Copyright © 1996 by the authors. ISBN 962-593-148-1 Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi: Additions and Corrections Maurice Kottelat * and Anthony J. Whitten ** * Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260. Address for correspondence: Case postale 57, CH-2952 Cornol, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected]. ** Asia Technical Department, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA. E-mail: [email protected] The first printing of the Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi recorded the 964 fish species known to occur in this area as at December 31, 1991. On-going research by the authors and colleagues has led to the discovery of 79 additional species. As it is not possible at this stage to include them in this reprint, we are providing hereunder a list of these changes, together with bibliographic references, to assist the interested readers. As explained in the Introduction (p. xxi-xxiii), fish systematics is a dynamic field and the scientific names of fishes may have to be altered as a result of new scientific discoveries. In areas where the fauna is well known, the nomenclature is quite stable, but in areas still poorly known these changes are more frequent. The following list also includes changes of the names of 45 species and the deletion of 11. This number of changes and additions outlines that much more work is needed before we reach a reasonable knowledge of western Indonesian freshwater fishes. The additions and corrections are as known to us by the 31 May 1996. The total recorded freshwater fish fauna in the area now is 1032. Only geographic distribution or range extensions within the area of the book are mentionned. Cetakan pertama buku Ikan-ikan Air Tawar di Indonesia Bagian Barat dan Sulawesi mencakup 964 jenis ikan yang diketahui terdapat di kawasan ini sampai tanggal 31 Desember 1991. Sejak itu penelitian lanjutan yang dilakukan oleh para penulis dan peneliti lainnya menemukan 79 jenis baru. Karena tidak memungkinkan untuk memasukkan jenis-jenis baru ini dalam cetakan ulang ini, untuk membantu pembaca yang berminat di bawah ini kami cantumkan daftar jenis yang baru disertai dengan rujukan yang relevan. Seperti diuraikan dalam bagian Pendahuluan (h. xxi-xxiii), sistematika ikan merupakan bidang ilmu yang dinamis sehingga nama ilmiah ikan harus diperbarui sesuai dengan penemuan-penemuan baru. Di tempat-tempat yang ikannya dikenal baik, tata nama ikan tidak banyak berubah agak, tetapi di tempat-tempat yang fauna ikannya tidak terlalu dikenal, perubahan nama ini lebih sering terjadi. Daftar berikut ini juga mencakup perubahan nama untuk 45 jenis dan sebelas nama jenis telah dihilangkan. Perubahan jumlah jenis dan adanya jenis-jenis tambahan ini menekankan perlunya penelitian lebih lanjut sebelum kita dapat cukup mengenal ikan-ikan air tawar di Indonesia Barat. Tambahan dan perubahan ini kami lakukan sesuai dengan informasi yang kami miliki sampai tanggal 31 Mei 1996. Jenis ikan air tawar yang saat ini diketahui di kawasan ini berjumlah 1032. Informasi tambahan mengenai distribusi ikan atau kisaran penyebarannya dibatasi untuk daerah-daerah di dalam kawasan yang dicakup dalam buku ini. PRISTIDAE Pristis pristis Misidentified. Correct name: P. microdon (Last and Stevens, 1994: 364). ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla borneensis Correct name: Anguilla malgumora (Bauchot, Desoutter and Castle, 1993: 95). DASYATIDAE Himantura chaophraya Correct name apparently Himantura polylepis; needs further research (Last and Stevens, 1994: 399). MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax fimbriatus Addition; Java (Pangandarem) (E. B. Böhlke, pers. comm.) CLUPEIDAE Clupeichthys perakensis Addition; Sumatra (Riau) (MK, pers. obs.). Himantura oxyrhynchus Addition; Borneo (Sarawak), Sumatra (P. Last, pers. comm.). As H. krempfi in Compagno and Roberts (1982). Synonymy follows P. Last (pers. comm.). PRISTIGASTERIDAE Key, couplet 2a: go to 3. Hypolophus sephen Correct name is Pastinachus sephen (Last and Stevens, 1994: 409). CYPRINIDAE Barbodes balleroides Specimen illustrated on pl. 5 (Kapuas basin, Borneo) apparently represents an unnamed species (Kottelat, 1995b: 407). NOTOPTERIDAE Chitala borneensis Addition; Borneo (Sarawak), Sumatra. Earlier included in C. lopis, distinct species according to Kottelat and Lim (1996). Barbodes mahakkammensis Addition; Borneo (Mahakam). Earlier included in B. balleroides; distinct species according to Kottelat (1995b: 408). 1 Puntius banksi Addition; Borneo (Sarawak, Kapuas). Earlier included in P. binotatus; distinct species according to Kottelat and Lim (1996). Illustrated by Herre (1940a: pl. 5). Barilius borneensis Correct name: Opsarius borneensis (Rainboth, 1991: 173). Cyclocheilichthys apogon Rohteichthys macrolepis Holly (1927: 9) is a synonym (Holly, 1933: 266). Puntius eugrammus Name change; three species earlier confused under this name: P. johorensis from Sumatra, Borneo and Malay Peninsula, P. trifasciatus and P. gemellus (Kottelat, 1993: 187, 1996). Plate 15 shows P. trifasciatus. Esomus metallicus Addition; Borneo (Sabah), introduced (MK, pers. obs.). Labeo erythropterus Range extension: Sumatra (Kerinci) (Roberts, 1993b: 17). Puntius gemellus Addition; Sumatra (Riau, Banka), Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah) (Kottelat, 1996: 305). Labiobarbus kuhlii Delete; synonym of L. leptocheilus (Roberts, 1993a: 320). Puntius johorensis Correct name is P. hexazona (Kottelat, 1993: 187). Labiobarbus lamellifer Addition; Borneo (Mahakam) (Kottelat, 1995c: 427 [note that figures 1 and 2 have been interverted]). Puntius kuchingensis Addition; Borneo (Sarawak). Earlier included in P. lateristriga; distinct species according to Kottelat and Lim (1996). Described by Herre (1940b: 31). Labiobarbus lineatus Delete; synonym of L. leptocheilus (Roberts, 1993a: 320). Puntius trifasciatus Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah, Kapuas, Sarawak) (Kottelat, 1996: 309). Illustrated on Pl. 15 as P. eugrammus. Labiobarbus sumatranus Delete; synonym of L. leptocheilus (Roberts, 1993a: 320). Osteochilus chini Addition; Borneo (eastern Sabah) (Karnasuta, 1993: 44). Rasbora axelrodi Range extension: Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan Tengah), Sumatra (Riau, Jambi) (MK, pers. obs.). Osteochilus ingeri Addition; Borneo (Sabah) (Karnasuta, 1993: 48). Rasbora brigittae Correct name: Boraras brigittae (Kottelat and Vidthayanon, 1993: 162). Osteochilus kappenii Read 6½ instead of 5½ scales between dorsal origin and lateral line. Rasbora brittani Addition; Sumatra (Jambi) (MK, pers. obs.). Osteochilus partilineatus Addition; Borneo (Kapuas basin) (Kottelat, 1995a: 52). Rasbora kalbarensis Range extension: Sumatra (Riau, Jambi) (pers. obs.). Osteochilus sarawakensis Addition; Borneo (northern Sarawak, Sabah) (Karnasuta, 1993: 55). Rasbora kottelati Addition; Borneo (Sarawak) (Lim, 1995: 66). Parachela cyanea Addition; Borneo (Kapuas) (Kottelat, 1995a: 55). Rasbora maculata Correct name: Boraras maculatus (Kottelat and Vidthayanon, 1993: 162). Parachela ingerkongi Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Timur); originally described as a subspecies of P. oxygastroides (Banarescu, 1969: 196); distinct species (MK, pers. obs.). Rasbora merah Correct name: Boraras merah (Kottelat and Vidthayanon, 1993: 162). Parachela maculicauda Addition; Sumatra (Riau) (MK, pers. obs.). Rasbora subtilis Lateral line is complete; delete "8-10 of them pored". Puntioplites bulu TL 350 Rasbora urophthalmoides Correct name: Boraras Vidthayanon, 1993: 162). Puntius aphya Delete; the holotype and only known specimen is a juvenile Leptobarbus hoeveni (Rainboth, 1991: 172). urophthalmoides (Kottelat Rasbora tuberculata Addition; Borneo (Kapuas, Sarawak) (Kottelat, 1995a: 59). 2 and pers. obs.; Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 231). Schismatorhynchos heterorhynchus Correct spelling: S. heterorhynchos. Tor douronensis Delete; synonym of T. tambra (Roberts, 1993b: 22). Pangio mariarum Range extension: Borneo (Kalimantan Timur) (Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 205). Tor soro Delete; synonym of T. tambra (Roberts, 1993b: 22). Pangio piperata Addition; Sumatra (Riau) (Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 236). BALITORIDAE Key, couplet 8a: go to 10. Couplet 8b: go to 9 Pangio pulla Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah), Sumatra (Banka) (Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 238; MK, pers. obs.). Homaloptera nebulosa Range extension: Sumatra (Riau) (MK, pers. obs.) Pangio robiginosa Addition; Java (West). Earlier included in P. cuneovirgata; distinct species (MK, pers. obs.). Nemacheilus kapuasensis Range extension: Sumatra (Riau) (MK, pers. obs.) Pangio semicincta Addition; Borneo, Sumatra. Earlier included in P. kuhlii; distinct species (MK. pers. obs.); P. kuhlii is restricted to Java. Nemacheilus lactogeneus Range extension: Sumatra (Riau) (MK, pers. obs.). Pangio shelfordii Range extension: Sumatra (Riau, Jambi, Banka) (Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 241). Nemacheilus ornatissimus Addition; Borneo (Sabah) (Chin and Samat, 1992: 26). Neohomaloptera johorensis Range extension: Sumatra (Riau, Jambi, Banka) (MK, pers. obs.) Vaillantella cinnamomea Addition; Borneo (Mahakam) (Kottelat, 1994: 428). BAGRIDAE Hemibagrus bongan Addition; Borneo (Kapuas). Earlier included in H. nemurus; distinct species (Ng and Ng, 1995: 136). COBITIDAE Acanthopsoides molobrion Range extension: Sumatra (Riau) (MK, pers. obs.). Hemibagrus gracilis Addition; material from Borneo (Sarawak: Rejang) tentatively referred to this species (Ng and Ng, 1995: 136). Acanthopsoides robertsi Range extension: Borneo (Sarawak) (Kottelat and Lim, 1996) Hemibagrus hoevenii Addition; Java, Borneo, Sumatra. Earlier included in H. nemurus; distinct species (Kottelat and Lim, 1995: 39). Kottelatlimia cf. katik Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Selatan), Sumatra (Jambi) (MK, pers. obs.; Kottelat and Lim, 1993a: 212). See Nalbant (1994: 377) for generic position. Leiocassis armatus Correct name: Nannobagrus armatus (Mo, 1991: 143). Leiocassis breviceps Correct name: Pseudomystus breviceps (Mo, 1991: 140). Lepidocephalichthys pristes Correct name: Kottelatlimia pristes. Range extension: Borneo (Sarawak), Sumatra (Kottelat and Lim, 1993a: 215). Leiocassis fuscus Correct name: Pseudomystus fuscus (Mo, 1991: 140). Lepidocephalichthys tomaculum Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Timur), Sumatra (Jambi) (MK, pers. obs.; Kottelat and Lim, 1993a: 216) Leiocassis inornatus Correct name: Pseudomystus inornatus (Mo, 1991: 140). Pangio alternans Addition; Borneo (Mahakam) (Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 210). Leiocassis leiacanthus Correct name: Pseudomystus leiacanthus (Mo, 1991: 140). Pangio cuneovirgata Range extension: Sumatra (Riau, Jambi) (Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 215). Leiocassis mahakamensis Correct name: Pseudomystus mahakamensis (Mo, 1991: 140). Pangio incognito Addition; Borneo (Sarawak) (Kottelat and Lim, 1993b: 221). Leiocassis micropogon Correct name might be L. poecilopterus according to Roberts (1993b: 27), but more research needed. Pangio malayana Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Barat), Sumatra (Jambi) (MK, Leiocassis moeschii Correct name: Pseudomystus moeschii (Mo, 1991: 140). 3 Pangasius kinabantangensis Addition; Borneo (Sabah, Kalimantan Timur) (Roberts and Vidthayanon, 1991: 123; MK, pers. obs.). Leiocassis myersi Correct name: Pseudomystus myersi (Mo, 1991: 140). Leiocassis poecilopterus The species on Plate 31 is apparently Pseudomystus leiacanthus (K. Lim, pers. comm.). SISORIDAE Glyptothorax major Range extension: Sumatra (Banka) (MK, pers. obs.). Kottelat and Lim (1996) point to problems about the name of this species. Leiocassis robustus Correct name: Pseudomystus robustus (Mo, 1991: 140). Glyptothorax platypogonoides Correct spelling is G. platypogonides. Leiocassis rugosus Correct name: Pseudomystus rugosus (Mo, 1991: 140). Glyptothorax tiong Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Timur) (Popta, 1904: 191; MK, pers. obs.). Earlier included in G. platypogonides; distinct species (MK, pers. obs.). Other Borneo material referred to G. platypogonides may also belong to this species. Leiocassis stenomus Correct name: Pseudomystus stenomus (Mo, 1991: 140). Leiocassis vaillanti Correct name: Pseudomystus vaillanti (Mo, 1991: 140). AKYSIDAE Akysis fuscus Addition; Borneo (Kapuas) (Ng and Kottelat, 1996). Mystus baramensis Correct name: Hemibagrus baramensis (Mo, 1991: 132). Akysis heterurus Addition; Sumatra (Riau) (Ng, 1996: 4). Mystus micracanthus Correct name: M. nigriceps (Roberts, 1993b: 29). The correct name of the species earlier called M. nigriceps is M. singaringan. PARAKYSIDAE Part of family Akysidae (Mo, 1991: 195). Mystus nemurus Correct name: Hemibagrus nemurus (Mo, 1991: 132). Mystus nigriceps Correct name: M. singaringan (Roberts, 1994: 252). The species earlier called M. micracanthus is now called M. nigriceps. Parakysis grandis Addition; Sumatra (Riau, Jambi), Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Sarawak) (Ng and Lim, 1995: 260). Figure of P. verrucosus (Plate 37) actually represents this species. Mystus olyroides Correct name: Hemibagrus olyroides (Mo, 1991: 132). Parakysis longirostris Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Ng and Lim, 1995: 262). Mystus planiceps Correct name: Hemibagrus planiceps (Mo, 1991: 132). Parakysis verrucosa Correct spelling: P. verrucosus. Range restriction; only Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (Bintan and Batam Is.) (Ng and Lim, 1995). Mystus sabanus Correct name: Hemibagrus sabanus (Mo, 1991: 132). CLARIIDAE Encheloclarias baculum Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Barat: Sambas) (Ng and Lim, 1993: 27). Mystus wyckii Correct name is Hemibagrus wyckii (Mo, 1991: 132). SILURIDAE Ompok bimaculatus Kottelat and Lim (1996) noted that the material from Indonesia identified under this name probably represent a distinct species. Encheloclarias kelioides Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Tan and Tan, 1995: 355). For description, see Ng and Lim (1993: 30). Silurichthys schneideri Range extension: Borneo (Sarawak) (Kottelat and Lim, 1996). Encheloclarias prolatus Addition; Borneo (Sarawak) (Ng and Lim, 1993: 29). Wallago maculatus Addition; Borneo (Sabah). Earlier included in W. leerii; distinct species according to Ng (1993a: 257). ARIIDAE Arius microcephalus Addition; Borneo. For description, see Weber and de Beaufort (1913: 285). PANGASIIDAE Helicophagus typus Distribution: add Sumatra. PHALLOSTETHIDAE Phenacostethus smithi Addition; Sumatra (Riau) (MK, pers. obs.). 4 BLENNIIDAE Omobranchus meniscus Recently discovered in Singapore; expected in area (K. Lim, pers. comm.). HEMIRAMPHIDAE Tondanichthys kottelati Addition; Sulawesi (lake Tondano) (Collette, 1995: 172). SYNGNATHIDAE Key: 1b: read: lateral trunk ridge confluent or not with inferior tail ridge. Fig. 219: figures (a) and (b) have been interverted. Omobranchus zebra Presence confirmed; Borneo (Sarawak) (K. Lim, pers. comm.). Microphis leiaspis Read: lateral and inferior trunk ridges not distinct. ELEOTRIDIDAE Eleotris acanthopomus Range extension: Borneo (Sarawak), Bali (MK, pers. obs.). CHANDIDAE Gymnochanda flamea Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah) (Roberts, 1995: 268). GOBIIDAE Key: Fig. 280 A and B are interverted Fig. 300. The lower right extremity of fig. a is missing. Gymnochanda limi Addition; Sumatra (Jambi) (Kottelat, 1995d: 56). Acentrogobius cyanomos Correct name: Aulopareia cyanomos (Lim and Larson, 1994: 258). Paradoxodacna piratica Range extension: Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah), Sumatra (Jambi) (Roberts, 1995: 271). 'Awaous' megacephalus Correct name: Parawaous megacephalus (Watson, 1993: 177). Callogobius stellatus Addition; Bali (MK, pers. obs.). Parambassis apogonoides Delete: "Supraorbital ridge smooth ending in a single spine posteriorly". Drombus globiceps Probably a synonym of D. ocyurus (Lim and Larson, 1994: 259). Parambassis punctulatus Correct name: Parambassis siamensis (Roberts, 1995: 283). Species widely distributed on mainland southeast Asia; presence on Java apparently results from introduction. Lentipes whittenorum Addition; Bali, Flores (Watson and Kottelat, 1994: 353). Mugilogobius chulae Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Tan and Tan, 1995: 356). SERRANIDAE Epinephelus malabaricus Addition; enters estuarine areas (Randall and Heemstra, 1991: 197). Mugilogobius mertoni Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Tan and Tan, 1995: 356). Epinephelus polystigma Addition; Sumatra, Sulawesi; brackish and freshwaters (Randall and Heemstra, 1991: 235). Mugilogobius rambaiae Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Tan and Tan, 1995: 356). Mugilogobius adeia Addition; Sulawesi: Lake Matano (Larson and Kottelat, 1992: 227). DATNIOIDIDAE Correct name: Coiidae (Roberts and Kottelat, 1994: 258). Datnioides microlepis Correct name: Coius quadrifasciatus (Roberts and Kottelat, 1994: 262). Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema Correct spelling: O. ophthalmonemus. Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus Correct name: Pseudapocryptes elongatus (Ferraris, 1995: 984). Datnioides quadrifasciatus Correct name: Coius quadrifasciatus (Roberts and Kottelat, 1994: 259). Lobotes surinamensis Pseudogobius avicennia Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Tan and Tan, 1995: 356). LOBOTIDAE Pl. 55 Pseudogobiopsis oligactis Range extension: Borneo (Sarawak) (Kottelat and Lim, 1996) GERREIDAE Gerres filamentosus D IX,10-11 Pseudogobiopsis siamensis Addition; Borneo (Sarawak), Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Kottelat and Lim, 1996; Tan and Tan, 1995: 356). SCIAENIDAE Key: couplet 8a: read appendage instead of assemblage. Couplet 8b: read No swimbladder appendage. 5 Redigobius dispar Range extension: Bali (MK, pers. obs.). Betta pugnax Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Tan and Tan, 1995: 357). Sicyopus balinense Delete; synonym of S. zosterophorum (Watson, 1995b: 87); species on Pl. 72 is S. discordipinnis, a species known only from New Guinea, New Hanover and Bougainville islands (Watson, 1995c: 273). Betta schalleri Addition; Sumatra (Banka) (Kottelat and Ng, 1994: 74). Stigmatogobius brocki Delete; synonym of S. borneensis (Lim and Larson, 1994: 261). Betta spilotogena Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Ng and Kottelat, 1994: 606). Stiphodon elegans Delete; this species is restricted to islands of the Central pacific (Watson, 1995a: 42); material from the area belongs to several other species, most still undescribed; see below. Betta waseri Delete; no definitive record from area; material identified as B. waseri (Kottelat et al., 1993: pl. 77) actually is another, possibly unnamed species (Ng and Kottelat, 1994: 610). Stiphodon ornatus Addition; Sumatra. Earlier included in S. elegans; distinct species (Watson, 1994: 88). CHAUDHURIIDAE Bihunichthys monopteroides Addition; Sumatra (Palembang, Bintan I.) (Kottelat and Lim, 1994: 187; MK, pers. obs.). Betta simorum Addition; Sumatra (Riau, Banka) (Tan and Ng, 1996: 144). LUCIOCEPHALIDAE OSPHRONEMIDAE BELONTIIDAE P. 164 running head should read Belontiidae, p. 165 Channidae, p. 171 Soleidae. The earlier families Luciocephalidae, Belontiidae and Osphronemidae are now considered to be a single family (Britz, 1994; Britz et al., 1995). Both Luciocephalidae and Osphronemidae have been created by Bleeker (1859) and we retain Osphronemidae as the valid name. Chendol lubricus Addition; Borneo (Mahakam) (Kottelat and Lim, 1994: 186). Chendol keelini Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah), Sumatra (Batam I.) (Kottelat and Lim, 1994: 183). SOLEIDAE Figs. 325-327 should be invereted, with head pointing to the right. Betta albimarginata Addition; Borneo (Kalimantan Timur) (Kottelat and Ng, 1994: 67). Achiroides melanorhynchus Correct spelling: A. melanorhijnchus. TETRAODONTIDAE Arothron immaculatus Addition; Bali (MK, pers. obs.). Betta burdigala Addition; Sumatra (Banka) (Kottelat and Ng, 1994: 70). Betta channoides Addition; Borneo (Mahakam) (Kottelat and Ng, 1994: 71). Arothron manillensis Addition; Bali (MK, pers. obs.). Betta chini Addition; Borneo (Sabah) (Ng, 1993b: 289). Carinotetraodon salivator Addition; Borneo (Sarawak) (Lim and Kottelat, 1995: 359). Betta chloropharynx Addition; Sumatra (Banka) (Kottelat and Ng, 1994: 72). Chonerhinos silus Read: caudal peduncle relatively slender. Betta enisae Addition; Borneo (Kapuas) (Kottelat, 1995a: 60). Tetraodon hilgendorfii Addition; Borneo (Mahakam) (Kottelat, 1995b: 417). Betta miniopinna Addition; Sumatra (Bintan I.) (Tan and Tan, 1994: 42). 6 PLATES The colour separater omitted the following corrections in the captions of the plates: plate correct name instead of plate correct name instead of 3 Chitala lopis Notopterus borneensis 55 Lutjanus russellii Lutjanus russelli Barbodes collingwoodi 5 Barbodes collingwoodii 25 Hypergastromyzon eubranchus, 53 mm SL 59 Pristolepis grootii Pristolepis grooti 27 Acanthopsoides robertsi Acanthopsoides cf. gracilis 60 Liza melinopterus Liza melinoptera 29 Pangio kuhlii Pangio semicincta 73 Trypauchenichthys sumatrensis Trypauchenichthys 40 Liposarcus pardalis Hyposarcus pardalis 41 Dermogenys ebrardtii Dermogenys ebrardti 79 Channa melanopterus Channa melanoptera 54 Leiognathus blochii Leiognathus blochi 83 Lagocephalus lunaris Sphoeroides lunaris 32 mm SL Datnioides microlepis Coius microlepis Datnioides quadrifasciatus Coius quadrifasciatus sumatranus ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are pleased to thank Eugenia B. 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