1 - ACIAR

Appendix 1. Table 1. Incidence of WTG and Other Pests in Java (2006-2009)
Location
Observation
sites
Average incidence
Other Diseases
WTG (%)
Viral
Whitefly
Companion crops / Weed
Fungal/
A. Central Java 2006-7
1. Magelang
3
22,67
+
Mosaic1 % Krup.05%
Cerc.Antrac
Nothing, Maize border, Weeds
2. Rembang
4
38,00
+
Mosaic15 %Krupk 0.28 %
Cerc. Choa,Antrac
Weeds, Maize. Mung-bean (80 %chlorotic)
3. Brebes
6
13,33
++
Mosaic 45 %Krupk 0.2 %
Wilt, Antrc, Cercp
Cabb, eggplant, YLB, bitter gourd, Maize
Average-A
13
23.07
Mosaic 12 %
Cerc., Antrac. Fus ,
Nothing
B. DI Yogayakarta 2006-7
1. Yogyakarta
1
18,66
Average-B
1
18,66
+
A. West Java 2009
1. Sukabumi
8
16.42
+
Mosaic 19 %
Antrac
Cabb,Weeds, tomato
2. Cianjur
4
23.84
+
Mosaic 13 %
Antrac
Carrot,Weeds, tomato
3. Garut
16
5.71
+
Mosaic 4 %
Antrac
YLB, weeds, tomato
4. Bandung
11
4.17
+
Mosaic 5 %
Antrac
Cabb, tomato, Maize,weeds, potato
Average-A
39
12,54
B. Central Java 2009
1. Brebes
6
3.60
+
Mosaic 24.25 %
Antrac
Peanut, Corn sweet pot, Shallot, weed
2. Purworejo
2
49.67
+
Mosaic 6.21 %
Antrac
Yard long bean, Maize, weeds
3.Bnj. negara
1
46.0
+
Mosaic 0.5 %
-
Bean, weeds
4. Wonosobo
4
9.19
+
Mosaic 3%
Antrac
YLB, welsh onion,cabb, weed
5.Tmnggung
1
45.50
++
Mosaic 6 %
-
Maize, YLB, weed
+
Mosaic 8 %
-
Cabb, weed
+
Mosaic 4 %
Antrac
Maize,YLB, wd
6.Magelang
3
7.0
Average-B
17
32,19
C. DI Yogayakarta 2009
1. Yogyakarta
7
43,82
Average-C
7
43,82
Whitefly incidence: (+) =Found in few number; (+) = Easy to find ; (++) = Frequently encountered
Viral disease symptoms: Mosaic; Krupk= Krupuk (Curly Stunt Virus)
Fungal Diseases: Cerc.=Cercospora; Choa=Choanophora; Antrac= Anthraconse (Colletotrichum)
Companion crops: YLB=Yardlong Bean (Vigna sinensis), welsh onion (Allium fistulosum,cabb=Cabbage (Brassica oleracea); Maize(Zea mays); sweet potato (Ipomea batatus);
Shallot = Allium cepa; carrot (Daucus carota); tomato (Solanum lycopersicon; weed
Appendix 1 Table 2 Summary of virus detection of pepper samples collected in Indonesia in 2009
Locations
Crops
Province
District
Subdistrict
Virus
incidenc
e
Village
Virus detection
Samples
collected
RNA virusesc
BGV
No.
of
BGVa
BGV
speciesb
CMV
ChiV
MV
PV
MV
PVY
PM
MV
To
MV
WS
MoV
Central Java
Brebes
Wanasari
Klampok
Pepper
100%
2
1
1 TYLCKaV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Brebes
Tanjung
Limbangan Wetan
Pepper
80%
5
5
3 TYLCKaV,
2 PepYLCIDV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Brebes
Tanjung
Sengon
Pepper
100%
3
3
3 PepYLCIDV
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Brebes
Kersana
Kemugen
Pepper
80%
2
2
2 PepYLCIDV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Magelang
Muntilan
Adikario
Pepper
100%
4
4
4 PepYLCIDV
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Magelang
Muntilan
Keji
Pepper
100%
5
5
5 PepYLCIDV
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Magelang
Dukun
Hangvnsuko
Pepper
50%
6
6
6 PepYLCIDV
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Pati
Bantangan
Kuniran
Pepper
100%
4
4
4 PepYLCIDV
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Rembang
Kaliori
Sendang
Pepper
100%
8
8
6 PepYLCIDV
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Rembang
Sekarsari
Pepper
100%
6
6
6 PepYLCIDV
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
Jogyakarta
Pakem
Binangun
Kaliwanglo
Pepper
50%
10
10
10 PepYLCIDV
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Jogyakarta
Pakem
Binangun
Pakem Gede
Pepper
100%
4
4
4 PepYLCIDV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
East Java
Kediri
Kayen Kidol
Jambu
Pepper
100%
10
10
10 PepYLCIDV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Magelang
Dukun
Hangvnsuko
Tomato
100%
4
4
3 PepYLCIDV
1 Unknown -1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Jogyakarta
Pakem
Pakem
Binangun
Kaliwanglo
Tomato
100%
2
2
1 PepYLCIDV,
1 Unknown-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Brebes
Tanjung
Limbangan Wetan
Eggplant
15%
3
3
3 TYLCKaV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ageratum
100%
1
1
1 AYVV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Adikario
Ageratum
40%
1
1
1 AYVV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sumber
West Java
Bogor
Central Java
Magelang
Muntilan
Central Java
Magelang
Muntilan
Keji
Ageratum
50%
1
1
1 ToLCJaV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Magelang
Dukun
Hangvnsuko
Ageratum
50%
1
1
1, ToLCJaV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Jogyakart
Pakem
Binangun
Kaliwanglo
Ageratum
50%
4
4
3 AYVV,
1 ToLCJaV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Central Java
Brebes
Wanasari
Klampok
Weeds
50%
2
1
1, AlYVV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
aNumber
indicate begomovirus (BGV)-positive detected in collected plant samples by PCR using begomovirus general primer pair- PAL1v1978B/PAR1c715H.
virus species was based on the sequence comparison of 1.5kb viral DNA-As which were amplified by PCR using primer pair- PAL1v1978B/PAR1c715H. X1 and 2 indicate the
possible distinct begomoviruses. The abbreviation viruses are AlYVV: Alternanthera yellow vein virus; AYVV: Ageratum yellow vein virus; PepYLCIDV: Pepper yellow leaf curl
Indonesia virus; ToLCJaV: Tomato leaf curl Java virus and TYLCKaV: Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanburi virus.
cRNA virus were detected by (DAS)-ELISA
bThe
Appendix___ Table 3. Collection and identification of whiteflies from different host plants
Location
Host plant
Altitude (m
above sea level)
Species*
Pesisir Selatan
Chillipepper (1 field)
14
B. tabaci
Pesisir selatan
Eggplant ( 1 field)
14
B. tabaci
Agam
Chillipepper (2 fields)
1029
B. tabaci
Tanah Datar
Bean (1 fields)
1128
B. tabaci, T. vaporariorum
Cianjur
Bean (3 fields)
1150-1200
B. tabaci, T. vaporariorum
Cianjur
Eggplant (2 fields)
1150-1200
Imago (NI)**
Cianjur
Tomato (2 fields)
1150-1200
Imago (NI)**
Cianjur
Chillipepper (1 field)
1150
Imago (NI)**
Bogor
Chillipepper (1 field)
250
Imago (NI)**
Rembang
Cassava (2 fields)
7-50
B. tabaci
Rembang
Peanut (1 field)
7
B. tabaci
Brebes
Eggplant (4 fields)
5-11
B. tabaci
Brebes
Yard long bean (3 fields)
1-11
B. tabaci
Brebes
Cucumber (1 field)
11
B. tabaci
Brebes
Soybean (2 fields)
11
B. tabaci
Brebes
Luffa (1 field)
1
B. tabaci
Magelang
Chillipepper (1 field)
1100
Imago (NI)**
Chillipepper (3 fields)
150
Imago (NI)**
Malang
Chillipepper (4 fields)
450-700
B. tabaci
Malang
Yard long bean (1 field)
700
B. tabaci
Malang
Melon (1 field)
550
B. tabaci
Malang
Bean (2 fields)
550-1050
T. vaporariorum
Malang
Tomato(2 fields)
550-1050
T. vaporariorum
Malang
Eggplant (4 fields)
550-700
B. tabaci , T. vaporariorum
Malang
Squash (2 fields)
500-1050
B. tabaci , T. vaporariorum
Malang
Kidney bean (1 field)
1050
B. tabaci , T. vaporariorum
Kediri
Eggplant (1 field)
75
B. tabaci
Kediri
Chillipepper (1 field)
75
B. tabaci
Badung
Cassava (1 field)
250
B. tabaci
Badung
Chillipepper (1 field)
250
B. tabaci
Tabanan
Chillipepper (6 fields)
800-1200
B. tabaci, T. vaporariorum
Tabanan
Bean (4 fields)
1050-1200
B. tabaci, T. vaporariorum
Tabanan
Tomato (2 fields)
1050-1200
B. tabaci, T. vaporariorum
Hulu Sungai Selatan
Eggplant (1 field)
100
B. tabaci
Hulu Sungai Selatan
Chillipepper (1 field)
100
Imago (NI)**
Hulu Sungai Selatan
Takokak (1 field)
100
Imago (NI)**
Banjar Baru
Cucumber(1 lokasi)
150
Imago (NI)**
Banjar Baru
Tomato (1 field)
150
Imago (NI)**
Banjar Baru
Eggplant (1 field)
150
Imago (NI)**
West Sumatera
West Java
Central Java
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)
Bantul
East Java
Bali
South Kalimantan
5
Banjar Baru
Chillipepper (2 fields)
150
Imago (NI)**
Tanah Laut
Tomato (2 fields)
75
Imago (NI)**
Tanah Laut
Cucumber (1 field)
75
Imago (NI)**
Tanah Laut
Eggplant (1 field)
75
Imago (NI)**
*Species identification was based on characters of puparium
** Morphological-based identification was not conducted when the sample is imago (adult)
6
Appendix 1: Table 6. Weed species found in the chilli pepper fields in Java based on survey in February to August 2009
Origin of Sample
No
Weed species
Family
West Java
Central Java
East Java
Yogyakarta
Bgr
Bdg
Cnj
Skm
Grt
Mgl
Brb
Kdr
Mlg
Sleman
+
√
√
+
+
+
-
*
-
+
1
Ageratum conyzoides
Compositae
2
Galinsoga parviflora
Compositae
-
√
√
√
*
-
-
-
-
-
3
Emilia sonchifolia
Compositae
√
√
√
√
√
-
-
-
-
-
4
Spilanthes iabadicensis
Compositae
√
√
√
-
-
+
-
-
-
√
5
Synedrella nodiflora
Compositae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
Porophillum ruderale
Compositae
+
√
√
-
√
-
-
-
-
-
7
Cetripeda minima
Compositae
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
8
Eclipta prostrate
Compositae
√
√
√
-
√
√
*
-
-
-
9
Artemisia vulgaris
Compositae
√
√
√
-
√
-
-
√
√
-
10
Heliotropium indicum
Boraginaceae
√
-
-
-
-
-
-
√
√
√
11
Cleome rutidosperma
Capparidaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
12
Ipomea triloba
Convolvulaceae
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
-
-
13
Croton hirtus
Euphorbiaceae
√
√
√
√
√
-
-
*
-
+
14
Euphorbia hirta
Euphorbiaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
15
Phyllanthus debilis
Euphorbiaceae
√
√
-
-
-
√
√
√
√
√
16
Spigelia anthelmia
Loganiaceae
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
√
17
Oxalis corniculata
Oxalidaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
18
Portulaca oleraceae
Portulacaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
19
Physalis angulata
Solanaceae
-
√
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
√
20
Alternanthera philoxeroides
Amaranthaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
21
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
22
Drymaria cordata
Caryophyllaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
23
Commelina diffusa
Comelinaceae
√
√
-
-
-
√
√
√
√
√
24
Ludwigia peruviana
Onagraceae
*
√
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
Solanum nigrum
Solanaceae
-
√
-
-
√
-
-
-
-
-
26
Hedyotis sp
Rubiaceae
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
27
Mimosa sp
Fabaceae
√
√
-
-
√
√
√
√
√
√
7
-
= Weed was absent rsebut; √ = Weed was present; * = Weed with symptom ; + = Weed with symptom and geminivirus was detected. Lokasi:Bgr=Bogor; Bdg=Bandung;
Cnj=Cianjur; Skm=Sukabumi; Grt=Garut; M gl=Magelang; Brb=Brebes; Kdr=Kediri; Mgl=Magelang
Appendix 1: Figure 2. Eight weed species displaying symptoms of infection of pepper yellow leaf curl begomovirus: Ageratum conyzoides (A),
Ipomea triloba (B), Spilanthes iabadicensis (C), Porophillum ruderale (D), Galinsoga parviflora (E), Eclipta prostrate(F),Croton hirtus (G),
Ludwigia peruviana (H)
8
B
A
Appendix 1: Figure 7. Differential reaction after inoculating Colletotrichum acutatum isolate Coll153(A; pathotype CA1) and Coll-524(B; pathotype CA2) on green mature fruits of pepper line ‘05385825’. Fruits were respectively inoculated with C. acutatum isolates using a syringe fitted with a 22gauge needle 0.6-0.75 mm in length, to inject 1μl conidia suspension (5x105 conidia/mL) on two spots.
9
Appendix 1 Figure 8. Cladogram of nucleic acid sequences of geminivirus infecting weeds in Java compared to other
geminivirus sequences from GenBank. Bean yellow dwarf virus (accession number DQ458791) was included as
outgroup. Numbers in the cladogram branches indicated bootsrap value 100 replication.The sequences consisted of:
AgrBgr=A. conyzoides Bogor, AgrSkm= A. conyzoides Sukabumi, AgrMgl =A. conyzoides Magelang, AgrJgy= A.
conyzoides Yogyakarta, SplMgl= S. iabadiencis Magelang. Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV DQ458791), Tomato leaf curl
Java virus DNA (TLCV AB100304), Tomato leaf curl Java virus-[Ageratum] (TLCV AB162141), Tomato leaf curl Malaysia
virus segment A (TLCV AF327436), Tomato leaf curl Laos virus (TLCV AF195782), Ageratum yellow vein Taiwan virus
(AYVV AF307861), Ageratum yellow vein China virus-[Hn2] (AYVV AJ495813), Chilli leaf curl virus-[Multan] (ChilCVA
AF336806), Pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus segment A (PepLCV AF314531), Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus
(PepYLCV AB189849), Sida yellow vein Vietnam virus (SiYVV DQ641696), Mimosa yellow leaf curl virus (MiYLCV
DQ641695), Malvastrum yellow vein virus china (MYVV AJ457824), Malvastrum yellow vein Yunnan virus (MYVYNV
AJ786711)
10