Ginger

Materi 8
Produk Indigenous Sebagai Pangan Fungsional
Fransiska Rungkat Zakaria
Body needs both omega 3 and 6
Linoleic
linolenic
Jenis Asam Lemak
Minyak Kelapa
Minyak Kelapa
Minyak Inti Sawit
(%)a
Sawit (%)b
(%)b
Asam Kaprat
4,9 – 9,5
Asam Kaprilat
5,5 – 9,5
-
3–4
Asam Kaproat
0,0 – 0,8
-
3–7
Asam Laurat
44,0 – 52,0
46 – 52
Asam Miristat
13,0 – 19,0
1,1 – 2,5
14 – 17
Asam Palmitat
7,5 – 10,5
40 – 46
6,5 – 9
Asam Palmitoleat
0,0 – 13,1
Asam Stearat
1,0 – 3,0
3,6 – 4,7
1 – 2,5
Asam Oleat
5,0 – 8,0
39 – 45
13 – 19
Asam Linoleat
1,5 – 2,5
7 – 11
0,5 - 2
Asam Arakhidonat
0,0 –0,4
DEFINISI
Pangan tradisional BERBAHAN LOKAL:
Bahan baku atau resep makanan dan minuman yang terbuat dari bahan-bahan
yang terdapat di Indonesia dan telah dikenal sejak dahulu.
•
Contoh:
tempe, tahu, oncom, bir pletok, wedang jahe, cincau,
tape beras, peujeum, dodol, kredok, urap, asinan,
sayur asin, kacang rebus, tauge sayuran dan buahbuahan tropis, bahan lalapan, rumput laut, dsbnya
Pangan fungsional
Makanan atau minuman yang berpengaruh positif terhadap kesehatan,
Kegiatan fisik dan mental, disamping kandungan zat-zat gizinya
Pangan fungsional/functional food
Pharmafoods
Pangan tradisional
Pangan rekayasa/deigner food
Nutraceuticals
Fungsional/
Biologis
?
Fungsional:
Fungsi biologis seluler: sintesis protein, enzim, hormon,
DNA, RNA, senyawa metabolik
Jenis sel: endotelium, hati dan organ-organ lain, darah merah,
imun, syaraf, kulit, penglihatan, dsbnya
Sistem: vaskuler, imun, hormon, syaraf, pencernaan
regenerasi/pertumbuhan sel (kanker), energi
Kesehatan:
Tanggung jawab bersama
Ilmu dan teknologi pangan dengan farmakologi
dan kedokteran
Paradigma sehat
SAKIT MENJADI
SEMBUH
=
SEHAT
OBAT
=
TIDAK SAKIT
TETAP TIDAK
MAKANAN
(FUNGSIONAL)
Pendahuluan: Hubungan antara makanan dan tubuh
Eat What Your Body is Made For
Pangan/bahan alami:
segar, .olahan
Metabolisme
(pembongkaran)
Cells dlm
organ tubuh
WHO 2002
PARADIGMA
SEHAT
SEHAT
USAHA
PENCEGAHAN:
PANGAN,
NATURAL PRODUCTS
Perawatan
Pencegahan
SEHAT
USAHA
KEDOKTERAN
FARMASI
Pengobatan
SAKIT
It is abundantly clear that the incidence of all
the common cancers in human is being
determined by various potentially controllable
external factors.
This is surely the most comforting fact to come
out of all cancer research, for it means that
cancer is, in large part, a preventable diseases.
World Cancer Research Funds (WCRF) & American
Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) 1997: 670 halaman
Pangan/makanan/bahan
nabati/natural products yang dapat
mencegah kanker dapat mencegah
penyakit jantung,
pembuluh darah, diabetes,
dan penyakit degeneratif
lainnya
Pangan/makanan yang dapat mencegah kanker
Berbagai jenis sayuran
Klorofil
serat
Daun cincau
Antosianin
Flavonoid/fenolik
Isotiosianat
Karotenoid,
terpenpoid
Bagaimana
terjadinya kanker ?
85% kejadian kanker disebabkan
oleh faktor
dari luar tubuh:
Karsinogen (Polusi makanan /Minuman/
udara/air), sinar UV, virus, infeksi
Hanya 15% disebabkan oleh keturunan
Bagaimana terjadinya kanker ?
Gen
Keturunan:
15%i
Gen
Gen
Polusi udara,
pencemaran
makanan,
Uvsinar
matahari,,
virus,
infeks:
85%
Sel & Gen
Normal
Gen
Gen
Sel & gen
Tidak normal
Gen
Gen
Gen
Polusi udara, pencemaran makanan,
UV/sinar matahari,,kegemukan, hormon
Bagaimana terjadinya kanker ?
Gen
Gen
Gen
Sel tidak normal,gen tidak normal,
menghasilkan jaringan kanker/tumor
Polusi: makanan
minuman
udara, air, sinar,
kegemukan,
hormon
METASTASE
MENYEBAR
Gen
Gen
pembetul
Normal DNA
Gen
Gen
Kerusakan
gen lanjut
Gen
Diperngaruhi oleh:
• Zat gizi
Diperngaruhi oleh:
• Aktivitas fisik,
kegemukan,
makanan
yang dikonsumsi
• Hormon dan
faktor
pertumbuhan
tertentu spt
karotenoid,
retinol
• Serat, bakteri
Gen
kolon, asam lemak
yang mudah
Sel normal
menguap,
pre/probiotik
Gen
Sel tidak normal
Gen
Sel bunuh diri
Pangan
Zat gizi:
protein,lemak,
karbohidrat, vitamin,
mineral, serat
Tanaman obat
Sumber utama
----------------
Komponen
fungsional/bioaktif
Non-gizi
Kadar rendah
Rasa, textur, volume,
Penting
Kemungkinan toksik
Sangat kecil
Kadar tinggi
tidak penting
Besar
“Functionality” berdasarkan komponen:
Komponen
Jenis
Fungsi
Sumber
Zat-zat gizi makro
Protein, lemak,
karbihidrat
Zat pembangun,
Energi, pelindung
Esensial
Biji-bijian,
Kacangkacangan,
Daging, ikan,
dll
Vitamin dan
Mineral esensial
A, B, C, D, E, K,
Folat, pantotenat,
Niasin, biotin
Metabolisme
Seluler normal
Esensial
Sayuran dan
buah-buahan,
Rumput laut,
sintetik
Serat
Selulosa, pektin,
hemiselulosa
Gum, oligoskarida
Prebiotik,
Kontrol kolesterol,
Pencernaan,ImunitasDia
betes, kanker,
kegemukan
Sayuran dan
buah-buahan,
Rumput laut
Sintetik
“Functionality” berdasarkan komponen:
Komponen
Gula alkohol
Asam amino,
Jenis
Fungsi
Sumber
Eritritol
Arabitol, ribitol,
xilitol
Sorbitol,
manitol,
Sebaian prekursor glikogen,
antiketogenik, substitusi gula
rendah kalori, kambah, laxative,
Anti caries, anti tumor
Ganggang, jamur,
Exudat tanaman,
molases, rumput
laut
Arginin
Aspartat/gin
Antihipertensi
Fatig kronik, sirosis hati
Anti epilepsis
Anti insomnia
Analgesik
Anti depresi/ Parkinson’s
diseases
Anti depresi/hiperaktif
Protein
Glutamat
Triptofan
Tirosin
Fenilalanin
“Functionality” berdasarkan komponen:
Komponen
Jenis
Fungsi
Sumber
Peptida
Casomorphin
Imunopeptida
Caseinophosphopepti
da
Peptida bioaktif
Anti diarea
Stimulasi imunitas
Absorpsi Ca
Antihipertensi
Kasein susu
Bakteri asam
laktat
Lactococcus,
Lactobacillus,
Bifidobacterium,dll
Lactose intolerant
Probiotik: diarea, anti
kolesterol/ kanker/
konstipasi
imunostimulan,
Produk fermentasi
Susu, sayuran, dll
PUFA, w-6,
w -3
LA, LNA, DHA
Metabolisme
arakhidonat, anti
penyakit kronis
Lemak tanamn
Daun, biji-bijian,
ikan.
Hidrolisa protein
kacang-kacangan,
ikan
“Functionality” berdasarkan komponen:
Komponen
Jenis
Fungsi
Sumber
Thioallyl
CH2=CH-CH2X
X=struktur
organik
Hypolipidemic
Antitrombotik
Anti kanker
Bawang putih
Protese inhibitor
Kunitz
Anti kanker
Kedele, kacangkacangan
Chlorophyllins
Khlorofol
tanaman
Antikanker
Khlorofol
tanaman
Lignans
Antikanker
Estrogen
Kedle, gandum
PEITC
(Phenethyl
isothiocyanate)
Antikanker
Cruciferous
Antikanker
Kunyit
Curcumin I, III
Diferuroilmetan
“Functionality” berdasarkan komponen:
Komponen
Fungsi
Sumber
Karotenoid
Anti penyakit degeneratif
Antioxidan
Sayuran, buahbuahan, teh
Gingerols,
shogaol
Antioxidan, anti
ateroskelosis,
Pencernaan, Anti kanker
Jahe
Ubiquinone
s, ubiquinols
Antioxidan
Imunomodulator (AIDS)
Minyak jagung,
kacang-kacangan
Antioxidan, anti kanker
Tanaman
Flavonoids
Fenol
sederhana
Jenis
Quercetin,
galangin,Ruti
n, diosmin
katekin
Khlorogenat,e Antioxidan, anti kanker
lagat,protokat
ecuat, ferulat
Teh
Tanaman
“Functionality” berdasarkan komponen:
Komponen
Jenis
Fungsi
Sumber
Isotiosianat
sulfofran
antikanker
brokoli
Actoxikavikol
asetat
Fenil propanoid
Anti kanker
Languas galanga
Aurapten (AURA)
D-limonen
Anti kanker
Sitrus
Resveratrol
Trihidroxistilben
Anti kanker
Anggur merah
Laktoferin
Protein
Anti kanker
Susu
Fitosterol
B-sitosterol,
kampesterol
Anti kanker
Hipokholesterol
Sayruan, bijibijian
Saponin
Glikosida
Anti kanker
Kedele
Fitoestrogen, lignan isoflavon
Antioxidan, Anti
kanker
Kedele, sorgum,
Momordisin
Anti kanker
paria
Cucurbitasin
Anti cacing
Labu
Penggunaan komoditi tanaman pangan sebagai bahan obat (POM)
Budidaya:
Temulawak
Jahe
Lengkuas
Kencur
Cengkeh
Kunyit
Bengle
Pare
Tan hutan:
Alang-alang
Lempuyagn wangi
Curcuma xanthoriza
Zingiber officinale Roxb
Languas galanga (L) Stuntz
Kaempferia galanga L
Eugenia aromatica L. O.K.
Curcuma domestica Val
Zingiber purpureum Roxb
Momordica charantina L
1554351
1364270
1256148
615418
556500
488686
215432
140427
Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv
Zingiberis aromaticum Vahl
528845
872642
Potensi pangan tradisional sebagai pangan fungsional
Bahan baku:prinsipal/suplemen:
sayuran buah-buahan, rempah-rempah, ganggang,
rumput laut, mikroorganisme, jamur
Diet/menu: gado-gado, asinan, rujak, kredok, bubur manado,
sayur asam, lodeh, sayur tumis, pindang ikan, sop
buntut/kaki ayam, bubur kacang, cincau, wedang
jahe, bir pletok, manisan buah, selai
Perlu standardisasi bahan/pengolahan dan uji khasiat
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
extracts increase in vivo human LDL
resistance to oxidation and prevent in vitro
cholesterol accumulation in mouse
macrophage
Fransiska Rungkat-Zakaria(1, Aisyah T. Septiana(2 and Sulistiyani(3.
1) Dept Food Technology and Human Nutition,
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
2) University of Jend. Soedirman, Indonesia
3) Faculty of Math & Natural Sciece,
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizoma
INTRODUCTION
GINGER
Zingiber family
The rhizome is commonly accepted as a source of flavor :
cooking, drinks, baking
Grows well in tropical rainforest climate
Traditional beliefs:
• prevention of common cold, physiological and stomach disorders,
inflammation, diarrhea, etc (Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992)
Scientific Reports
Antioxidant capacity of ginger extract (oleoresin fractions) in
linoleic acid system > a-tocopherol (Kikuzaki and Nakatani,1993)
• Oleoresin fractions
gingerol, shogaol
Suppress 5-lipoxygenase or prostaglandin synthetase
(Flynn and Rafferty, 1986)
Protect TPA induced ear edema, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase
activity, skin tumor promotion in female ICR mice (Park et al, 1998)
Protect lymphocytes and hybridoma cells from induced oxidative
stress, reduced intracellular free radicals, increase natural killer
lysing function toward target cancer cells (Zakaria et al, 1999)
Increase Ca++ATPase activities in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Antipenko, et al.1999)
Modified LDL
( Ox – LDL, Ac LDL)
Scavenger Reseptor
Phagocytosis
Endosome
UC
EC
HDL
Pinocitosis
Translocation
UC
LDL
LDL
Reseptor
Lysosome
Cholesterol up
take
receptor
synthesis
Acetate
Cholesterol
Cholesterol
processing
Macrophage cholesterol Metabolism
Cholesterol
exclussion
Monocyte
Lipid streaks
LDL
Adhesion
entry
Lipid
oxidation
Foam cells
differentiation
ROS
Protein
modification
Macrophage
Uptake LDL
Initiation mechanism of atherosclerosis
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
• To find out whether drinking ginger water extract can
1. Lower plasma cholesterols
2. Protect plasma LDL against oxidation
• To find out whether the protection of LDL can prevent further
accumulation of cholesterol in macrophage
METHODOLGY
Subjects: 24 healthy male students living in the same religious dormitory
two groups: treated group and control/placebo group
Ginger drinks:
• water extract, pasteurized 850C, added with sugar syrup
• standardized acceptable drink
• given every afternoon at 17:00
• placebo group received syrup without ginger extract
Plasma analysis:
1. Total cholesterol (CHOD-PAP method, Boehringer-Mannheim, kit)
2. LDL-C (PVS method, Boehringer-Mannheim, kit)
3. HDL-C (phosphotungstic acid)
LDL isolation:
• 8 ml plasma + 5 ml NaCL 0.9% + EDTA 0.01%
• incubation in polyalomer tubes
•Ultracentrifugation at 36.000 rpm 40C, 20 hours
• Tube cutting
b VLDL
LDL + LDL (d> 1.006 g/ml)
• Scaled tubes + 0.1109 g KBr/ml
• Mixing
• Transfer to new polyaomer tubes + 4 ml KBr in NaCl-EDTA
• Ultracentrifuse, 36.000 40C 24 hrs
•
LDL (upperpart, d , 1.063 g/ml)
• LDL, dialized
LDL oxidation:
• The isolated LDL was oxidized with 5 mM CuSO4 at 37 C
• conjugated dienes was monitor continuously at 234 nm for 30 minutes
0
MDA LDL analysis:
• Extraction with butanol
• measurement at 515 nm exitation, 553 nm emission (Conti et al
1991)
Cholesterol accumulation in macrophages:
• Plasma from one healthy male was incubated with 430 mg/ml
ginger dichloromethane extract, 1 mM a-tocopherol or none
for 3 hrs at 370C
•Mouse was injected with thioglycolate
• macrophages, 2-3x106, isolated from peritoneal, were incubated
in RPMI 1640 containing 1% BSA and incubated for 4 hrs at
370C, 5% CO2
• cells were washed and cholesterol was extracted with
isopropanol
• total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, free cholesterol analysis
was done by HPLC
RESULTS
180
160
140
mg/dl
120
HDL-c
LDL-c
100
Total-c
80
TG
60
40
TG
20
Total-c
0
LDL-c
Bef or e
TREATMENT
Af t er
HDL-c
Bef or e
PLACEBO
Af t er
Figure 1. HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol, and triglyceride in plasma of male student
subjects before and after treatment with ginger drink for 30 days (n=12) and
those in control placebo subjects (n=12)
nm ol conjugated diena/m g LDL
protein
800
700
600
0 t ime of cont rol
500
30 t ime of cont rol
400
0 t ime of t reat ment
300
30 t ime of t reat ment
200
100
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
Tim e, m in
Figure 2. Significant protective effects of drinking ginger for 30 days in male
student subjects (n=12) on resistance of the isolated LDL against
oxidation by CuSO4 for 100 minute, measured by conjugated dienes
as the oxidation product during.
Figure 3. Cholesterol profiles in macrophages incubated with oxidized human
LDL that have been supplemented with ginger dichloromethane
extract (430 mg/ml), a-tocopherol (1 mM) or unsupplemented (control)
CONCLUSSION
1.
Drinking ginger water extract for 30 days did not lower
blood cholesterol levels nor reduce plasma MDA
2.
However there was significant resistance to oxidation of the
LDL against induced oxidative stress
3.
The resistance of LDL to oxidation prevent cholesterol
accumulation in macrophage cells similar to a-tocopherol
IMMUNO ENHANCER ACTIVITY OF GINGER
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) WATER EXTRACT IN
HEALTHY MALE STUDENT SUBJECTS
Fransiska Rungkat-Zakaria1, Nurrahman2, Dondin Sayuthi3,
Francine Belleville4, and Pierre Nabet4
1. Dept Food Technology & Human Nutr, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
2. School of Nutrition, Semarang, Indonesia
3. Deparment of Chemistry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
4. School of Medicine, Henri POINCARE University, Nancy, France
Table. Average and range values of lymphocyte cell analysis of proliferation activities (SI) in
the presence of Con A, LPS or paraquat; of MDA cell; and of percentage of CD3 cells
Average values
No
Parameters
Subjects
1
SI of cells
cultured with
Con A
Treated group
2
3
4
5
SI of cells
cultured with
LPS
SI of cells
cultured with by
paraquat
MDA cells
(mmol/l)
Percentage of
CD3+
cells
Day 0
Day 30
3.33
(2.63-6.40)
7.87
(4.58-10.75)
0.63
(0.46-0.75)
10.42
(4.63-16.75)
Treated group
1.39
(1.09-1.80)
2.07
(0.83-3.34)
Control group
1.74
(0.98-3.06)
2.05
(0.64-6.08)
Treated group
1.15
(0.75-1.83)
2.15
(0.83-5.44)
Control group
1.28
(0.79-2.32)
1.62
(0.62-3.94)
Treated group
3.33
(2.63-6.40)
0.63
(0.46-0.75)
Control group
3.03
(2.55-4.40)
0.83
(0.67-1.06)
Treated group
82.42
(77.74-91.29)
80.19
68.15-91-99)
Control group
79.52
(63.75-93.15)
78.44
(69.38-87-62)
Control group
Lysing activity (%)
A
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
100;1
50;1
B
Lysing activity (%)
Control group
(n=12)
Treated group
(n=12)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100;1
50;1
Control group
(n=12)
Treated group
(n=12)
Figure 1.Increasing NK lysing activity of 12 healthy male subjects given ginger drink..Blood was
withdrawn for lymphocyte isolation at before treatment (A) and after treatment (B) from control
and treated groups. Ginger drink was given for 30 days every afternoon and the cells were
incubated with target cells which had been treated with H3-thymidine with the ratio of 100:1 or
50:1. Data was expressed as count per minute of the unlysed target cells.
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
30
Days of treatm ent
MDA of
treated
subjects
(umol/L)
MDA of
control
subjects
(umol/L)
Vitamin E of
treated
subjects
(umol/L)
Vitamin E of
control
subjects
(umol/L)
Figure 2. MDA and vitamin E content in plasma of subjects before (0 day) and after receiving ginger
drink for 30 days (n=12). The subjects were healthy male students living in the same dormitory. MDA
was analyzed using the method of Conti et al (1991).Vitamin E was analyzed using spectrofluorometer.
A
B
1.97 2.09 3.17 3.97 4.18 5.89 6.18 7.90 8.45 10.23
Retention time (min)
Figure.
Retention time (min)
C
HPLC chromatogram of ginger oleoresin
(A), of plasma from control subjects (B)
and of plasma from subjects received
ginger drinks for 30 days (C). All
samples were extracted with ethanol and
injected in Lichosphere 5m OD2 column.
Retention time (min)
CONCLUSSION
• In human study, using male adult healthy subjects, there is improvement in T cells
proliferation activities and percentage.
• Improvement on T cells was accompanied by resistance of lymphocyte cells against
oxidative stress. This improvement was demonstrated by the cells obtained from the
subjects drinking ginger
• Resistance of the lymphocytes was not accompanied by decrease in MDA cell
• Beside the role of ginger compounds as protectant against oxidative stress, they appeared
to have other immunoenhancement activity, notably in improving NK cell activity. This
improvement in NK cell activity had been observed in the male student studied receiving
ginger drink for 30 days
• analysis of ginger substances in the plasma reveal the presence of the assumed gingerol
group in the plasma of subjects drinking ginger, higher than that of the control group.
• Since NK cells are known to have specific activity in lysing mutated or infected cells,
the results of this research has shown the scientific support of the traditional beliefs that
ginger can improve body resistance to common cold.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Tang W and Eisenbrand G. 1992. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Use in Traditional
and Modern Medicine. Springer-Verlag, New York.
2. Nakatani N. 1997. Natural antioxidants from spices. In: Huang M, Ho C, Lee CY (Eds). Phenolic Compounds in
Food and Their Effects on health II. Am Chem Soc., Washington DC.
3. Hikino H, Kiso Y, Kato N, Hamada Y, Shioiri T, Aiyama R, Itokawa H, Kiuchi F and Sankawa U. 1985.
Antihepatotoxic actions of gingerols and diarylheptanoids. J Ethnopharmacol 14: 31-39
4. Kikuzaki H. and Nakatani N. 1993. Antioxidant effects of some ginger constituents. J Food Sci, 58: 1407-1410
5. Zakaria-Rungkat, F, Darsana L and Wijaya H. 1996.Immunity enhancement and cell protection activity of ginger
buds and fresh ginger on mouse spleen lymphocytes. Symp Non-Nutritive Health Factors for Future Foods.
Korean Soc. Food Sci and Technol, Korea
6. Antipenko, AY, Spielman AI, and Kirchberger MA.1999. Interactions of 6-Gingerol and Ellagic Acid with the
Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeutics, 290, 227-234
7. Conti M, Morand PC, Levillain P, and Lemonnier A. 1991. Improved fluorometric determination of
malonaldehyde. J Clin Chem, 37/7: 1273-1275
8. Fritz KL, Nelson TL, Ruiz-Velasco V, and Mercurio SD. 1994. Acute intramuscular injection of oils or oleic acid
component protects mice against paraquat lethality. J Nutr. 194: 425-42
9. Meydani SN, Wu D. Santos MS and Hayek MG. 1995. Antioxidants and immune response in aged persons:
Overview of present evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 62: 146S-147S
10. Zakaria-Rungkat, F., Nurahman, Prangdimurti, E., Tejasari. 2003. Antioxidant and Immunoenhancement
Activities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extracts and Compounds in In Vitro and In Vivo Mouse
and Human System. Nutraceuticals and Foods.8; 96-104
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This reseach was funded by the University Research Graduate Education)-Project III ’97-2000, Department of
Higher Education, Ministry of National Education
HEALTHY DESSERT
MAKANAN PENCUCI MULUT SEHAT
MAKANAN PENCUCI MULUT FUNGSIONAL
PANGAN (PENCUCI MULUT) FUNGSIONAL
AKTIFITAS
ANTI KANKER GEL CINCAU HIJAU
(Cyclea barbata L.Miers)
Fransiska Rungkat-Zakaria,
Endang Prangdimurti, Edna Ananta, Albertus Seno Pandoyo
PENDAHULUAN
Secara tradisional, tanaman cincau hijau (Cyclea barbata L. Miers)
digunakan sebagai obat penurun panas, obat radang lambung, mual, dan
penurun tekanan darah tinggi. Minuman cincau merupakan produk olahan yang
berbentuk gel dan dibuat dari daun cincau hijau melalui proses extraksi dingin.
Beberapa laporan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman cincau
mempunyai aktivitas sitotoksik dan antimalaria (Guinaudeau, 1993). Aktivitas
sitotoksik ini dihipotesiskan dapat menghambat proliferasi sel kanker atau sel
tumor di dalam tubuh..
Informasi ilmiah mengenai khasiat gel cincau hijau akan mendukung
perkembangan produk pangan fungsional yang berbentuk “healthy dessert”,
yang akhir-akhir ini amat digemari karena dapat mengimbangi konsumsi diet
mengandung lemak dan protein hewani tinggi dan kadar serat rendah.
Kanker merupakan penyakit yang diawali dari mutasi gen seluler, yang
diketahui sebagian besar disebabkan oleh faktor external seperti polutan
kimia baik pada makanan maupun lingkungan, virus, dan radiasi.
Mekanisme pencegahan mutasi gen dapat terjadi melalui aktifitas
antioxidan, perbaikan imunitas, atau sitotoksik (WCRF&AICR, 1997;
Zakaria-Rungkat et al., 2001)
METODA PENELITIAN
Extraksi air daun segar dengan aquades dilakukan secara manual karena
terbentuk gel yang kemudian didinginkan untuk memperoleh cairan sineresis.
Extrak air daun, akar dan batang dikeringbekukan.
Extrak etanol dan hexan dilakukan pada daun, akar dan batang keringbeku.
Extrak di tambahkan pada media kultur sel-sel kanker K562 (turunan sel
leukimia) dan Hela (turunan sel kanker servix) dan pada kultur sel limfosit
yang diisolasi dari darah tepi seorang mahasiswa sehat, dengan 5 tingkat
konsentrasi: C1 (1/2 C2); C2 (setara dengan konsumsi segelas minuman
cincau), C3 (2xC2); C4 (4xC2); C5 (8xC2).
% Penghambatan
100
50
0
c1
c2
c3
-50
c4
c5
Aid
etd
hed
aib
etb
heb
aia
eta
hea
Konsentrasi
Gambar 1. Efek sitotoksik extrak air (ai), etanol (et) dan hexan
(he) dari daun (d), batang (b) dan akar (a) tanaman cincau hijau
terhadap pertumbuhan sel leukemia (K562). Extrak air akar
mempunyai persentase penghambatan diatas 61%, air batang
diatas 30%, sedang air daun diatas 37% setelah konsentrasi diatas
C3. Peningkatan konsentrasi > C3 (2x 2 gelas muniman gel
cincau) tidak nyata menaikkan aktifitas sitotoksik.
50
% Penghambatan
40
30
20
10
0
-10
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
Aid
etd
hed
aib
etb
heb
aia
eta
hea
-20
-30
Konsentrasi
Gambar 2. Aktifitas sitotoksik extrak air (ai), etanol (et) dan hexan
(he) dari daun (d), batang (b) dan akar (a) tanaman cincau hijau
terhadap kehidupan sel kanker servix (Hela).Ekstrak Aia hingga
konsentrasi C4 (setara 4 gelas minuman gel cincau) menghambat
pertumbuhan sebesar 31%, extrak aid 22% pada konsentrasi C4.
Tabel 1. Aktifitas sitotoksik (persen) extrak gel cincau pada sel limfosit manusia
yang dikultur dalam media RPMI 1640 lengkap. Sel hidup dianalisa dengan MTT
Sampel
Aid
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
-9
-2
-17
-18
-1
Etd
-10
0
1
-26 *
7
Hed
49 *
16
8
31*
38 *
Aib
-11
5
-19 *
-39 *
-3
Etb
-12
-2
-7
-25 *
14
Heb
-22 *
-11
-2
-7
9
Aia
3
-1
-17
-38 *
-52 *
Eta
-9
11
2
-26 *
10
Hea
31
-14
6
-84
7
(*) menunjukkan perbedaan nyata terhadap kontrol pada selang kepercayaan 95%
Bilangan negatif menunjukkan penurunan nilai absorbansi.
Tabel 2. Kadar alkaloid extrak cincau. Analisa dilakukan dengan
HPLC dengan menggunakan asam scopolamin-HBr dan tropic
sebagai standard.
Sampel
Daun
Bata
ng
Akar
Pelar
ut
Air
Etanol
Hexan
Air
*) Scopolamin
% b.b % b.k
0.12
0.37
0.69
1.84
*)
Tropic acid
% b.b
% b.k
1.28
3.85
0.16
0.49
-
Etanol
-
-
0.44
1.18
Hexan
Air
Etanol
Hexan
0.07
0.30
-
0.18
0.61
-
1.23
0.59
2.52
1.20
KESIMPULAN
1
2
3
4
5
Minuman tradisional gel cincau hijau merupakan pangan
fungsional yang dapat mencegah terjadinya penyakit kanker
Extrak yang paling bersifat sitotoksik adalah extrak air akar
pada sel K562 (leukimia) yang menghambat kehidupan sel
sampai 61% dan pada sel Hela (kanker servix) sampai 31%
Rasa extrak akar yang amat pahit dapat merusak cita rasa
minuman gel cincau, sedang nilai ekonomisnya amat tinggi
Secara keseluruhan semua extrak pada konsentrasi setara
dengan satu gelas minuman gel cincau bersifat sitotoksik pada
sel K562 dan Hela. tetapi
Semua extrak pada konsentrasi setara dengan satu gelas
minuman gel cincau tidak bersifat sitotoksik pada sel limfosit
normal manusia
Ucapan Terimakasih
Ucapan terimakasih disampaikan pada Poyek QUE-TPG IPB yang
telah mendanai penelitian ini dengan anggaran tahun 2000-2001
Improvement of lymphocyte activity and
liver antioxidant in tumour bearing mice
after feeding with
green gel leaf (Cyclea barbata L Miers)
powder
Fransiska R. Zakaria1, Sri Yadial Chalid2, Rosanti Setiawati1, Budi Agus Pranoto2,
Puspita Eka Wuyung3, and Kusmardi3
1,2) Department
of Food Technology and Human Nutrition,
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16001, Indonesia
3)Anatomy
Pathology, Medical School, Indonesia Univ, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
Bogor Agricultural University
Campus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16002
INTRODUCTION
Tumour growth:
oxidative stress, immunological disorder, malnutrition
Potential role for oxidative-induced injury in the cancer process
specifically during the promotion stage (Klaunig et al, 1998)
Sources of ROS :
from inflammatory cells (Cerutti and Trump, 1991)
A need in research to find suitable food for cancer patients
Green gel leaf Cyclea barbata L.Miers
common refreshing drink in South East Asian countries
known traditionally to have cooling and anti
inflammation effects in the body
This gel /extracts of the leaf had been reported to
have :
cytotoxic activity on cancer cell lines
non toxic on normal human lymphocyte cells
(Zakaria-Rungkat et al, 2001)
In this study, the leaves were processed to produce powder
products
which included all parts and fibres in the leaves
C3H Mice n=5
Fed with powder for
4-wk (12.1g/kg)
Tumor transplantation
Tumor latent
period (days)
Killed , Day 57
Liver
Tumor volume
(Moving pen,
Tajima)
Tumor
Healthy and necrotic
Spleen
Spleen cells
Tumor cells
Resistance to
H2O2 (MTT)
T cell
(Rosette)
In vitro cytotoxic toward tumor cell
LIVER
SOD
(Adenochrome asay
Misra. H.P.
GSH-PX
(Paglia and Valentine,
1967
CATALASE
Colometri, Sinha 1972
MDA
(TBA, Buege and
Aust)
Total Glutathion
DTNB, Ellman. 1982
Healthy tumor tissue
Necrotic tumor tissue
Latent period, days
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
LP + T
T
SC
Figure. Latent period of tumor growth in mice fed leaf powder
then implemented with tumor cells (LP+T) and in mice
implemented with tumor (T). There is no difference in the latent
period; the leaf did not prevent tumor growth in mice
2.5
2
Cm
3
1.5
1
0.5
0
LP + T
T
SC
Figure. Tumor volume in mice fed leaf powder then
implemented with tumor cells (LP+T) and in mice
implemented with tumor (T). The leaf powder decrease
tumor volume in mice
4
G
r
a
m
s
2
0
LP + T
Necrose
T
SC
Whole tumor
Figure. Whole tumor and necrotic tissue in mice fed leaf
powder then implemented with tumor cells (LP+T) and in
mice implemented with tumor (T). The leaf powder
decrease tumor mass but increase tumor necrotic tissue in
mice
50
40
% necrotic 30
tissue
20
10
0
LP + T
T
SC
Figure. Percentage of necrotic tumor tissue in mice fed
leaf powder then implemented with tumor cells (LP+T)
and in mice implemented with tumor (T). The leaf powder
increase the percentage of tumor necrotic tissue in mice
T Cell, %
16,2
8,8
7,5
CP
T
SC
Figure. Percentage of T cells by rosette technique in mice fed leaf powder
then implemented with tumor cells (CP), implemented with tumor without
the leaf (T) and in standard control mice (SC). Feeding leaf powder
increased Tcell inspite of the tumor growth. Tumor implementations
without the leaf markedly reduced T cell percentage
77
69,3
80
t
D
u
e
m
a
o
d
r
c
e
l
l
s
,
59,3
70
60
50
40
30
20
% 10
0
SC
T
LP+T
Figure. Cytotoxicity of T cells from mice fed leaf powder then
transplanted with tumor cells (LP+ T), with tumor alone and
standard diet (SC). Slight increase in cytotoxicity in T and LP+T,
indicate T cell recognition of the tumor antigen
Absorbancy, 570 nm
4,50
4,00
3,50
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
Without H2)2
NC, 3W
With H2O2
NC, 4W
LP, 3W
LP, 4W
Figure. Mice lymphocyte resistance to oxidative stress. H2O2 10-3 M
did not influence cells' resistance. Prolonged tumor growth
from 3 to 4 weeks markedly decrease cells’ resistance to
oxidative stress
MDA
SOD
15
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
5
0
LP + T
T
SC
LP + T
T
Figure. MDA content and SOD activity in mice fed leaf
powder then implemented with tumor cells (LP+T); in mice
implemented with tumor (T) and in mice fed standard diet.
The leaf powder increase SOD activity in mice but reduce
MDA in the liver
SC
600
400
200
0
Catalase
GSH-PX
LP + T
T
GSH
SC
Figure. GSH content and antioxidant enzyme activity in mice fed
leaf powder then implemented with tumor cells (LP+T); in mice
implemented with tumor (T) and in mice fed standard diet. The
leaf powder reduce liver catalase activity but did not effect the
other enzyme activity in the liver.
CONCLUSION
1. There is no difference in the latent period of the tumor growth in
mice. The leaf powder decrease tumor volume and tumor mass but
increase tumor necrotic tissue up to 3 times
2. Feeding leaf powder increased Tcell inspite of the tumor growth.
Slight increase in cytotoxicity in T and LP+T, indicate T cell
recognition of the tumor antigen
Prolonged tumor growth from 3 to 4 weeks markedly decrease
cells’ resistance to oxidative stress
3. The leaf powder increase SOD activity in mice but reduce
MDA in the liver Reduce liver catalase activity but did not
effect the other enzyme activity in the liver.
Yang sudah/sedang kami teliti:
• Kayu manis, cacao
• Kumis kucing
• Kecombrang
• Lengkuas, minyak buah merah, Dll
Aspek: imunomodulator, anti kanker
anti obesity (baru)
Conclusion
• Potensi komoditi lokal sangat besar untuk
produk pangan fungsional
• Bahan baku pangan tradisional mengandung
komponen fungsional/bioaktif
• Ketersediaan bahan berlimpah
• Potensi untuk suplemen dari bahan baku
pangan,
rempah-rempah, tanaman obat
• Rekayasa pangan fungsional dari
bahan/resep tradisional
• Potensi menu diet tradisional
Thank
Administration Building
Bogor agricultural University
Indonesia
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