The Trace Minerals
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The Trace Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Besi (Fe) Skema perjalaanan besi di dalam tubuh Stages of iron deficiency Iron stores diminish Transport iron decreases Hemoglobin production declines Faktor yang mempengaruhi absorbsi Fe Bentuk besi Asam organik Asam fitat dan asam oksalat Tanin Tingkat keasaman lambung Faktor intrinsik Kebutuhan tubuh Fungsi Fe Metabolisme energi sistem kekebalan Kamampuan belajar Pelarut obat-obatan Sumber Fe Makanan hewani (bioavailability tinggi): daging, ayam, ikan, telur Serealia, kacang (bioav. sedang) sayuran hijau (bioav. rendah) Akibat defisiensi Fe Penurunan kualitas SDM (kemampuan belajar & produktivitas kerja) Deficiency symptoms Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches Impaired work performance and cognitive function Impaired immunity Pale skin,, mucous membranes, and palm creases Concave nails Inability to regulate body temperature Akibat kelebihan Jarang karena makanan (suplementasi besi) Gejala : mual, muntah, diare, denyut jantung meningkat, sakit kepala, mengigau, pingsan Cara mengevaluasi Pengukuran jumlah dan ukuran sdm, nilai hb darah Feritin dalam serum darah (persediaan besi dlm tubuh) Iron Absorption Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Iron Recycling Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Seng (Zn) Tubuh 2-2,5 gr seng tersebar di hampir semua sel Sebagian besar hati, pankreas, ginjal, otot, tulang Jaringan bagian mata, kelenjar prostat, spermatozoa, kulit, rambut, kuku Significant sources Toxicity symptoms Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies Protein-containing foods Red meats, shellfish Whole grains Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Enteropancreatic circulation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Fungsi Part of many enzymes Associated with the hormone insulin Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus Kekurangan Pd golongan rentan (anak, bumil, busui, lansia) symptoms Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Iodium (I) 75% iodium ada di dlm kel.tiroid sintesis hormon tiroksin, tetraiodotironin dan triiodotironin Chief functions in the body A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate Deficiency symptoms Underactive thyroid gland, goiter Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) Toxicity symptoms Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Metabolisme Iodium Rerata asupan iodium harian di Amerika Serikat sekitar 500 μg dan sekitar 120 μg tiroid. Kelenjar tiroid mengeluarkan 80 μg per hari sebagai iodium dalam T3 dan T4 serta melepaskan 40 μg iodium ke dalam cairan ekstraseluler. T3 dan T4 akan dimetabolisir dalam hati dan jaringan lain dan akan melepaskan 60 μg iodium kedalam cairan ekstraseluler. Sebagian derivat hormon tiroid dikeluarkan ke dalam empedu dan sebagian iodiumnya akan diserap kembali (sirkulasi enterohepatik). Total iodium yang masuk kedalam cairan ekstraseluler adalah 500+40+60 atau 600 μg per hari, 20% dari iodium masuk ke dalam kelenjar tiroid dan 80% diekskresikan melalui urin.59 (Sumber : Barrett, et al., 2010)59 Significant sources Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants Deficiency disease Simple goiter Cretinism Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Selenium Chief functions in the body Defends against oxidation Regulates thyroid hormone Significant sources Seafood, meat Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Selenium Deficiency symptoms Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) Toxicity symptoms Loss and brittleness of hair and nails Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders Garlic breath odor Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Copper Chief functions in the body Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin Part of several enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Copper Significant sources Seafood Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes Deficiency symptoms Anemia, bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms Liver damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Manganese Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Manganese Significant sources Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea Deficiency symptoms Rare Toxicity symptoms Nervous system disorders Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Fluoride Chief functions in the body Involved in the formation of bones and teeth Helps to make teeth resistant to decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Fluoride Significant sources Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated) Tea, seafood Deficiency symptoms Susceptibility to tooth decay Toxicity symptoms Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Chromium Chief functions in the body Enhances insulin action Significant sources Meats (especially liver) Whole grains, brewer’s yeast Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Chromium Deficiency symptoms Diabetes-like condition Toxicity symptoms None reported Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Molybdenum Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes Significant sources Legumes, cereals Organ meats Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Molybdenum Deficiency symptoms Unknown Toxicity symptoms None reported Reproductive effects in animals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other Trace Minerals Nickel Silicon Vanadium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic Contaminant Minerals Heavy metals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning