Penggunaan Alat Penghemat Daya - Direktorat Jenderal Listrik dan

ALAT PENGHEMAT DAYA
HARMONIK
SEBAB
&
AKIBAT
DIREKTORAT JENDERAL LISTRIK DAN PEMANFAATAN ENERGI
2006
Harmonik (Harmonics)
Harmonics are
sinusoidal voltages or
currents having
frequencies that are
whole multiples of the
frequency at which the
supply system is
designed to operate
(e.g. 50Hz or 60 Hz).\
3rd Harmonics
According IEC 555
1982
Penyebab Harmonik
Di Sisi Konsumen :
- Harmonik timbul karena adanya beban yang tidak linier
(semua beban dengan power supply menggunakan power
electronics – IGBT, Thyritor, Transistor, MOSFET/FET,
UJT, SCR)* Contoh : ASD, PC, TV, LHE.
- Electrical Arc Ct : Furnances and Welding Machine
- Intinya rangkaian daya komponen Elektronika Daya
dengan Kapasitor bank
Di Sisi Pembangkit :
Desain generator atau transformator yang kurang baik
dapat menimbulkan harmonik*
* Lihat Kennedy hal.173, Westinghouse Prot
Efek Samping Harmonik
Harmonik
Akibat
Arus
Faktor daya rendah
Pemanasan dan Ferro resonance Trafo Yy
Resonance on Capacitor Bank
Tegangan netral-ground besar
Tidak terukur pada meter mekanik
Gagal fungsi pada rele
Losses netral besar (sistem 3fase 4kawat)
Skin Effect
Tegangan
Pemanasan berlebih pada peralatan
Osilasi mekanik pada motor
Over Voltage
Gangguan pada peralatan elektronik (EMI)
Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Tidak Terukur Pada kWh Mekanik
Electromechanical Energy Meter
kWh Meter elektromekanik mengukur energi
berdasarkan :
Kes : Jika sinusoidal murni maka
P pengukuran = P kenyataan = 100%
Bagaimana Jika tidak sinusoidal ???
Electromechanical Energy Meter
Lihat Definisi
Integral --- Sampling
V 1st x I 3rd = 0%
V1st+V3rd+V5th x I1st+I5th+I7th = 32%
Mengukur Harmonik
Measuring nonsinusoidal voltage and
current waveforms requires a True RMS
m e t e r.
V,I : Fluke 41, Harmonitor 3000
kWh : Electronic Energy Meter Contoh : AMR
Sampai Harmonik ke berapa ?
True RMS capability is required to accurately measure systems
where harmonic current is present. Average responding instruments
will yield erroneous measurement results from 25 to 40% below the
actual value when harmonic distortion is present.
Understanding Power & Power Quality Measurements
Does having harmonics in the power
system always mean trouble?
Jika masih di bawah standar :
tidak
Jika melebihi standar
:
Sistem tidak di disain untuk itu
Sistem sudah di disain
ya
tidak
Mengatasi Harmonik
Disisi konsumen
Harmonics Filter : Active dan Passive
Gunakan PWM 18 Pulses
Emisi Harmonik dari konsumen harus dibatasi
(Perlu Standar – Menyatu dengan Power Quality (IEC61000-3-2 and 3-4))
Bagaimana pengaturan dan penerapannya....
Disisi Sistem Distribusi
Pembebanan harus memperhatikan SCL pd PCC
Derating Transformer
Reduce Network Impedances
Pembumian yang benar
ALAT PENGHEMAT DAYA
TIDAK ADA ALAT YANG BISA MENGHEMAT
PENGGUNAAN ENERGI LISTRIK  PENGHEMAT
REKENING LISTRIK
ADA 2 JENIS :
-KAPASITOR MURNI (BEBAN PASIF)
-KAPASITOR DIRANGKAI DENGAN INDUKTOR
DAN POWER ELECTRONICS IGBT, Thyritor,
Transistor, MOSFET/FET,
UJT, SCR)* Contoh : ASD, PC, TV, LHE.
Panel Listrik
Konsumen
JTR
Gardu Portal
Paberik
NOTE :
KAPASITOR BANK
VAR
LOGIC
INDIVIDUAL
TIDAK MENIMBULKAN
HARMONIK !
- SPIKES
Panel Kapasitor Bank
- EXECESIVE SWITCHING
CAP BANK 6 STEP
6 STEP CAP BANK
KVAR
1+2+3+4+5+6
1+2+3+4+5
1+2+3+4
1+2+3
Contoh :
Kawasan
Industri
2+3+4+5+6
3+4+5+6
4+5+6
1+2
1
Hour
Perlu
Perhatikan
SCL
PCC
Power Electronic and Capacitor
Harmonics Sources
Fundamental Component
Voltage Distortion
Harmonik Pd 3 Fase 4 Kawat
Arus netral bisa mencapai 1,5 kali Arus Fase
Secara teoritis 20% harmonik ke-3 menambah arus netral sampai 60%
Potensi rugi-rugi jaringan +3%
Standard Harmonics
ANSI C57.110-1986
IEC 61000-3-x series PQ Parameters...Apa saja ?
IEC 61000-4-x series PQ Measurement... Bagaimana ?
IEC 555 - 1982
IEC 555 is enforced in Europe, making it a de facto
standard for commercial equipment intended to be sold
worldwide
IEEE 519 th 1992
Recommended limits are set at 5% Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD)
THD Max 5%
Partial Max 3%
Standard Harmonics
ANSI C57.110-1986
IEC 555 - 1982
IEEE 519 th 1992 :
In section 10.3 (Development of Current Distortion Limits), "..... The
objectives of the current limits are to limit the maximum individual
frequency voltage harmonic to 3% of the fundamental and the voltage
THD to 5% for systems without a major parallel resonance at one of the
injected frequencies."
"..If individual customers meet the current distortion limits, and there is
not sufficient diversity between individual customer harmonic injections,
then it may be necessary to implement some form of filtering on the
utility system to limit voltage distortion levels."
Standard Harmonics
IEC/EN 61000-3-2(1995-03) + (am 1 + am 2 1998-04)
Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input
current <16 A per phase single & 3 phase).
Disebutkan standar emisi harmonik dari tiap kelas peralatan
- Kelas A : 3 Phase Balance Equipment, Household
Appliances
- Kelas B : Portabel Tools
- kelas C : Lightning Equipment
- Kelas D : Special Wave Shape ≤600 W
Standar di Indonesia ? Belum ada
Peraturan Mutu Listrik
di Indonesia
SNI 04-1922-2002 Frekuensi Standar 501% Hz
IEC 60196 (1965-01)
SNI 04-0227-2003 Tegangan Standar 220 (+5% / -10%)
IEC60038-25 (1983-01)+ Amd1 (1994-09) + Amd 2
(1997-0)
SNI 04-6204.2.4-2000 Kesesuaian Elektromagnetik
(KEM) Masih Berupa Pedoman bukan Spesifikasi
IEC 61000- 2-3 (1995)
SK Menteri ESMD N0.3032 Th 2002 Power Factor 0,85
Lagg/Lead - Keppre 104 2003 TDL 2004
Italy – Meter Market
Energy Distributor
Memutuskan memasang
Lebih dari 20 Juta Meter elektronik
Berkaitan dengan Meter Error
yang ditimbulkan
Oleh harmonik dari peralatan rumah tangga
Canada - Meter Market Profile
Annual demand
982,000 meters
Demand includes 400,000 meters a year in 2006
and 2007 due to the replacement of
electromechanical meters with
electronic meters
Target of 5 million out of 12 million by 2010.
Harmonics Mitigation
17 Aspek Mutu Listrik
1. Variasi frekuensi
2. Variasi tegangan
3. Kelip (flicker)
4. Kedip (voltage sag)
5. Harmonik
6. Ketidak seimbangan tegangan
7. Keandalan (pemadaman)
8. Voltage swells
Aspek mutu listrik
9. Electrical noise
10. Faktor daya rendah
11. Ground loops
12. EMI (Electromagnetic Interference
13. Static electricity
14. Voltage surges
15. Voltage impulses
16. Demand interval
17. Kelayakan instalasi
IEC 61000-3-2 edition (A14)
IEC 61000-3-2 edition (A14)
IEC 555
IEC 555
IEC 555
IEEE-519
IEEE-519
IEEE-519
Peraturan Ketenagalistrikan
UU 15 th 1985 Ketenagalistrikan
UU 8 Th 1999 Perlindungan Konsumen
PP 3 Th 2005 Penyediaan dan Pemanfaatan tenaga Listrik
PP 102 Th 2000 Standardisasi Nasional