daftar isi

DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii
HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ............................................................................. iii
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ iv
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................. xii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xvi
Intisari .................................................................................................................. xvii
Abstrack .............................................................................................................. xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1
Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1
1.2
Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 2
1.3
Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................... 3
1.4
Batasan Masalah ....................................................................................... 3
1.5
Sistematika Penulisan ............................................................................... 4
BAB II DASAR TEORI .......................................................................................... 5
2.1
Pengertian Generator ................................................................................ 5
2.2
Generator Sinkron Tiga Fase .................................................................... 5
2.2.1
Konstruksi Generator Sinkron ........................................................... 6
2.2.2
Bentuk Penguatan .............................................................................. 6
vii
2.2.3
Bentuk Stator ..................................................................................... 7
2.2.4
Bentuk Rotor ..................................................................................... 9
2.2.5
Prinsip Kerja Generator Sinkron ..................................................... 10
2.3
Generator Induksi Tiga Fase ................................................................... 13
2.3.1
Konstruksi Motor Induksi Tiga Fase ............................................... 14
2.3.2
Prinsip Kerja Motor Induksi Tiga Fase ........................................... 17
2.4
Kerja Paralel Generator Induksi Tiga Fase Dengan Generator Sinkron Tiga
Fase 22
2.4.1
Operasi Generator Paralel................................................................ 22
2.4.2
Pengaruh Pembebanan Terhadap Kerja Generator Induksi Dan
Generator Sinkron .......................................................................................... 23
2.5
MERS...................................................................................................... 24
2.5.1
Prinsip Kerja MERS ........................................................................ 25
2.5.2
Mode Operasi MERS ...................................................................... 27
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ........................................................................ 29
3.1
Sumber Data ........................................................................................... 29
3.2
Alat Yang Digunakan ............................................................................. 29
3.3
Pemilihan Komponen-Komponen Pada PSIM ....................................... 30
3.3.1
Sumber Tegangan DC ( DC Voltage Source )................................. 30
3.3.2
Antarmuka Mekanik-Listrik (Mechanical-Electrical Interface) ...... 30
viii
3.3.3
Sensor Torsi (Torque Sensor) .......................................................... 31
3.3.4
Sensor Keceptan (Speed Sensor) ..................................................... 31
3.3.5
Mesin Induksi Tiga Fase ................................................................. 32
3.3.6
Mesin Sinkron Tiga Fase ................................................................. 32
3.3.7
Kapasitor 3 Fase .............................................................................. 32
3.3.8
Resistor ............................................................................................ 33
3.3.9
Saklar Tiga Fase .............................................................................. 33
3.3.10
On-Off Controler ............................................................................. 34
3.3.11
Step .................................................................................................. 34
3.3.12
IGBT ................................................................................................ 34
3.3.13
Voltmeter ......................................................................................... 35
3.3.14
Amperemeter ................................................................................... 35
3.3.15
Alat Ukur Daya................................................................................ 35
3.3.16
Kendali Simulasi ............................................................................. 36
3.4
Rangkaian Simulasi ................................................................................ 36
3.4.1
Simulasi Generator Induksi Tiga Fase Menggunakan Kapasitor .... 37
3.4.2
Simulasi Generator Sinkron Tiga Fase ............................................ 38
3.4.3
Rangkaian MERS ............................................................................ 39
3.4.4
Sistem Control Sudut α.................................................................... 40
3.4.5
Simulasi Paralel Generator Induksi, Generator Sinkron Dan MERS41
ix
3.5
Konfigurasi Simulasi .............................................................................. 42
3.6
Diagram Alir Penelitian .......................................................................... 43
BAB IV ANALISIS DAN PEMBAHASAN ........................................................ 44
4.1
Simulasi Generator Induksi Tiga Fase Stand Alone ............................... 44
4.1.1
Penentuan Kecepatan Putar Generator Induksi ............................... 44
4.1.2
Operasi Generator Induksi Tanpa Beban ........................................ 47
4.1.3
Operasi Berbeban ............................................................................ 51
4.2
Simulasi Generator Sinkron Tiga Fase Stand Alone .............................. 53
4.2.1
Operasi Generator Sinkron Tanpa Beban ........................................ 53
4.2.2
Operasi Generator Sinkron Berbeban .............................................. 56
4.3
Simulasi Kerja Paralel Generator Induksi Dan Generator Sinkron ....... 61
4.3.1
Kerja Paralel Tanpa Beban .............................................................. 61
4.3.2
Kerja Paralel Berbeban .................................................................... 63
4.4
Perbandingan Hasil Simulasi .................................................................. 70
4.5
Simulasi Generator Sinkron Stand Alone (2) ......................................... 71
4.5.1
Pengaruh Dc Eksitasi Terhadap Tegangan ...................................... 71
4.5.2
Pembebanan Pada Generator Sinkron ............................................. 72
4.6
Kerja Paralel Generator Induksi Dengan Generator Sinkron (2) ............ 74
4.6.1
Kerja Paralel Berbeban .................................................................... 74
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................ 82
x
5.1
Kesimpulan ............................................................................................. 82
5.2
Saran ....................................................................................................... 83
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 84
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Generator Sinkron Tiga fasa dengan Penguatan Generator DC “Pilot
Exciter”. .................................................................................................................. 7
Gambar 2.2. Generator Sinkron Tiga fasa dengan Sistem Penguatan “Brushless
Exciter System”. ....................................................................................................... 7
Gambar 2.3. Inti stator ............................................................................................. 8
Gambar 2.4. Konstruksi rotor (A) Silindris; (B) Kutub Menonjol ........................ 10
Gambar 2.5. Diagram generator AC satu fase dua kutub ...................................... 10
Gambar 2.6. Diagram generator AC tiga fase dua kutub ...................................... 12
Gambar 2.7. Rangkaian Ekivalen Generator Sinkron ........................................... 13
Gambar 2.8. (a) Penampang inti stator, (b) Cara melilit konduktor di slot, (c) Bentuk
penampang inti yang sudah dililit.......................................................................... 15
Gambar 2.9. Konstruksi rotor sangkar tupai ......................................................... 16
Gambar 2.10. Kontruksi rotor lilit ......................................................................... 17
Gambar 2.11. Karakteristik torsi-slip pada berbagai daerah operasi..................... 20
Gambar 2.12. Rangkaian MERS ........................................................................... 25
Gambar 2.13. Prinsip kerja MERS ........................................................................ 26
Gambar 2.14. Bentuk Gelombang Tegangan Kapasitor (Vc) saat mode dc-offset27
Gambar 2.15. Bentuk Gelombang Tegangan Kapasitor (Vc) saat mode balance. 28
Gambar 2.16. Bentuk Gelombang Tegangan Kapasitor (Vc) saat Mode not-continous
............................................................................................................................... 28
Gambar 3.1. DC voltage source ............................................................................ 30
Gambar 3.2. Mechanical-electrical interface ........................................................ 31
xii
Gambar 3.3. Torque sensor ................................................................................... 31
Gambar 3.4. Speed sensor ..................................................................................... 31
Gambar 3.5. Squirel cage ind. machine ................................................................ 32
Gambar 3.6. Synchronous machine ....................................................................... 32
Gambar 3.7. 3-phase capacitor branch ................................................................. 33
Gambar 3.8. 3-phase resistor branch .................................................................... 33
Gambar 3.9. 3-phase bi-directional switch ........................................................... 34
Gambar 3.10. On-off controler .............................................................................. 34
Gambar 3.11. Step ................................................................................................. 34
Gambar 3.12. IGBT ............................................................................................... 35
Gambar 3.13. Voltage probe node-to-node(a), Volage prober node-to ground(b)35
Gambar 3.14. Current probe ................................................................................. 35
Gambar 3.15. 3-phase wattmeter(a), 3-phase VAR meter(b), 3-phase VA meter(c)36
Gambar 3.16 Simulation control ........................................................................... 36
Gambar 3.17. Rangkaian generator induksi stand alone ....................................... 37
Gambar 3.18. Rangkaian generator sinkron stand alone ...................................... 38
Gambar 3.19. Rangkaian MERS ........................................................................... 39
Gambar 3.20. α controler ...................................................................................... 40
Gambar 3.21. Zero cross detectiom ....................................................................... 40
Gambar 3.22. Sistem control sudut α .................................................................... 41
Gambar 3.23. Rangkaian paralel menggunakan MERS ........................................ 41
Gambar 3.24. Parameter generator induksi ........................................................... 42
Gambar 3.25. Parameter generator sinkron ........................................................... 42
xiii
Gambar 3.26. Flowchart penelitian ……………………………………….....… 43
Gambar 4.1. Gambar rangkaian dan hasil simulasi ............................................... 45
Gambar 4.2. Pengaruh Vdc terhadap kecepatan putar .......................................... 47
Gambar 4.3. Rangkaian generator induksi stand alone ......................................... 48
Gambar 4.4. Bentuk gelombang generator induksi ............................................... 48
Gambar 4.5. hasil cuplikan gelombang generator induksi .................................... 49
Gambar 4.6. Perubahan kapasitor terhadap tegangan ........................................... 50
Gambar 4.7. Rangkaian generator induksi berbeban............................................. 52
Gambar 4.8. Grafik pengaruh kapasitor terhadap tegangan dan daya ................... 53
Gambar 4.9. Rangkaian generator sinkron tanpa beban ........................................ 54
Gambar 4.10. Hasil simulasi generator sinkron .................................................... 54
Gambar 4.11. Pengaruh dc eksitasi terhadap vll pada generator sinkron .............. 55
Gambar 4.12. Pengaruh penambahan beban terhadap vll sinkron ........................ 57
Gambar 4.13. Pengaruh induktor terhadap daya raktif.......................................... 60
Gambar 4.14. Generator sinkron dengan beban resistor dan induktor .................. 60
Gambar 4.15. hasil pengukuran simulasi .............................................................. 61
Gambar 4.16. Hasil pengukuran simulasi kedua ................................................... 61
Gambar 4.17. Rangkaian paralel tanpa beban dan kapasitor................................. 62
Gambar 4.18. Hasil percobaan paralel tanpa beban dan kapasitor ........................ 62
Gambar 4.19. Rangkaian paralel menggunakan kapasitor .................................... 63
Gambar 4.20. Hasil simulasi menggunakan kapasitor .......................................... 63
Gambar 4.21. Rangkaian paralel tanpa kapasitor .................................................. 64
Gambar 4.22. Rangkaian paralel dengan beban dan kapasitor .............................. 65
xiv
Gambar 4.23. Rangkaian paralel menggunakan MERS ........................................ 68
Gambar 4.24. Bentuk gelombang sistem ............................................................... 69
Gambar 4.25. Bentuk gelombang MERS dan kapasitor........................................ 69
Gambar 4.26. Pengaruh resistor terhadap tegangan .............................................. 73
Gambar 4.27. Gambar gelombang dengan MERS ................................................ 79
Gambar 4.28. Pengaruh sudut α terhadap besar kapasitor …..……………..……81
xv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 4.1. Pengaruh dc eksitasi terhadap kecepatan putar .................................... 46
Tabel 4.2. Pengaruh kapasitor terhadap Vll .......................................................... 49
Tabel 4.3. Pengaruh pembebanan pada masing-masing kapasitor ........................ 52
Tabel 4.4. Pengaruh dc eksitasi terhadap tegangan generator induksi .................. 55
Tabel 4.5. Pengaruh beban resistor pada generator sinkron .................................. 56
Tabel 4.6. Pengaruh beban induktor pada generator sinkron ................................ 58
Tabel 4.7. Pengaruh beban terhadap tegangan ...................................................... 64
Tabel 4.8. Pengaruh kecepatan putar terhadap pengambilan daya aktif generator
sinkron ................................................................................................................... 66
Tabel 4.9. Pengaruh kapasitor pada tegangan sistem ............................................ 67
Tabel 4.10. Perbandingan Hasil simulasi .............................................................. 70
Tabel 4.11. Pengaruh dc eksitasi terhadap tegangan ............................................. 71
Tabel 4.12. Pengaruh beban resistor...................................................................... 72
Tabel 4.13. Pengaruh pembebanan R dan L .......................................................... 73
Tabel 4.14. Pengambilan beban generator induksi ................................................ 75
Tabel 4.15. Pertambahan beban............................................................................. 76
Tabel 4.16. Pembebaban tanpa kapasitor .............................................................. 76
Tabel 4.17. Pembebanan dengan kapasitor 28uF .................................................. 77
Tabel 4.18. Pembebanan dengan kapasitor 40.5uF ............................................... 77
Tabel 4.19. Pembebanan dengan kapasitor 64uF .................................................. 78
Tabel 4.20. Menggunakan MERS ......................................................................... 78
Tabel 4.21. Perbandingan simulasi ........................................................................ 80
xvi