perkembangan kajian gender dalam sosiologi dan perbandingan

PERKEMBANGAN KAJIAN GENDER
DALAM SOSIOLOGI DAN
PERBANDINGAN DENGAN KAJIAN
PEMBANGUNAN, KONSEP GENDER
SOSIOLOGI MEMPELAJARI PEREMPUAN
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MEMBAHAS PEREMPUAN DALAM KELUARGA,
EMOSINYA, SEKSUALITASNYA DENGAN DIKAITKAN
DENGAN PROSES-PROSES YANG LEBIH LUAS.
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PEREMPUAN DAN FEMINIMITAS MENJADI PERSOALAN
POKOK.
PERANAN PEREMPUAN DALAM STRUKTUR SOSIAL,
KELUARGA, MENJADI FOKUS PERHATIAN.
SOSIOLOGI MENGUSUNG PANDANGAN
BIOLOGIS MENJELASKAN PEREMPUAN
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PARA PENDIDIRI SOSIOLOGI BERASUMSI LAKILAKI DAN PEREMPUAN SECARA ALAMIAH
BERBEDA DAN TIDAK SETARA DALAM KAPASITAS
INTELEKTUALITAS, EMOSIONAL DAN MORAL. INI
DIPANDANG SEBAGAI DASAR PEMBAGIAN
KERJA DALAM KELUARGA DAN MASYARAKAT
ANTARA LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN.

UMPAMANYA, AUGUSTE COMTE MENYATAKAN, BECAUSE
OF THEIR EMOTIONAL AND SPIRITUAL "SUPERIORITY,"
WOMEN ARE PERFECTLY FIT FOR FAMILY AND DOMESTIC
ACTIVITY.
DURKHEIM
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Emile Durkheim also resorted to a biological explanation of what he recognized as
women's social subordination. In Suicide, his statistics demonstrated that marriage
produces opposite effects for men, for whom it lowers the suicide rate, and women,
among whom the rate is higher among the married. He concluded that marriage
ought some day to be reformed but, in the interim, men must be protected from
suicide through the maintenance of a form of marriage that produces more stress
and disadvantage for women (Kandal, 1988, p. 88). His justification was that the
increase in suicide for married women is less than that for unmarried men
because women have fewer "sociability needs," are more
"instinctive," have a les developed "mental life," and therefore
are more easily satisfied. Men are more "complex," and their
psychological balancE is more precarious and in need of the
constraining protections afforded by existing marital arrangements
(Kandal, 1988, pp. 83-85).
SOSIOLOGI MULAI MEMBAHAS GENDER,
TETAPI SEBELAH MATA
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Proponents of classical Marxist theory were well aware that gender
arrangements are both the product of social life and inequitable. The most
fully developed statement of this approach, Friedrich Engels' The Origin of the
Family, Private Property and the State, is an evolutionary theory describing three
stages, each characterized by a different form of marriage.
Gender inequality originated during the third stage, when an inheritable
economic surplus first arose due to technological development and the
institution of private property. Men overthrew the traditional matrilineal
system to ensure that their sons would inherit, and instituted all manner of
controls over women to insure "proper" paternity.
During this stage household work became private service, and women were
excluded from social production and became legally subordinated to men.
However, orthodox Marxism, including its feminist proponents (e.g., Rosa
Luxemburg and Clara Zetkin), juxtaposed their position to that of
"bourgeoisie feminism" by claiming that gender inequities were the
byproduct of social class inequality and that the
replacement of capitalism with socialism would
automatically resolve women's problems.
GENDER AS CENTRAL, TTAPI SEBELAH
MATA

GEORG SIMMEL DEVOTED EXTENSIVE ATTENTION TO GENDER. IN MANY OF HIS
BEST KNOWN ESSAYS AND IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MONEY . SIMMEL WAS SENSITIVE
TO THE FACT THAT MALE-DOMINATED CULTURE HINDERS WOMEN'S
AUTONOMY AND PREVENTS THEM FROM CONTRIBUTING TO THE COMMON
CULTURE. MOREOVER, THE STANDARDS USED TO EVALUATE SOCIAL
ACHIEVEMENTS "ARE FORMALLY GENERICALLY HUMAN, BUT ARE IN FACT
MASCULINE IN TERMS OF THEIR HISTORICAL FORMATION”, LEAVING WOMEN
TO BE JUDGED BY CRITERIA DEVELOPED BY AND FOR MEN WITHIN A CONTEXT
WHERE WOMEN ARE DENIED THE OPPORTUNITY TO ACHIEVE THEM.
SLIDE BERIKUT
GENDER AS CENTRAL, TETAPI

Although Simmel was closer to writing feminist theory
than other classical sociologists, his ideas nonetheless
were "ideologically contradictory“.
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He recognized that gender differences and the level of gender
inequality vary over time and space, but he also posited innate
gender differences.
Oakes (1984) argues that Simmel rejected all of the
contemporary approaches to "the woman question":
traditional, liberal, and Marxist. Rather, he posited an inherent
difference in male and female "modes of being," which are
embodied in inexorably opposed, universal, male and
female cultures. "
SIMPULANNYA?

PEREMPUAN TIDAK DIBAHAS DALAM
HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN LAKI-LAKI, ASUMSI
BIOLOGIS YANG TIDAK MELIHAT BENTUK-BENTUK
HUBUNGAN ANTARA LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN
SEBAGAI AKAR-AKAR PERSOALAN.
MUNCULNYA SOSIOLOGI FEMINIS
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APAKAH POKOK PERSOALAN YANG DITEKANKAN
OLEH SOSIOLOGI FEMINIS?
APAKAH KRITIKAN MEREKA TERHADAP ORIENTASI
DAN TEORI-TEORI SOSIOLOGI YANG ADA?
APAKAH IDE POKOK EPISTIMOLOGI FEMINIS
SOSIOLOGIS?
APAKAH YANG DIMAKSUD DARI SUDUT PANDANG
PEREMPUAN (WOMEN STAND’S POINT).
PAPER 1000 KATA DAN
PRESENTASI DALAM KELAS
PERKEMBANGAN KAJIAN GENDER DALAM
KAJIAN PEMBANGUNAN

WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID) DAN WOMEN, ENVIRONMENT
AND DEVE,LOPMENT (WED).
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INI ADAALH TAHAP AWAL KAJIAN PEREMPUAN DALAM KAJIAN
PEM,BANGUNAN.
MEMBAHAS POSISI DAN KEADAAN PEREMPUAN DALAM
PEMBANGUNAN:
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PENDIDIKANNYA,
PEKERJAANNYA,
KESEHATANNYA.
DLL.
MEMBAHAS PEMBAGIAN KERJA SEKSUAL
KELEMAHAN:
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TERLALU FOKUS PADA PEREMPUAN .
MENGAKIBATKAN GAGAL MENEMPATKAN PERSOALAN PEREMPUAN
BERSUMBER DARI POLA HUBUNGAN LAKI-LAKI DENGAN PEREMPUAN.
PROGRAM INTERVENSI MENYULITKAN ATAU MENIMBULKAN BEBAN
BAGI PEREMPUAN.
PERKEMBANGAN KAJIAN GENDER DALAM
KAJIAN PEMBANGUNAN…
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WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT (WAD).
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FOKUS PERHATIAN:
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MEMBAHAS PARTISIPASI PEREMUAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN.
PERANAN DAN PARTISIPASI PEREMPUAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN
MENJADI TOPIK-TOPIK UTAMA.
KELEMAHAN:
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PARTISIPASI PEREMPUAN DAN PERANAN PEREMPUAN DALAM
PEMBANGUNAN TIDAK DIKAITKAN DENGAN POLA HUBUNGAN
ANYTARA PEREMPUAN DENGAN LAKI-LAKI.
INTERVENSI MENIMBULKAN BEBAN BAGI PEREMPUAN>

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CONTOH: KELOMPOK PEREMPUAN SAJA MEMBUAT KELOMPOK INI
TIDAK EFEKTIF.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD).
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MEMBAHAS RELASI LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN DALAM
PEMBANGUNAN.
PERKEMBANGAN KAJIAN GENDER DALAM
KAJIAN PEMBANGUNAN…
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KARENA KELEMAHAN WID, WED, DAN WAD, MAKA
PARA AHLI MAJU DENGAN ANALISIS HUBUNGAN
LAKI-LAKI DENGAN PREMPUAN DAN MELIHAT
POLA HUBUNGAN ITU TERKAIT DENGAN PROSESPROSES YANG LEBIH BESAR.
MUNCULAH PENDEKATAN GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT (GAD).
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MEMBAHAS RELASI LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN DALAM
PEMBANGUNAN.
PERSOALAN PEREMPUAN DIBAHAS DALAM RELASI
PEREMPUAN DENGAN LAKI-LAKI DAN RELASI ITU
DIKAITKAN DENGAN KEADAAN MAKRO.
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APAKAH YANG DAPAT DIPELAJARI DARI
PERKEMBANGAN KAJIAN PEREMPUAN DALAM
SOSIOLOGI DAN KAJIAN PEMBANGUNAN?
KULIAH MINGGU DEPAN
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PERKEMBANGAN TEORI SOSIOLOGI FEMINIS DAN
SOSIOLOGI FEMINIS EPISTIMOLOGI