Uploaded by adityamuhammadbayu

2. Paper dari Jurnal Internasional

advertisement
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(
)XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHG&RPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV$QRYHUYLHZ
D
*XUXUDMD8GXSDD 66KULNDQWKD 5DRE.9*DQJDGKDUDQF
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\ NDUQDWDND,1',$
$EVWUDFW
)XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV )*&0V DUHLQKRPRJHQHRXVPDWHULDOVFRQVLVWLQJRIWZR RUPRUH GLIIHUHQW
PDWHULDOVHQJLQHHUHGWRKDYHDFRQWLQXRXVO\YDU\LQJVSDWLDOFRPSRVLWLRQSURILOH7KLVSDSHUGHVFULEHVWKHRYHUYLHZRI)*&0
EDVLF FRQFHSWV FODVVLILFDWLRQ SURSHUWLHV DQG SUHSDUDWLRQ PHWKRGV ,W IRFXVHV RQ DQ RYHUYLHZ RI UHVHDUFK DQG $SSOLFDWLRQ RI
)*&0LQEURDGSUHVHQWVLWXDWLRQ%DVHGXSRQDQDO\VLVRIWKHSUHVHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ VLWXDWLRQVDQGSURVSHFWRIWKLVNLQGRIPDWHULDOV
VRPH H[LVWLQJ SUREOHPV DUH GLVFXVVHG $V D SDUW RI SUHVHQW UHVHDUFK ZRUN D VLPSOH FDVH VWXG\ LV GLVFXVVHG EDVHG RQ &17
UHLQIRUFHG$O)XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGFRPSRVLWHE\3RZGHUPHWDOOXUJ\WHFKQLTXH $QLQVLJKWLQWRWKH FXUUHQWVWDWXVRIWKH UHVHDUFK
RI)*&0 LVSUHVHQWHG DQGDQDQWLFLSDWLRQRI LWVIXWXUH GHYHORSPHQW LVDOVRSUHVHQWHG
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹ 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.H\ZRUGV )*&0&RPSRVLWH$HURVSDFH6XEPDULQH&17$O
,QWURGXFWLRQ
0DWHULDOVHQHUJ\DQGPRGHUQVFLHQFHDUHWKHWKUHHSLOODUVRIWKHPRGHUQWHFKQRORJ\ 1HZPDWHULDO GHYHORSPHQWV
DQG UHVHDUFK DUH OHDGLQJWKH LQYHQWLRQ RIPDWHULDOVDV WKHFRUQHUVWRQHRIWKHVWFHQWXU\KLJKWHFKILHOG,QUHFHQW
\HDUV PDWHULDOV VFLHQFH KDV JDLQHG UDSLG GHYHORSPHQW 3LQGHUD HWDO 7KH UHDVRQ LV WKH LQFUHDVHG LQWHU
GLVFLSOLQDU\ LQWHUDFWLRQV DV RQH KDQG DQG WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI FURVVSHQHWUDWLRQ RI QHZ WKHRULHV QHZ PHWKRGV DQG
QHZH[SHULPHQWDOWHFKQLTXHV RQ WKHRWKHUKDQG$OVRWKH XUJHQWQHHGIRUSUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQ RIWKHPDWHULDO KDV
SXWIRUZDUGQHZGHPDQGV
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVV KLXGXSD#JPDLOFRP
2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.442
1292
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
7KH)*0 LVWKH RQHZKLFK FDQ VROYHSUDFWLFDOSUREOHPVDULVLQJIURPSURGXFWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIDQHZW\SHRI
FRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO 7KHVH PDWHULDOV DUH XVHG LQQHZJHQHUDWLRQ VSDFHFUDIW EHFDXVHRIWKHLU KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH DQG
PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO UROH 6XUHVK6 HWDO ,WFDQDOVREHXVHGLQRWKHU HQJLQHHULQJDUHDV 6RLWLVHPHUJLQJ ZLWK
JUHDWSRWHQWLDO LQUHFHQW \HDUVLQ PDWHULDOVVFLHQFH UHVHDUFK 3LQGHUD HWDO ,QFDVHRIVSDFHVKXWWOHDQGRWKHU
KLJKWHFK GHYHORSPHQW PDWHULDOV DUH H[SHFWHG WR VDWLVI\ KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH UHTXLUHPHQWV )RU H[DPSOH :KHQ WKH
VSDFHVKXWWOH HQWHUV WRDQGIURPWKH DWPRVSKHUHWKHIOLJKWVSHHGLV PRUHWKDQ0DFKDQG LWVVXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUH LV
DVKLJKDV R& ,WVFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU LV KDYLQJFRPEXVWLRQJDVRI WHPSHUDWXUHRIPRUHWKDQR& KHDW
IOX[ LV JUHDWHU WKDQ 0:P LWV DLU RI WKHUPDO FDSDFLW\ RI WKH IURQW HQWUDQFH LV 0:P 1RGD HWDO )RU
VXFK D ODUJH DPRXQW RI KHDW ERWK LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH WKH FRPEXVWLRQ FKDPEHU DUH PXVW EH WDNHQ WR EHDU WKH
WHPSHUDWXUHXSWR.DQGDERYH %LUPDQ9 7KHWUDGLWLRQDOVLQJOHSKDVHKRPRJHQHRXVPDWHULDOKDVEHHQ
SRZHUOHVV 7KXV IRUPDWLRQ RI JUDGLHQWV RI FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ SKDVH GLVWULEXWLRQ RU PLFURVWUXFWXUH UHSUHVHQW D
QHZIHUYHQWO\SXUVXHGFRQFHSWLQWKHGHVLJQRIDGYDQFHGHQJLQHHULQJFRPSRQHQWV .D\VVHUHWDO ,Q WKH OLJKW
RI WKLV FRQFHSW WKH PDLQ FKDOOHQJH LV WR FRPELQH LUUHFRQFLODEOH SURSHUWLHV LQ WKH VDPH FRPSRQHQW VXFK DV KLJK
KDUGQHVVDWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGVWUXFWXUDOWRXJKQHVVDWORZWHPSHUDWXUHV$SRVVLEOHFRQFHSWWRPHHWWKLVGHPDQG
LVWKDWRIIXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGPDWHULDOV )*0 &KRHWDO ZKHUHWKHXVHRIDPXOWLSKDVHFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO
VXFKDVPHWDOEDVHGFHUDPLFFRDWLQJPDWHULDODVHDFKSKDVHFRQVWLWXWHV GLIIHUHQWWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQFRHIILFLHQWDQG
WKHUPDOVWUHVVYDULDWLRQ LQSDUWLFXODUGLUHFWLRQ <LQHWDOO ,WLVHDV\WRSHHORIIFRDWLQJRFFXUULQJDWWKHSKDVH
ERXQGDU\RUFUDFNLQJ WKH VSHFLPHQ EHWZHHQWKHVXEVWUDWH7RDGGUHVVVXFKDFRQYHQWLRQDOKHDWUHVLVWDQWPDWHULDOV
XQGHUH[WUHPHFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHLQDGHTXDFLHVWKH-DSDQHVHVFKRODUV +LUDL7RVKLR:DWDQDEH/RQJWULR ILUVW
SURSRVHGWKHFRQFHSWRIIXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGLHQWPDWHULDOV :LWKWKHFRQWLQXRXVGHHSHQLQJRIWKHVWXG\WKHFRQFHSWRI
IXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGLHQWFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHG )*0 ZLWKUHIHUHQFH WR FRPSXWHUDLGHGPDWHULDOV
GHVLJQ EDVHG RQ WKH XVH RI DGYDQFHG FRPSRVLWH WHFKQRORJ\ WR FRQVWLWXWH WKH PDWHULDO HOHPHQWV FRPSRVLWLRQ
VWUXFWXUH DORQJWKHWKLFNQHVVGLUHFWLRQRIWKH RQH VLGHWRWKHRWKHUVLGHZLWK DFRQWLQXRXVFKDQJHVRWKDWWKHQDWXUH
RIWKHPDWHULDOJUDGLHQWFKDQJHVDQGDVZHOODVIXQFWLRQDODVSHFWV /LXHWDO 7KH&RQFHSWRI)XQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO
7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRIJUDGHGVWUXFWXUHV ZKLFK FDQEHSUHSDUHG LQFDVHRI)*&0FRQWLQXRXVVWUXFWXUHDVVKRZQ
LQ)LJXUH D DQGVWHSZLVHVWUXFWXUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH E ,QWKH FDVHRIFRQWLQXRXVJUDGHGVWUXFWXUHWKHFKDQJHLQ
FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG PLFURVWUXFWXUH RFFXUV FRQWLQXRXVO\ ZLWK SRVLWLRQ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LQ WKH FDVH RI VWHS ZLVH
PLFURVWUXFWXUH IHDWXUH FKDQJHV LQ VWHSZLVH PDQQHU JLYLQJ ULVH WR D PXOWLOD\HUHG VWUXFWXUH ZLWK LQWHUIDFH H[LVWLQJ
EHWZHHQ GLVFUHWH OD\HUV )LJXUH VKRZV WKH VFKHPDWLF YLHZ RI ERWK NLQG RI VWUXFWXUHV UHODWLYH WR )*&0 %
.LHEDFNHWDO )LJ 6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRIFRQFHSW RI*UDGDWLRQ
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
1293
0DQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV SURSRVHG VHYHUDO NLQGV RI SURFHVVLQJ PHWKRGV IRU )*&0 .DZDVDNL $ HWDO 3RZGHU
PHWDOOXUJ\LVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWPHWKRGVRISURGXFLQJ)*0V$QH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVV
E\WKHSRZGHUPHWDOOXUJ\ LVVFKHPDWLFDOO\LOOXVWUDWHGLQIORZFKDUW )LJXUH $WILUVWPDWHULDO$DQGPDWHULDO%
DUH ZHLJKHG DQG PL[HG (DFK RI WKH PL[HGSRZGHU LV PL[HG XQLIRUPO\ E\ D 9VKDSH PLOOEDOO PLOO 1H[W VWHS LV
VWHSZLVH VWDFNLQJ RI SUHPL[HG SRZGHU DFFRUGLQJ WR D SUHGHVLJQHG VSDWLDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ LQ
UHVSHFWLYHGLH/DVWVWHSLVVLQWHULQJ6SDUNSODVPDVLQWHULQJLVRQHRIWKHPRUHDGYDQFHGVLQWHULQJPHWKRGVDQGLW
PDNHVSRVVLEOHVLQWHULQJKLJKTXDOLW\PDWHULDOVLQVKRUWSHULRGVE\FKDUJLQJWKHLQWHUYDOVEHWZHHQSRZGHUSDUWLFOHV
ZLWK HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ DQG KLJK VLQWHULQJ SUHVVXUH 7KH )*0 IDEULFDWHG E\ WKLV PHWKRG VKRXOG KDYH WKH VWHSZLVH
VWUXFWXUHDQGLWLVGLIILFXOWWRSURGXFHWKH)*0VZLWKFRQWLQXRXVJUDGLHQWV7KHFRQWLQXRXVJUDGHGVWUXFWXUHFDQ EH
FUHDWHGE\DFHQWULIXJDOIRUFH 00*DVLN 0DWULDO$
0DWULDO%
0L[LQJ
6WDFNLQJ
3UHVVLQJ
6LQWHULQJ
)LJ )ORZFKDUWGLDJUDPRI3UHSDUDWLRQRI)*&0
)*&0SURSHUWLHVDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQ
)*0 VVSHFLDOSURSHUWLHV
)*&0 LV D PDWHULDO FRPSRQHQW ZLWK FHUWDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLF SURSHUW\ FKDQJLQJ FRQWLQXRXVO\ LQ VSDFH LQ D FHUWDLQ
GLUHFWLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH VR WKDW LW FDQ HIIHFWLYHO\ RYHUFRPH WKH VKRUWFRPLQJV RI WUDGLWLRQDO FRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDOV 5HVHDUFKHUV (UGRJDQ HW DOO SRLQWHG RXW PDQ\ DGYDQWDJHV RYHU FRQYHQWLRQDO DQG FRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDOV)*0KDVWKHIROORZLQJDGYDQWDJHV
x )*0DVDQ LQWHUIDFHOD\HUWRFRQQHFWWZRLQFRPSDWLEOHPDWHULDOVFDQJUHDWO\HQKDQFHWKHERQGVWUHQJWK
x
)*0FRDWLQJDQGLQWHUIDFHFDQEHXVHGWRUHGXFHWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVDQGWKHUPDOVWUHVV
x )*0 FRDWLQJ FDQ EH XVHG WR FRQQHFW WKH PDWHULDOV WR HOLPLQDWH WKH VWUHVV DW WKH LQWHUIDFH DQG HQGSRLQW
VWUHVVVLQJXODULW\
x
)*0 FRDWLQJ QRW RQO\ HQKDQFHV WKH VWUHQJWK RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQV EXW FDQ DOVR UHGXFH WKH FUDFN GULYLQJ
IRUFH
1294
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
)*0&ODVVLILFDWLRQ
)*0 GLYHUJHG DFFRUGLQJ WR GLIIHUHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ FULWHULD IRU D YDULHW\ RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ .DZDVDNL $ HW DO $FFRUGLQJWRWKHPDWHULDOFRPELQDWLRQV)*0LVGLYLGHGLQWRPHWDOFHUDPLFFHUDPLFFHUDPLF FHUDPLFSODVWLF
DQG PDQ\ RWKHU FRPELQDWLRQV RI PDWHULDOV ,Q DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKHLU FKDQJLQJ FRPSRVLWLRQV WKH RYHUDOO )*0 LV
GLYLGHG LQWR IXQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGLHQW W\SH FRPSRVHG RI IURP RQH VLGH WR DQRWKHU JUDGLHQW VLGH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH RI
JUDGLHQW PDWHULDOV IXQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGLHQW FRDWLQJ W\SH LQ WKH PDWUL[ PDWHULDO WR IRUP D FRDWLQJ FRPSRVLWLRQ
JUDGLHQW IXQFWLRQDO JUDGLHQW &RQQHFWLRQ W\SH &RQQHFWLQJ WZR LQWHUIDFH OD\HU EHWZHHQ WKH VXEVWUDWH JUDGLHQW
FKDQJHV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG EDVHG RQ GLIIHUHQW GHQVLW\ JUDGLHQW LV GLYLGHG LQWR WKH FKDQJLQJ QDWXUH RI )*0
FRPSRVLWLRQ )*0 RSWLFDO )*0 ILQH )*0 HWF DQG DFFRUGLQJ WR GLIIHUHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ DUHDV FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR
KHDWUHVLVWLQJ )*0 ELRORJ\ )*0 FKHPLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ )*0 (OHFWURQLF HQJLQHHULQJ )*0 HWF < 0L\DPRWR
HWDO 7DEOH/LVWRIW\SHVRI)*&0 95LFKWHUHWDO
6O1R
)*&0W\SH
5HTXLUHPHQWV
$SSOLFDWLRQ
6L&6L&
&RUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQG
KDUGQHVV
&RPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUV
$O6L&
+DUGQHVVDQGWRXJKQHVV
&RPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUV
6L&Z$ODOOR\
7KHUPDOUHVLVWDQFHDQG
FKHPLFDOUHVLVWDQFH
&1*VWRUDJHF\OLQGHUV'LHVHO(QJLQHSLVWRQV
(JODVVHSR[\
+DUGQHVVDQGGDPSLQJ
SURSHUWLHV
%UDNHURWRUV/HDIVSULQJV
$O&
$O6L&
6L&S$ODOOR\
&DUERQDQGJODVV
ILEHUV
'ULYHVKDIWV+XEOOHVSDFHWHOHVFRSHPHWHULQJWUXVVDVVHPEO\
7XUELQHURWRU7XUELQHZKHHOV
)O\ZKHHOV5DFLQJFDUEUDNHV
+LJKPHOWLQJSRLQWORZ
SODVWLFLW\DQGKLJKKDUGQHVV
0RWRUF\FOHGULYHVSURFNHW3XOOH\V7RUTXHFRQYHUWHUUHDFWRU
6KRFNDEVRUEHU
3URSXOVLRQVKDIW
*ODVV(SR[\
&\OLQGULFDOSUHVVXUHKXOO6RQDUGRPHV
7L$O6L&ILEHUV
&RPSRVLWHSLSLQJV\VWHP6FXED GLYLQJF\OLQGHUV
%H$O
)ORDWV%RDWKXOOV:LQGWXQQHOEODGHV6SDFHFUDIWWUXVV
VWUXFWXUH5HIOHFWRUV6RODUSDQHOV&DPHUDKRXVLQJ
$O2 $ODOOR\
&DUERQ%LVPDOHLPLGH
&DUERQ(SR[\
6L&Z
$ODOOR\&17 *RRGWKHUPDODQGFRUURVLYH
UHVLVWDQFH
5RFNHWQR]]OH:LQJV5RWDU\ODXQFKHUV(QJLQHFDVLQJ
'ULYHVKDIW3URSHOOHUEODGHV/DQGLQJJHDUGRRUV7KUXVW
UHYHUVHU +HDWH[FKDQJHUSDQHOV(QJLQHSDUWV
/LJKWZHLJKWDQGJRRGGDPSLQJ
SURSHUWLHV
+HOLFRSWHUFRPSRQHQWVYL]5RWRUGULYHVKDIW0DVWPRXQW
0DLQURWRUEODGHV
+DUGDQGWRXJKQHVV
/LJKWZHLJKWDQGKLJKVWLIIQHVV
5DFLQJELF\FOHIUDPH5DFLQJYHKLFOHIUDPH
$UWLILFLDO OLJDPHQWV 05, VFDQQHU FU\RJHQLF WXEHV
:KHHOFKDLUV +LS MRLQW LPSODQWV (\HJODVV IUDPHV FDPHUD
WULSRGV0XVLFDO LQVWUXPHQWV
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
1295
'LIILFXOWLHVRI )*&0 FRQFHSWV
$V QHZW\SHRIIXQFWLRQDOPDWHULDOV WKHXVDJHRI IXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGLHQWPDWHULDOV YDULHV ZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQV7KHUHDUH
VWLOOVRPHLVVXHVWKDWQHHGIXUWKHUVWXG\DQG WREH UHVROYHGPDLQO\ LQWKHIROORZLQJDVSHFWV 0<XNLHWDO x $ SURSHU GDWDEDVH RI JUDGLHQW PDWHULDO LQFOXGLQJ PDWHULDO V\VWHP SDUDPHWHUV PDWHULDO SUHSDUDWLRQ
SHUIRUPDQFHHYDOXDWLRQ LVWREHGHYHORSHG
x 6WLOO QHHG IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK DQG H[SORUDWLRQ RQ WKH SK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH PDWHULDO PRGHO 0LFURVFRSLF
VWUXFWXUH DQG WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ SUHSDUDWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV WR EH HVWDEOLVKHG LQ RUGHU WR
DFFXUDWHO\DQGUHOLDEO\SUHGLFWWKHSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIJUDGHGPDWHULDOV
x 5HVHDUFK VKRXOG IRFXV RQ YDULDWLRQ RI JUDGLHQW PDWHULDO ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKHUPDO VWUHVV UHOD[DWLRQ RI WKH
PDWHULDOVDVZHOODVNHHSWKHURDGRSHQWRYDULHW\RIHQJLQHHULQJDSSOLFDWLRQV x
6WLOO QHHG WR LPSURYH WKH FRQWLQXXP WKHRU\ TXDQWXP GLVFUHWH WKHRU\ SHUFRODWLRQ WKHRU\ DQG PLFUR
VWUXFWXUH PRGHO DQG UHO\ RQ FRPSXWHU VLPXODWLRQ RI WKH PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV IRU WKHRUHWLFDO SUHGLFWLRQ
SDUWLFXODU
x )XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGLHQWPDWHULDOVSUHSDUHG DUH VDPSOHV RIVPDOOVL]HVLPSOHVWUXFWXUH 0RUHSUDFWLFDOYDOXHG
PDWHULDO\HWWREHGHYHORSHG
x 7KHWRWDOSUHSDUDWLRQFRVWVDUHKLJK
,Q)*0UHVHDUFK WKHVHOHFWLRQ RISURSHUPDWHULDO IRUDQ\DSSOLFDWLRQLV WKH LPPHGLDWHDQGGLUHFWFKDOOHQJHLQWKH
IXWXUHWHFKQRORJ\ $.DZDVDNLHWDO x 'HYHORSPHQWRIORZFRVWKLJKGHJUHHRIDXWRPDWLRQDQGSUHSDUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV
x
'HYHORSPHQWRIODUJHVL]HDQGFRPSOH[VKDSHVRI)*0SUHSDUDWLRQ
x
7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIPRUHSUHFLVHDQGXQLIRUPFRQWURORIFRPSRVLWLRQJUDGLHQWRYHUWKHVWUXFWXUH
KLJK SHUIRUPDQFHFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV WHFKQRORJ\
x
,QGHSWKVWXG\RIDGYDQFHGSUHSDUDWLRQSURFHVVPHFKDQLVPIRUPDVVSURGXFWLRQ
5HVHDUFK DQGGHYHORSPHQWVLQ)*&0GHVLJQFRQFHSWV
D )*&0GHVLJQ
)*0 VWXG\ LQFOXGHV PDWHULDO GHVLJQ PDWHULDO SUHSDUDWLRQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV 7
)XNXVKLPDHWDO )*0GHVLJQ LVDUHYHUVHGHVLJQSURFHVV)LUVWGHWHUPLQHWKHXOWLPDWHVWUXFWXUHRIPDWHULDOV
DQGDSSOLFDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHQVHOHFWIURPWKH )*0GHVLJQGDWDEDVH WR UHTXLUHG XVHRIPDWHULDOFRPELQDWLRQV
WKHWUDQVLWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKHSURSHUWLHVDQGPLFURVWUXFWXUHDVZHOODVWKHSUHSDUDWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQ PHWKRGV
7KHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ VKRXOGKHOS WRFDOFXODWH DQGIDFLOLWDWHSURSHU WHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQ
DQG WKHUPDO VWUHVV GLVWULEXWLRQ ,I \RX DGMXVW WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH DVVXPHG GLVWULEXWLRQ IXQFWLRQ IRU DSSURSULDWH
WHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQ DQGWKHUPDOVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQ WKLV FRPSRVLWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG DVD EHVW
)*0V\VWHP)*0GHVLJQ UHTXLUHV WKUHHPDLQHOHPHQWV )XNXL<HWDO x
7R GHWHUPLQH VWUXFWXUH DQG VKDSH WKHUPDO PHFKDQLFDO ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ
GLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ
x
,GHQWLI\GDWDDQGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO IRUWKHUPDOSDUDPHWHU PRGHO
x 7KH XVH RI DSSURSULDWH PDWKHPDWLFV PHFKDQLFDO FDOFXODWLRQ PHWKRGV LQFOXGLQJ WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW
PHWKRGFDOFXODWLRQRIVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQRI)*0XVLQJDFRPPRQDQGVHOIGHYHORSHG FRPSXWHUDLGHG
GHVLJQVRIWZDUH)*0LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHGHVLJQDQGPDWHULDOVSUHSDUDWLRQSURFHVVFORVHO\E\PHDQV
RI FRPSXWHUDLGHGGHVLJQV\VWHPIRURSWLPDOGHVLJQ
1296
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
E )*&03UHSDUDWLRQ
,QFDVHRI )*0 SUHSDUDWLRQWKH PDLQREMHFWLYH LV IRFXVHGRQWRWKH DSSURSULDWHPHDQVWR DFKLHYHWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRI
)*07KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH VKRXOG EHGLVWULEXWHGDVGHVLJQHGWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLJQSHUIRUPDQFHRI)*0 ,WFDQEH
GLYLGHG LQWR SRZGHU GHQVLILFDWLRQ PHWKRG VXFK DV SRZGHU PHWDOOXUJ\ 30 VHOISURSDJDWLQJ KLJKWHPSHUDWXUH
V\QWKHVLV 6+6 FRDWLQJ PHWKRG VXFK DV SODVPD VSUD\ ODVHU FODGGLQJ PHWKRG HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ PHWKRG YDSRU
GHSRVLWLRQ ZLWK SK\VLFDO YDSRU GHSRVLWLRQ 39' DQG FKHPLFDO GHSRVLWLRQ &9' 'HIRUPDWLRQ DQG PDUWHQVLWLF
SKDVHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DVOLVWHGLQWDEOH )XNXL< 7DEOHRYHUYLHZRISURFHVVLQJPHWKRGVIRU)*0
9DULDELOLW\RI
9HUVDWLOLW\LQ
6O12
3URFHVV
WUDQVLWLRQ
IXQFWLRQ
SKDVH FRQWHQW
3RZGHUVWDFNLQJ
9HU\JRRG
6KHHWODPLQDWLRQ
9HUVDWLOLW\LQ
7\SHRI)*0
FRPSRQHQW
JHRPHWU\
9HU\JRRG
%XON
0RGHUDWH
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
%XON
0RGHUDWH
:HWSRZGHUVSUD\LQJ
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
%XON
0RGHUDWH
6OXUU\GLSSLQJ
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
&RDWLQJ
*RRG
-HW VROLGLILFDWLRQ
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
%XON
9HU\JRRG
6HGLPHQWDWLRQFHQWULIXJLQJ
*RRG
9HU\JRRG
%XON
SRRU
)LOWUDWLRQVOLSFDVWLQJ
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
%XON
*RRG
/DVHUFODGGLQJ
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
%XON&RDWLQJ
9HU\JRRG
7KHUPDOVSUD\LQJ
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
&RDWLQJ%XON
*RRG
'LIIXVLRQ
0RGHUDWH
9HU\JRRG
-RLQW&RDWLQJ
*RRG
'LUHFWHGVROLGLILFDWLRQ
0RGHUDWH
0RGHUDWH
%XON
SRRU
(OHFWURFKHPLFDOJUDGDWLRQ
0RGHUDWH
*RRG
%XON
*RRG
)RDPLQJRISRO\PHUV
0RGHUDWH
*RRG
%XON
*RRG
39'&9'
9HU\JRRG
9HU\JRRG
&RDWLQJ
0RGHUDWH
*0)&SURFHVV
9HU\JRRG
0RGHUDWH
%XON
*RRG
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
1297
&DVHVWXG\
$VDSDUWRISUHVHQWUHVHDUFKZRUNRQHFDVHVWXG\ LV GLVFXVVHGEHORZ ZKLFKFRQWDLQ&17UHLQIRUFHG$OPDWUL[
)XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO +HUHZWRI&17FRPSRVLWLRQLVDYDU\LQJFRPSRQHQWIRUPRQHHQGWRWKH
RWKHU VXUIDFH DV VKRZQ LQ WKH VFKHPDWLF ILJXUH 7KH GHYHORSHG PDWHULDOV PHHWV WKH IXWXUH FKDOOHQJHV VXFK DV
OLJKW ZHLJKW DQG FKHPLFDOO\ UHVLVWLYH PDWHULDOV 6LQQRWW 6 %HWDO 3K\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV OLNH KDUGQHVV GHQVLW\
DQG \RXQJ VPRGXOXVYDULHVDVLQ DQ\SDUWLFXODUGLUHFWLRQIURPRQHHQGWRWKHRWKHU9DULDWLRQRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWGRQH
IRUP ZW WR ZW LQ OLQHDU SDWWHUQ ZLWK XQLIRUP OD\HUV DFKLHYHG RQH VLGH LV SXUH $O DQG WKH RWKHU VLGH
FRQWDLQV ZW&17UHLQIRUFHPHQWWR$OPDWUL[
)LJ 6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRI&17UHLQIRUFHG$O)*0VSHFLPHQ
6HFWLRQDOYLHZRIWKHGHYHORSHGPDWHULDODVWDNHQDQGSROLVKHGWRJHWWKHPLUURUVXUIDFHILQLVK6SHFLPHQLQVSHFWHG
XQGHU*(2/2SWLFDOPDFURVFRSH'HWDLOHGYLHZRIPDFURVWUXFWXUH LV VKRZQEHORZLQ)LJXUH
)LJ 0DFURVWUXFWXUHRI&17UHLQIRUFHG$O)*0OD\HUV
1298
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH PDFURVWUXFWXUH RI GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV RI &17 UHLQIRUFHG $O )XQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGHG FRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDO 7UHDF\HWDO $VREVHUYHGWKHPRUSKRORJ\DQGVL]HRIWKHSRZGHUVSDUWLFOHV GHSHQGVWURQJO\RQWKH
DPRXQWRI&17UHLQIRUFHPHQWV %\+DQVDQJ.ZRQHWDO )LUVWOD\HU ZDVSXUH$ODVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH D VHFRQGOD\HU )LJXUHE PRUSKRORJ\VOLJKWO\FKDQJHGZLWK&17UHLQIRUFHPHQWRIZW,QFUHDVLQJWKH&17
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ XSWRZWVKRZVWKHJUDGXDOFKDQJHVLQWKHJUDLQERXQGDULHVDQGVWUXFWXUHV 6LJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQ
LQWKHSDUWLFOHVL]HDQGJUDLQVL]H LVREVHUYHG DVDHIIHFWRI&17FRQFHQWUDWLRQYDULDWLRQLQHDFKOD\HU3URSHUPL[LQJ
RI&17LQ$OPDWUL[REVHUYHGDQGPRVWRIWKH&17V DUH FOXVWHUHGRQWKHJUDLQERXQGDULHV$VDUHVXOWVWDJJHUHG
OD\HUHGVWUXFWXUH LV IRUPHGRYHULQFUHDVLQJWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKH&17V+HQFH KDUGQHVV RIWKHFRPSRVLWHVYDULHG
IURP+9WR+9IURPWRSWRERWWRPOD\HURIWKH)*&0 )LJXUH I ,WLVFOHDUWKDW&17VKDYHDSRVLWLYHHIIHFW
RQWKHYDULDWLRQRISURSHUWLHVRYHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRIFRPSRVLWHV <XHWDO )*&0DSSOLFDWLRQ
)*0 ZDVRULJLQDOO\GHYHORSHGIRUDHURVSDFHDSSOLFDWLRQWRVXVWDLQ KHLJKWKHUPDOEDUULHUFRDWLQJV VXFKDV 5RFNHW
QR]]OH 7L$O6L& ILEHUV +HDW H[FKDQJHU SDQHOV (QJLQH SDUWV %H$O :LQG WXQQHO EODGHV 6SDFHFUDIW WUXVV
VWUXFWXUH :LWK WKH FRQWLQXRXV GHHSHQLQJ RI )*0 UHVHDUFK LW ZDV GLVFRYHUHG WKDW WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ VWUXFWXUH DQG
SURSHUWLHVRIJUDGLHQWFKDQJHVFDQEH DGMXVWHG PRUHHIIHFWLYHO\IRUSDUWLFXODUDSSOLFDWLRQ 1 &KHUUDG 7KHXVH
RI )*0 H[WHQGHG IRU FRPPHUFLDO DQG LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQ OLNH DXWRPRELOHV>&RPEXVWLRQ FKDPEHUV 6L&6L& (QJLQHF\OLQGHUOLQHUV $O6L& &1*VWRUDJHF\OLQGHUV'LHVHO(QJLQHSLVWRQV 6L&Z$ODOOR\ %UDNHURWRUV/HDI
VSULQJV (JODVVHSR[\ 'ULYH VKDIWV $O& )O\ZKHHOV GHIHQVH DSSOLFDWLRQ VXFK DV VSHFLDO SXUSRVH DUPRU
GHYHORSPHQWV QDYDO DSSOLFDWLRQ IRFXVLQJ RQ VXEPDULQH HTXLSPHQWV 3URSXOVLRQ VKDIW &DUERQ DQG JODVV ILEHUV &\OLQGULFDOSUHVVXUHKXOO *UDSKLWH(SR[\ 6RQDUGRPHV *ODVV(SR[\ &RPSRVLWHSLSLQJV\VWHP DQGLVH[SHFWHG
WRDSSO\WRPDQ\ILHOGV0DQ\PRUHGHWDLOHGDSSOLFDWLRQVRI)*&0LQVSDFHDQGGHIHQVHDUHGLVFXVVHGE\WKHVDPH
DXWKRUVLQWKHSUHYLRXVSDSHUV
&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNV
)*0PDUNVWKH HPHUJHQFHRIPRGHUQPDWHULDOV GHVLJQLGHDVLQWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWSKDVHRIKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHQHZ
PDWHULDOV )XQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGHG PDWHULDOV )*0V SURYLGHD UHODWLYH FKDQJH LQ WHUPV RI WKH SURSHUWLHV RI PDWHULDOV
RYHUWKHGLVWDQFHDQGGLUHFWLRQ'LVFXVVHGFDVHVWXG\UHYHDOHGWKHHIIHFWRIV\VWHPDWLF&17UHLQIRUFHPHQWLQOD\HUHG
IRUPDW WR FKDQJH WKH SK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV7KLV LV EHFDXVH WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI WKH )*&0 LV LQKRPRJHQHRXV DQG
FKDQJLQJ FRQWLQXRXVO\ LQ VSDFH 7KXV DQ )*0 KDV D ZLGH UDQJH RI HQJLQHHULQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV &KDQJHV LQ WKH
KDUGQHVV RI SUHSDUHG $O )*&0 KDYH D JUHDWHU UROH LQ IXWXUH DHURVSDFH DQG VSDFH DSSOLFDWLRQ SURJUDPPHV 5HVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRI)*&0KDYH EHFRPHWKHFXUUHQWWRSLFVDWWKHIRUHIURQWRI PDWHULDOV
VFLHQFH+HQFH)*&0UHTXLUHVD PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ PXOWLLQGXVWU\ LQWHJUDWLRQDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQDQG
GLUHFWLRQ
5HIHUHQFHV
3LQGHUD0-$UQROG 60$ERXGL-DQG+XL' 8VHRI&RPSRVLWHVLQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV &RPSRVLWHV(QJSS±
3LQGHUD 0- $ERXGL - $UQROG 6 0 DQG -RQHV : ) 8VH RI &RPSRVLWHV LQ 0XOWL3KDVHG DQG )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG 0DWHULDOV
&RPSRVLWHV(QJSS±
0DUNZRUWK$-5DPHVK.6DQG3DUNV :3 5HYLHZ0RGHOLQJ6WXGLHV$SSOLHGWR )XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV - 0DWHU6FL
SS±
,,-,0$6+HOLFDOPLFURWXEHVRIJUDSKLWLFFDUERQ>-@1DWXUHí
3LQGHUD 0- $ERXGL - *ODHVHU $ 0 DQG $UQROG 6 08VH RI &RPSRVLWHV LQ 0XOWL3KDVHG DQG )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG 0DWHULDOV
&RPSRVLWHV 3DUW%SS±
6XUHVK6DQG0RUWHQVHQ$)XQGDPHQWDOVRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDO,20&RPPXQLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ
0L\DPRWR < .D\VVHU : $ 5DELQ % + .DZDVDNL $ DQG )RUG 5 * IXQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG 0DWHULDOV 'HVLJQ 3URFHVVLQJ DQG
$SSOLFDWLRQV.OXZHU$FDGHPLF'RUGUHFKW
3DXOLQR*+-LQ=+DQG'RGGV5+-U)DLOXUHRI )XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV &RPSUHKHQVLYH6WUXFWXUDO,QWHJULW\%.DULKDOOR
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
1299
DQG:*.QDXVVHGV(OVHYLHU6FLHQFH1HZ<RUN9RO&KDSSS±
1RGD17KHUPDO6WUHVVHVLQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDO -7KHUP6WUHVVHVSS±
%LUPDQ96WDELOLW\RI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG6KDSH0HPRU\$OOR\6DQGZLFK3DQHOV 6PDUW 0DWHU6WUXFWSS±
.D\VVHU:$DQG,OVFKQHU%)*05HVHDUFK$FWLYLWLHVLQ(XURSH056%XOOSS±
&KR - 5 DQG +D ' < $YHUDJLQJ DQG )LQLWH (OHPHQW 'LVFUHWL]DWLRQ DSURDFKHV LQ WKH 1XPHULFDO $QDO\VLV RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG
0DWHULDOV 0DWHU6FL(QJ$±
<LQ+03DXOLQR*+%XWWODU:*DQG6XQ/=(IIHFWLYH7KHUPDO&RQGXFWLYLW\RI7ZR3KDVH)XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG3DUWLFXODWH
&RPSRVLWHV -$SSO3K\VS
%.LHEDFN$1HXEUDQGDQG+5LHGHO³3URFHVVLQJWHFKQLTXHVIRUIXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGPDWHULDOV´0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ SS±
00*DVLN³)XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGPDWHULDOVEXONSURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOVDQG3URGXFW 7HFKQRORJ\ YRO
SS .DZDVDNL$:DWDQDEH5&RQFHSWDQG30)DEULFDWLRQRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV&HUDPLFV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
.DZDVDNL $ :DWDQDEH 5 0LFURVWUXFWXUDO 'HVLJQLQJ DQG )DEULFDWLRQ RI 'LVN 6KDSHG )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGLHQW 0DWHULDOV E\ 3RZGHU
0HWDOOXUJ\-RXUQDORIWKH-DSDQ6RFLHW\RISRZHUDQGSRZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\YRO
.LHEDFW%1HXEUDQG$3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQLTXHVIRU)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$
/LX*5+DQ ;;X<*DQG/DP.<0DWHULDO&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOVE\0HDQVRI(ODVWLF:DYHVDQG
D3URJUHVVLYH/HDUQLQJ1HXUDO1HWZRUN&RPSRV6FL7HFKQROSS± +DQ <0ROHFXODUG\QDPLFV VLPXODWLRQVRIWKHHODVWLFSURSHUWLHVSRO\PHUFDUERQQDQRWXEHFRPSRVLWHV&RPSXW0DWHU6FL±
+DOLFLRJOX76WUHVV&DOFXODWLRQVIRU&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV 7KLQ6ROLG)LOPV9ROSS
+HUQDQGH](DQG*R]H&(ODVWLF3URSHUWLHV RI6LQJOH:DOOHG1DQRWXEHV $SSOLHG 3K\VLFV$9ROSS
/X-3(ODVWLF3URSHUWLHVRI &DUERQ1DQRWXEHVDQG1DQRURSHV 3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ/HWWHUV 9RO1RSS
<0L\DPRWR:$.D\VVHU%+5DELQ$.DZDVDNL5*)RUG)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV%RVWRQ
95LFKWHULQ%,OVFKQHU1&KHUUDGL (GV )*0¶3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHUG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ6WUXFWXUDODQG)XQFWLRQDO
*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV3UHVVHV 3RO\WHFKQLTXHVHW8QLYHUVLWDLUHV5RPDQGHV/DXVDQQHSS±
0<XNL70XUD\DPD7,ULVDZD$.DZDVDNL5:DWDQDEHLQ0<DPDQRXFKL0.RL]XPL7+LUDL,6KLRWD (GV )*0¶
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV6HQGDL)*0)RUXP7RN\RSS±
1&KHUUDG3URGXFWLRQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQVRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOVE\3RZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\²(XURSHDQ$FWLYLWLHVLQ3URFHHG LQJV
RIWKH(XUR30¶%LUPLQJKDP8.±SS±
.$WDUDVKL\D<,VKLGD71DJDLLQ-%+ROW0.RL]XPL7+LUDL=$0XQLU (GV &HUDP7UDQV)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW
0DWHULDOV$PHULFDQ&HUDPLF6RFLHW\:HVWHUYLOOH2+SS±
$.DZDVDNL5:DWDQDEHLQ0 <DPDQRXFKL0.RL]XPL7+LUDL,6KLRWD (GV )*0¶3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV)*0)RUXP7RN\RSS±
6LQQRWW6%6KHQGHURYD2$:KLWH&7 DQG%UHQQHU': 0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUWLHVRI1DQRWXEXOH)LEHUVDQG&RPSRVLWHV'HWHUPLQHG
)URP7KHRUHWLFDO &DOFXODWLRQVDQG6LPXODWLRQV &DUERQ9RO1RVSS
7UHDF\0- ([FHSWLRQDOO\+LJK<RXQJ¶V0RGXOXV2EVHUYHGIRU,QGLYLGXDO&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV 1DWXUH9ROSS
<DR1DQG/RUGL9<RXQJ¶V0RGXOXVRI6LQJOH:DOOHG&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV -RXUQDORI$SSOLHG3K\VLFV9RO1RSS
<X0)/RXULH2'\HU0-0RORQL. .HOO\7)DQG5XRII56 6WUHQJWKDQG%UHDNLQJ0HFKDQLVPRI0XOWLZDOOHG&DUERQ
1DQRWXEHVXQGHU7HQVLOH/RDG 6FLHQFH0DJD]LQH 9RO1RSS
0LQWPLUH-:DQG:KLWH&7 (OHFWURQLFDQG6WUXFWXUDO3URSHUWLHVRI&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV&DUERQ9ROSS
7HUVRII-DQG5XRII56 6WUXFWXUDO3URSHUWLHVRID&DUERQ1DQRWXEH&U\VWDO 3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ/HWWHUV9ROSS
7DOD\ 7&HUUR- /HSVFK5*HOKDXVHQ3DQG*X\QQ0 6\VWHPV$QDO\VLVRI1DQRWXEH7HFKQRORJ\SXEOLVKHGLQ WKH1DQRWXEH
7HFKQRORJ\$VVHVVPHQW1DWLRQDO$HURQDXWLFVDQG6SDFH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ2IILFHRI$HUR6SDFH7HFKQRORJ\:DVKLQJWRQ'&$XJXVW
6FKLOOHU&6LHGOHU03HWHUV)DQG(SSOH0 )XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOVRI%LRGHJUDGDEOH3RO\HVWHUVDQG%RQH/LNH &DOFLXP
3KRVSKDWHVIRU%RQH5HSODFHPHQW XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6L[WKLQWHUQDWLRQDOV\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\
*UDGHG0DWHULDOV7KH$PHULFDQ&HUDPLF6RFLHW\:HVWHUYLOOH2+SS±
7)XNXVKLPD 6.XURGD6.LWDKDUDLQ0<DPDQRXFKL0.RL]XPL7+LUDL,6KLRWD (GV )*0¶3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV6HQGDL)*0)RUXP7RN\RSS±
*XUXUDMD8GXSD66KULNDQWKDUDR.9*DQJDGKDUDQ )XWXUHDSSOLFDWLRQVRI&DUERQ1DQRWXEHUHLQIRUFHG)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG&RPSRVLWH
0DWHULDOV 3URFHHGLQJVRI,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ(QJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFHDQG0DQJDJHPHQW
)XNXL < )XQGDPHQWDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGLHQW 0DWHULDO 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 6\VWHP XVLQJ &HQWULIXJDO )RUFH -60( ,QW -
6HULHV,,,9RO1RSS,661
,QDJXPD < 6DWR + 0LXUD)XMLZDUD ( U$ 1RYHO )DEULFDWLRQ 0HWKRG IRU )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG 0DWHULDOV XQGHU &HQWULIXJDO )RUFH
7KH&HQWULIXJDO0L[HG3RZGHU0HWKRG0DWHULDOV9RO1RSS(,661
0LXUD)XMLZDUD ( 6DWR + )DEULFDWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG 0DWHULDOV E\ &HQWULIXJDO 6OXUU\3RXULQJ 0HWKRG DQG &HQWULIXJDO
0L[HG3RZGHU0HWKRG--SQ6RF3RZGHU3RZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\9RO1RSS ,661
&DVWUR5RGUL¶JXH].HOHVWHPXU3URFHVVLQJDQGPLFURVWUXFWXUDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGLHQW$O$6L&SFRPSRVLWH-RXUQDO
RIPDWHULDOV6FLHQFH
)XNXL< )XQGDPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDO0DQXIDFWXULQJ6\VWHPXVLQJ&HQWULIXJDO)RUFH-60(,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-RXUQDO6HULHV,,, :DWDQDEH<)XNXL<)DEULFDWLRQRI IXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGDOXPLQLXPPDWHULDOVE\WKHFHQWULIXJDOPHWKRG$OXPLQXP7UDQV ±
:DOWHU/HQJDXHUDDQG.ODXV'UH\HUE )XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGKDUGPHWDOV -RXUQDORI$OOR\VDQG&RPSRXQGV±
%\ +DQVDQJ .ZRQ &KULVWRSKHU 5 %UDGEXU\ DQG 0DUF /HSDURX[ )DEULFDWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG &DUERQ 1DQRWXEH5HLQIRUFHG
$OXPLQXP0DWUL[&RPSRVLWH$GYDQFHGHQJLQHHULQJPDWHULDOV1R
&</LQ&%DWKLDV+ %0F6KDQHDQG5'5DZOLQJV 3URGXFWLRQRIVLOLFRQFDUELGH $ODOOR\ IXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGPDWHULDOVE\
PHFKDQLFDOSRZGHUPHWDOOXUJ\WHFKQLTXH3RZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\9RO1R
Download