Semantic Similarity Methods in WordNet and Their Application to

An Overview of Computer
System & Computer Network
(KU1072 – week1)
Saiful Akbar
Data & Software Eng. Research Division
School of Electrical Eng. & Informatics
April 24, 2008
KU1072
IntroductionSA/DSE
to IT B, ITB
1
Topics
 Computer System (ch. 2-4)
 Computer Network & Internet (ch. 89)
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Social & Ethical Issues
Referensi
 Bahan presentasi ini
diambil/dimodifikasi dari :
 G. Beekman & M. J. Quinn, Tomorrow’s
Technology and You (Ch 2-4, 8-9)
 William F. Slater III, Internet History and
Growth, Chicago Chapter of the Internet
Society, September 2002
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Computer System
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4
Computer System
Computer System - Objectives
 Bagaimana komputer menyimpan dan memanipulasi
informasi
 Struktur dasar dan organisasi komputer
 Fungsi dan interaksi komponen internal sistem komputer
 Beberapa contoh alat masukan dan bagaimana alat-alat
tersebut memudahkan untuk memberikan data/informasi
dengan jenis berbeda kepada komputer
 Beberapa contoh alat keluaran dan penjelasan bagaimana
alat-alat ini membuat komputer menjadi lebih bermanfaat
 Tiga kategori perangkat lunak dan saling keterkaitannya
 Peranan sistem operasi pada sistem komputer modern
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Computer System
Basic Functions & Components
• Input-Process/Store-Output
• Input devices
– Keyboards and pointing devices
(mouse)
• Output devices
– Display or video monitor
– Printer
– Speakers
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory & Storage devices
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Computer System
The CPU: The Real Computer
Merupakan suatu kumpulan
sirkuit elektronik yang rumit
dan ‘luar biasa’
Menginterpretasi dan
mengeksekusi perintahperintah yang ada dalam
program
Dirakit/ditempatkan dengan
‘chips’ dan komponen
elektronik lain pada
motherboard
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Computer System
The Computer’s memory
 RAM (random access memory)  memori yang dapat
diakses secara acak
 Digunakan untuk penyimpanan sementara
(temporer) program dan data
 Mempunyai alamat yang ‘unik’ dan data dapat
disimpan di lokasi yang manapun
 Dapat ‘mengambil kembali’ informasi yang disimpan
secara cepat
 Bila komputer di-’off’-kan semua data dan program
yang disimpan pada memori komputer akan hilang
 ROM (read only memory)
 Flash memory
 Used for phones, pagers, portable computers,
handheld computers, and PDAs
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Central Processing Unit
Control Unit
Internal
storage unit
Algorithm
and
Logical
Unit
Input
unit
ROM
RAM
Working
area
Pengatur
output
Output
unit
External storage unit
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Computer System
Buses, Ports, and Peripherals
 Lalulintas informasi antar komponen pada ‘motherboard’
yang dilakukan menggunakan sekumpulan kabel disebut
system buses, atau buses.
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Computer System
Buses, Ports, and Peripherals
Buses
 Typically have 32 or 64 wires
 Connect to storage devices in
bays
 Connect to expansion slots
 Connect to external buses and
ports
Slots and ports
 Make it easy to add external
devices, called peripherals.
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Computer System
Input: From Person to Processor
 Keyboard
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Computer System
Input: From Person to Processor
 Pointing Devices
Touch Screen
Graphics tablet
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Computer System
Input: From Person to Processor
 Reading Tools
Pen Scanner
Handwriting Recognition SW
OMR
PDA
Barcode Reader
(Optical Mark Reader)
(Personal Digital Assistant)
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Computer System
Input: From Person to Processor
• Others
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Computer System
Output: From Pulses to People
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Computer System
Storage Devices: Input Meets Output
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Computer System-Software
Software Topology
• System Software
– Operating System
– Utility
– Device Driver
• Compiler & Software
Development Tools
• Application Software
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Computer System-Software
Operating System
•
•
•
•
Supports multitasking
Manages virtual memory
Maintains file system
Responsible for authentication and
authorization
• DOS, Windows,
Mac OS, Unix, Linux
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Computer System-Software
Utility Programs
 Serve as tools for doing system
maintenance and repairs that aren’t
automatically handled by the operating
system
 Make it easier for users to:
 Copy files between storage devices
 Repair damaged data files
 Translate files so that different programs can
read them
 Guard against viruses and other potentially
harmful programs (as described in the chapter
on computer security and risks)
 Compress files so they take up less disk space
 Perform other important, if unexciting, tasks
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Computer System-Software
Utility Programs
 Symantec Norton Utilities: recovering
damaged files, repairing damaged
disks, and improving disk
performance.
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Computer System-Software
Language & Compiler
 The Language of Computers
 Machine Language: numeric codes that
represent data (& instructions)
 Low-level language
 Assembly
 High-level language: falls between machine
language and natural human language (English
oriented)
 Pascal, C, C++, Java, C#, Fortran, Basic,
Ada, Prolog, LISP, Phyton, Perl
 Compilers translate high-level language into
machine language.
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Computer System-Software
Software Development Tools
• Environment for building a program: editor,
compiler, library
• MS Visual Studio, JDeveloper, Eclipse,
Gambas, etc
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End User Applications
 Word processing and desktop publishing
 Spreadsheets and other number-crunching
applications
 Databases
 Computer graphics and digital image
processing
 Digital audio, digital video, and multimedia
 Entertainment
 Customized problem-solving (MIS, ERP,
CRM)
 Artificial intelligence
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Computer Network & Internet
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Computer Network & Internet
Objectives
 Describe the nature and function of local area
networks and wide area networks.
 Describe the component’s of computer network &
communication model
 Discuss the uses and implications of email, instant
messaging, blogging, teleconferencing, and other
forms of online communication.
 Explain how and why the Internet was created.
 Describe the technology that is at the heart of the
Internet.
 Describe the internet applications and web
applications
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Computer Network & Internet
Basic Network Anatomy
• A computer network is
any system of two or
more computers that
are linked together.
• Anatomy:
– LAN: wired-LAN,
wireless (local area
networks)
– MAN (metropolitan
area networks)
– WAN (wide area
networks)
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Computer Network & Internet
Components of Computer Network
 Cable: UTP, coaxial
 Fiber optic
 NIC (network interface card),
Modem (modulator/demodulator)
 Router
 Server: File Server, Web Server,
Email Server
 Client
 Protocol: TCP/IP (Transmission
Control protocol/ Internet
Protocol),FTP (file transfer
protocol), HTTP (hypertext
transfer protocol)
 NOS (network operating system)
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Computer Network & Internet
Communication model
 Client/server model
 One or more computers act as dedicated
servers and all the remaining computers
act as clients.
 Peer-to-peer model
 Every computer on the network is both
client and server.
 Many networks are hybrids, using
features of the client/server and peerto-peer models.
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Computer Network & Internet
Internet
 History
 ARPAnet
 DoD
 1969 (ARPAnet), 1980 (P2P), 1990
(HTTP)
 The Internet: an interconnected
network of thousands of networks
using TCP/IP protocol
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Computer Network & Internet
Internet Growth
Growth of Internet Hosts *
Sept. 1969 - Sept. 2002
250,000,000
No. of Hosts
200,000,000
150,000,000
100,000,000
50,000,000
9/
69
01
/7
1
01
/7
3
01
/7
4
01
/7
6
01
/7
9
08
/8
1
08
/8
3
10
/8
5
11
/8
6
07
/8
8
01
/8
9
10
/8
9
01
/9
1
10
/9
1
04
/9
2
10
/9
2
04
/9
3
10
/9
3
07
/9
4
01
/9
5
01
/9
6
01
/9
7
01
/9
8
01
/9
9
01
/0
1
08
/0
2
0
Time Period
The Internet was not known as "The Internet" until January 1984, at which time
there were 1000 hosts that were all converted over to using TCP/IP.
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Computer Network & Internet
Internet Protocol, Address
TCP/IP Layering Protocols
IP Address
Routing
Domain Name & DNS (domain name
system)
 Top-level domains include:










.edu - educational sites
.com - commercial sites
.gov - government sites
.mil - military sites
.net - network administration sites
.org - nonprofit organization sites
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Computer Network & Internet
Email Address
 An email address includes:
[email protected]
 username is the person’s
“mailbox”
 hostname is the name of
the host computer and is
followed by one or more
domains separated by
periods:
host.domain
host.subdomain.domain
host.subdomain.subdoma
in.domain
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Computer Network & Internet
Network Applications
Email
Mailing List
Newsgroups
Instant Messaging
Voice Mail
Internet Telephony
Massive Multiplayer Online Game
Search Engine, Web-Robot Indexer/Web
Crawler/Spider
 Specialized Search Engines: Google Maps,
Froogle, and others








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Computer Network & Internet
World Wide Web, Web
 Protocol HTTP, Web Server, Web
Client/Browser
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 Beyond HTML: Scripting Language,
XML, XHTML, VRML, Applet
 Web Address:
Resource File
Domain Name
http://
weatherunderground.com/
Protocol for Web
pages
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satellite/vis/1k/
US.html
Path
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Computer Network & Internet
Web Applications
 simple data-processing tasks
 Most Web applications take advantage of the
Web’s connectivity.
 Search Engine
 online business transactions (e-bay, amazon,
paypal,…)
 News-oriented Web applications
 Other Web applications support a more
traditional form of information broadcasting.
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ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM BIDANG
KOMPUTER
 User : orang yang menggunakan komputer
 Programmer : orang yang membuat program
komputer
 System analyst : orang yang bertugas memilih
komputer yang baik dan cocok untuk
digunakan (biasanya untuk keperluan suatu
perusahaan)
 System administrator / manager : bertugas
untuk meningkatkan efisiensi kerja bagi
keseluruhan sistem komputer yang digunakan
di perusahaannya
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ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM BIDANG
KOMPUTER
 Bus : media berbentuk (rangkaian) kabel untuk
lintasan elektronik yang membawa sinyal dari satu
komponen ke komponen lain dalam komputer
 RAM (Random Access Memory) : memori utama yang
bekerja pada komputer, tersusun dari sejumlah sel
yang masing-masing diberi nomor dan alamat (setiap
sel menampung 8 bit/ 1 byte)
 Bit : binary digit (dijit biner)
 Sistem operasi (operating system) : program pertama
yang dieksekusi ketika komputer dinyalakan.
Disimpan dalam ROM dan external memory
 Network : suatu jaringan komputer
 Internet “ inter-connecting network ”  jaringan
komputer yang saling terhubung
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ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM BIDANG
KOMPUTER
 Domain : setiap jaringan yang membentuk internet
 User : masing-masing orang yang menggunakan
sebuah jaringan
 Telnet : fasilitas yang memungkinkan orang ‘log-in’
(berkoneksi) ke komputer lain dan / atau
menggunakan komputer lain
 Account : nomor sebagai tanda anggota jaringan
 ISP (internet access provider) : penyedia akses (lokal)
ke internet  sering disebut sebagai ‘provider’ saja
 E-mail : electronic mail / surat elektronik yaitu
surat/pesan yang dikirimkan secara elektronik melalui
jaringan komputer
 (internet) host : pengkoneksi ke internet
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ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM BIDANG
KOMPUTER
 FTP ( file transfer protocol ) : program yang
memungkinkan dilakukannya penyalinan
file antar host
 HTTP ( hypertext transfer protocol ) :
program yang memungkinkan pemindahan
gambar grafis, suara, bahkan video antar
host
 WWW ( world wide web ) : adalah
sekumpulan dokumen multimedia yang
dihubungkan dengan jalur hypertext
 URL ( uniform resource locator ) : alamat
yang mengidentifikasikan lokasi sesuatu di
halaman world wide web
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ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM BIDANG
KOMPUTER
 Browser : program yang memungkinkan
kita untuk melihat dokumen www
 Client : program yang bekerja pada PC kita,
sehingga kita dapat melakukan banyak hal
di internet
 Cyberspace : istilah yang umum dan
banyak digunakan untuk menyebut internet
 gabungan seluruh aktivitas dan informasi
yang ada di dunia komputer, khususnya
komputer yang terhubung ke internet
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ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM BIDANG
KOMPUTER
 Cybernaut : orang yang menggunakan internet
 Downloading files : menyalin/mengopy file dari
internet ke komputer yang kita gunakan
 HTML ( hypertext mark-up language ) : format yang
digunakan untuk membuat dokumen world wide web
 MPEG (moving photographic experts group) : format
file grafis untuk video atau film
 Modem ( modulator/demodulator ) : perangkat yang
digunakan untuk mengirim file dan pesan melalui
saluran telepon  dikonversikan ke dalam bentuk
suara
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