.. Tata Air.............................................................................................................. 65 4.1.7. Bencana Alam .................................................................................................... 66 4.2. Komponen Biotis ........................................................................................................... 67 4.2.1. Flora.................................................................................................................... 67 4.2.2. Fauna.................................................................................................................. 69 4.3. Komponen Sosial ........................................................................................................... 71 4.3.1. Demografi .......................................................................................................... 71 4.3.2. Sosial Ekonomi................................................................................................... 72 4.3.3. Pendidikan .......................................................................................................... 73 4.3.4. Sosial Budaya ..................................................................................................... 74 4.3.5. Kesehatan Masyarakat ........................................................................................ 75 4.4. Penggunaan Lahan .......................................................................................................... 76 BAB V EVALUASI PENELITIAN 5.1. Komponen Geofisik-Kimia............................................................................................. 77 5.1.1. Satuan Lahan ........................................................................................................ 77 5.1.2. Iklim ...................................................................................................................... 79 5.1.3. Kemiringan Lereng ............................................................................................... 79 5.1.4. Tekstur Tanah ....................................................................................................... 83 5.1.5. Ketebalan Tanah ................................................................................................... 83 5.1.6. Infiltrasi................................................................................................................. 84 v 5.1.7. Kekuatan Batuan ................................................................................................... 85 5.1.8. Pelapukan Batuan ................................................................................................. 85 5.1.9. Kerapatan Vegetasi ............................................................................................... 87 5.1.10. Penggunaan Lahan .............................................................................................. 89 5.2. Zona Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan ............................................. 91 BAB VI ARAHAN PENGELOLAAN 6.1. Mitigasi ........................................................................................................................... 95 6.1.1. Pendekatan Teknologi .......................................................................................... 95 6.1.2. Arahan Pengolahan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan Tingkat Kerentanan .................. 97 6.2. Pendekatan Sosial Ekonomi ........................................................................................... 100 6.3. Pendekatan Institusi........................................................................................................ 100 6.3.1. Tahap Sebelum Terjadi Bencana Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan ................. 101 6.3.2. Tahap Saat Terjadi Bencana Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan......................... 101 6.3.3. Tahap Setelah Terjadi Bencana Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan .................... 101 BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 7.2. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................................... 103 7.1. Saran ............................................................................................................................... 104 vi DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1.1. Penelitian Terkait ......................................................................................................... 4 Tabel 1.2. Peraturan Perundang-undangan ................................................................................... 7 Tabel 1.3. Klasifikasi Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/Batuan Berdasarkan Tipe Gerakan dan Jenis Materialnya............................................................................................... 16 Tabel 1.4. Klasifikasi kedalaman Longsoran ................................................................................ 17 Tabel 2.1. Jenis Data dan Parameter Geofisik untuk menentukan GMT...................................... 34 Tabel 3.1. Paramtere Lingkungan Geofisik Untuk Penentuan Tingkat Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan ..................................................................... 36 Tabel 3.2. Perlengkapan Penelitian, Kegunaan dan Hasil yang didapat ....................................... 38 Tabel 3.3. Klasifikasi Kemiringan Lereng (Slope) ...................................................................... 44 Tabel 3.4. Pengharkatan Ketebalan Tanah ................................................................................... 45 Tabel 3.5. Klasifikasi Tekstur Tanah ............................................................................................ 46 Tabel 3.6. Klasifikasi Tingkat Pelapukan Batuan ......................................................................... 47 Tabel 3.7. Klasifikasi Kekuatan Batuan ....................................................................................... 47 Tabel 3.8. Infiltrasi ........................................................................................................................ 48 Tabel 3.9. Klasifikasi Penggunaan Lahan..................................................................................... 49 Tabel 3.10. Klasifikasi Kerapatan Vegetasi .................................................................................. 50 Tabel 3.11. Klasifikasi Curah Hujan............................................................................................. 50 Tabel 3.12. Pembobotan Parameter Pengaruh Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan .............. 51 Tabel 3.13. Klasifikasi Tingkat Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan PemetaanTidak Langsung....................................................................................... 52 Tabel 3.14. Klasifikasi Tingkat Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan Pemetaan Langsung ................................................................................................ 53 Tabel 4.1.` Data Curah Hujan Rerata Bulanan Stasiun Meteorologi Pundong ............................ 54 Tabel 4.2. Tipe Iklim Menurut Schmidt dan Fergusson ............................................................... 56 Tabel 4.3. Data Kemiringan Lereng ............................................................................................. 57 vii Tabel 4.4. Data Ketebalan Tanah .................................................................................................. 61 Tabel 4.5. Data Tekstur Tanah ...................................................................................................... 61 Tabel 4.6. Laju Infiltrasi ............................................................................................................... 62 Tabel 4.7. Data Kekuatan Batuan ................................................................................................. 64 Tabel 4.8. Jenis Flora yang dijumpai di lokasi Penelitian ............................................................ 67 Tabel 4.9. Data Kerapatan Vegetasi ............................................................................................. 69 Tabel 4.10. Data Fauna dilokasi Penelitian .................................................................................. 70 Tabel 4.11. Banyaknya Penduduk di Desa Parangtritis menurut usia. ......................................... 71 Tabel 4.12. Banyaknya Fasilitas Sarana Ekonomi........................................................................ 72 Tabel 4.13. Sarana Pendidikan...................................................................................................... 73 Tabel 4.14. Tabel Tempat Ibadah ................................................................................................. 74 Tabel 4.15. Fasilitas Kesehatan di Desa Parangtritis .................................................................... 75 Tabel 4.16. Penggunaan Lahan di Lokasi Penelitian .................................................................... 76 Tabel 5.1. Pengharkatan Parameter Curah Hujan di Lokasi Penelitian ........................................ 79 Tabel 5.2. Pengharkatan Kemiringan Lereng ............................................................................... 80 Tabel 5.3. Pengharkatan Parameter Tekstur Tanah di Lokasi Penelitian ..................................... 83 Tabel 5.4. Pengharkatan Tebal Tanah di Lokasi Penelitian.......................................................... 83 Tabel 5.5. Pengharkatan Parameter Infiltrasi di Lokasi Penelitian ............................................... 84 Tabel 5.6. Pengharkatan Kekuatan Batuan di Lokasi Penelitian .................................................. 85 Tabel 5.7. Pengharkatan Kerapatan Vegetasi ............................................................................... 89 Tabel 5.8. Penggunaan Lahan di Lokasi Penelitian ...................................................................... 91 Tabel 5.9. Pengharkatan Tiap Parameter ...................................................................................... 91 Tabel 5.10. Klasifikasi Tingkat Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan .................. 92 Tabel 5.11. Tingkat Kerentanan Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan di Desa Parangtritis ............................................................................................................... viii 92 DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1.1. Gerakan Massa Tanah dilokasi Penelitian ............................................................... 3 Gambar 1.2. Proses terjadinya gerakan massa tanah dan/atau batuan dan komponen-komponen penyebabnya .......................................................................................................... 10 Gambar 1.3. Tipe Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan ........................................................... 18 Gambar 1.4. Tekanan air pada retak tarik untuk timbunan lempung bila retakan terisi air .......... 23 Gambar 1.5. Parit drainase permukaan ........................................................................................ 24 Gambar 1.6. Dinding penahan pada kaki lereng dengan pelandaian lereng ................................. 25 Gambar 1.7. Penyangga dari urugan batu dan drainase horizontal dibangun pada lereng timbunan ................................................................................................................. 25 Gambar 1.8. Komponen bronjong untuk dinding penahan ........................................................... 26 Gambar 2.1. Diagram Alir Penelitian ........................................................................................... 32 Gambar 2.2. Kerangka alur pikir .................................................................................................. 33 Gambar 3.1. Diagram Alir Analisis Tekstur Tanah ...................................................................... 41 Gambar 4.1. Grafik Curah Hujan Rerata Bulanan Stasiun Meteorologi Pundong ....................... 55 Gambar 4.2. Kenampakan Bentuklahan Perbukitan Parangtritis.................................................. 57 Gambar 4.3. Pengukuran Ketebalan Tanah .................................................................................. 60 Gambar 4.4. Tanah Litosol Dengan Tekstur Geluh Pasiran ......................................................... 62 Gambar 4.5. Pengukuran Laju Infiltrasi ....................................................................................... 63 Gambar 4.6. Batuan Gamping Terumbu dan Pelapukan Batuan Dilokasi Penelitian .................. 64 Gambar 4.7. Sumur Gali dan Sungai Musiman ............................................................................ 66 Gambar 4.8. Bencana Gerakan Massa Tanah dan/atau Batuan Dilokasi Penelitian ..................... 66 Gambar 4.9. Flora yang Berada Dilokasi Penelitian..................................................................... 68 Gambar 4.10. Kerapatan Vegetasi Dilokasi Penelitian ................................................................. 69 Gambar 4.11. Hewan Ternak Penduduk ....................................................................................... 70 Gambar 4.12. Mata Pencaharian Masyarakat Pada Bidang Jasa .................................................. 72 ix Gambar 4.13. Fasilitas Pendidikan ............................................................................................... 73 Gambar 4.14. Fasilitas Ibadah ...................................................................................................... 75 Gambar 4.15. Penggunaan Lahan Dilokasi Penelitian.................................................................. 76 Gambar 5.1. Pengukuran Dilapangan Dengan Kompas Geologi ................................................. 80 Gambar 5.2. Pelapukan Batuan ..................................................................................................... 87 Gambar 6.1. Penanggulangan Gerakan Massa Tipe tranlasi slide dengan Membuat Tanggul Penahan Untuk Mengurangi Kemiringan Lereng Serta Saluran Drainase Dengan Saluran Permukaan dan Penyalir Mendatar Untuk Mengurangi Rembesan Air pada Tanah ................................................................................... 98 x DAFTAR PETA Peta 1.1. Peta Adinistrasi .............................................................................................................. 29 Peta 1.2. Peta Batas Penelitian ...................................................................................................... 30 Peta 5.1. Peta Satuan Lahan .......................................................................................................... 78 Peta 5.2. Peta Kemiringan Lereng ................................................................................................ 81 Peta 5.3. Peta Penampang Profil ................................................................................................... 82 Peta 5.4. Peta Satuan Batuan........................................................................................................ 86 Peta 5.5. Peta Kerapatan Vegetasi ................................................................................................ 88 Peta 5.6. Peta Penggunaan Lahan ................................................................................................. 90 Peta 5.7. Peta Kerentanan GMT ................................................................................................... 94 Peta 6.1. Peta Mitigasi .................................................................................................................. 102 xi