PRODUCTION OF ERYTHRITOL Assignment for Chemical Process Industries Subject By : ARVIN M. YAFIZ (21030116120041) NURLITA SARI (21030116120063) DEPARTEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINERING ENGINEERING FACULTY DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY 2017 A. Introduuction Erythritol ((2R ,3 S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol ) is a sugar alcohol (or polyol) that has been approved for use as a food additive in the United States and throughout much of the world. It was discovered in 1848 by Scottish chemist John Stenhouse. It occurs naturally in some fruit and fermented foods. Erythritol is 60–70% as sweet as sucrose (table sugar) yet it is almost noncaloric, does not affect blood sugar, does not cause tooth decay, and is partially absorbed by the body, excreted in urine and feces. Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol or polyol that contains about 60 percent to 80 percent of the sweetness of table sugar. Sugar alcohol has nothing to do with cocktails, though since it does not contain ethanol (aka alcohol) like alcoholic beverages. Other sugar alcohols include sorbitol, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol and xylitol. Fruits like watermelon, pear and grapes naturally have minor amounts of erythritol, as do mushrooms and fermented foods like cheese, wine, beer and sake. Erythritol was first discovered in 1848 by a Scottish chemist named John Stenhouse. Japan has been using it since the early 1990s in candies, jellies, jams, chocolate, yogurt, beverages and as a sugar substitute. It’s gained popularity in the United States more recently. As of 1997, it has the status of generally recognized as safe from the FDA, which honestly really doesn’t tell you much about how safe it is. The food industry and consumers love it because it can have up to 80 percent of the sweetness of sugar, but it’s noncaloric and does not raise blood sugar levels. Erythritol is now commonly added to many packaged food and drink items as well as sugar-free gums, mints and even some medications. It’s also available by itself as a granulated or powdered sweetener, like Zsweet and Swerve. Erythritol does occur naturally in some fruits and fermented foods — however, the problem is that the grand majority of erythritol used in products today is man-made by taking glucose (most commonly from GMO cornstarch) and fermenting it with a yeast called Moniliella pollinis. B. Raw Material To Produce Erythritol Glycerol is widely recognized as a cheap raw material obtained as a byproduct from biodiesel production. In addition, glycerol is also formed during bio-ethanol production (Fangxia et al., 2012). Glycerol can be applied in many processes, including those in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. it is produced from glucose by fermentation with a yeast , Moniliella pollinis. Glycerol is widely recognized as a cheap raw material obtained as a byproduct from biodiesel production. In addition, glycerol is also formed during bio-ethanol production (Fangxia et al., 2012). Glycerol can be applied in many processes, including those in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. C. Process Erythritol is produced industrially beginning with enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch from corn to generate glucose . Glucose is then fermented with yeast or another fungus to produce erythritol. Other methods such as electrochemical synthesis are in development.Continuous systems for biotechnological processes undoubtedly have many advantages, among which the most important include the possibility to set the physiological state of the cells by selecting the flow rate of feeding medium and composition of the culture medium, physical and chemical homogeneity of the culture, automation of the process, higher process efficiency, maximization of apparatus utilization, and even spread of the workload (Saldanha et al., 2004). However a drawback of these methods is the difficulty in ensuring aseptic conditions of the process, the possibility of degeneration or mutation of strains, as well as formation of populations with worse production capacity (Hoskisson and Hobbs, 2005). Chemostat cultures applying yeast are successfully used in biotechnological processes, e.g. in the production of biodiesel (Papanikolaou and Aggelis, 2002), bulk chemicals (Temudo et al., 2008), and xylitol (Granstrom et al., 2001 € ). A well-known process is production of citric acid in chemostat culture by Y. lipolytica using as a carbon source (Rywinska et al., 2013 ). Glycerol is widely recognized as a cheap raw material obtained as a byproduct from biodiesel production. In addition, glycerol is also formed during bio-ethanol production (Fangxia et al., 2012). Glycerol can be applied in many processes, including those in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Due to a pronounced glut of glycerol on the market, it is advantageous to find further areas for its application. One of them is the possibility of changing it into a zero-caloric sweetener e erythritol (Park et al., 2016). As shown in our previous studies, Y. lipolytica yeast has a great potential for biotechnology and can be successfully used in the biosynthesis of erythritol from glycerol (Rymowicz et al., 2009). Past experiments focused on batch, fed-batch and repeated batch cultures (Tomaszewska et al., 2014). So far, the possibilities of using this yeast in a continuous culture in production of erythritol have been unexplored. Even if during cultivation the high concentration. D. Flowsheet Diagram E. Product Specification Erythritol is found in nature and offers an intensely sweet flavor without any of the calories, and is safe for diabetics and allergy sufferers beacause just have 60 - 80% of sugar sweet. Erythritol, discovered in the mid-nineteenth century and safely used ever since, is valued for providing the sweetness of sugar without any of the adverse side-effects sometimes associated with other sugar substitutes. F. References 1. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Magdalena_Rakicka/publication/30 7174834_Technology_of_efficient_continuous_erythritol_production_fr om_glycerol/links/57c7026b08aec24de042a584/Technology-ofefficient-continuous-erythritol-production-from-glycerol.pdf 2. https://www.specialtyfood.com/products/product/21998/health-gardenerythritol/ 3. https://www.bing.com/search?q=erythrithol&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=1&pq=erythrithol&sc=813&sk=&cvid=7A39B19AA45C473D88FA5A D29CB37D4A#
