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1.
P e n g a n ta r
i n t u k d i b i c a r a k adna l a mb e b e r a p ak a l i
P e m i l i h a tno p i k a g r o i n d u s t r u
Studi es
p e rte mu a nse mi n a ro l eh Centerfor lnfor mationand Developm ent
( C I D E S ) ,P u s a t P e n g e m b a n g a nA g r o b i s n i s{ P P A }d a n m a j a l a hU l u m u l
O u r ' a n k i r a n y a a m a t t e p a t o l e h k a r e n a p e n g e m b a n g a na g r o i n d u s t r i
dan industri
m e r u p a k a nk e l a n j u t a nl o g i sd a r i p a d ap e m b a n g u n apne r t a n i a n
y a n g s e b e g i t uj a u h s u d a h d i l a k s a n a k a nP
. a d a k e s e m p a t a nS a r a s e h a n
P o k o k - P o k o kP e m i k i r a nG O L K A Rt e n t a n g G B H N1 9 9 3 t a n g g a l2 9 J u n i
'telah
d i k e m u k a k a no l e h p e n u l i si n i b a h w a u n t u k d a p a t
1992 di Jakarta,
m e n y e r a pb u k a n s a j a t a m b a h a na n g k a t a nk e r j ab a r ut e t a p i j u g a p e n y e agror a p a n t e n a g a - t e n a g as e p a r u hp e n g a n g g u rm a k a p e n g e m b a n g a n
i n d u s t r id a n a g r o - b i s n i m
s e r u p a k a ns u a t u p i l i h a ny a n gt i d a kd a p a td i e l a k kan.
H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a ns,e b a g a i m a nyaa n g d i k e m u k a k adna l a mm a k a l a h
y a n g d i s i a p k a nu n t u k s a r a s e h a nd i a t a s " B e b e r a p aP e m i k i r a nM e n g e n a i
*) MakalahpadaSeminarStrategiOperasional
Kerjadan Ketenagakerjaan
PerluasanKesempatan
Dalam MenunjangAgro lndustri dan Pedesaan,
9 Pebruari1993.
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p e r t u m b u h a nl a p a n g a nk e r j ad a n n i l a it a m b a h s e l a m aP J P TI p a d a a g r o s u b - s e k t o irn d u s t r i
i n d u s t r ir e l a t i fl a m b a td i b a n d i n gd e n g a np e r t u m b u h a n
l a i n n y a .L a p a n g a nk e r j ad a n n i l a it a m b a h p a d a i n d u s t r ib a h a n m a k a n a n ,
t e n g a nm a s i n g - m a s i n4g, 5 o / od a n 7 , 8 7 o a n t a r a
umpamanyam
, e n i n g k ad
t a h u n 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 8 9 d a n a n g k a - a n g k ap e r t u m b u h a ni n i b e r a d a d i b a w a h
p e r t u m b u h a nk e s e l u r u h ainn d u s t r p
i a d ap e r i o d ey a n g s a m ay a i t u s e b e s a r
1 4 , 6 0 / op e t t a h u n u n t u k n i l a it a m b a h d a n 7 , 4 5 o / ou n t u l <l a p a n g a nk e r j a
( l i h a t T a b e l5 , m a k a l a hb e r s a n g l < u t a nJ) .u g a d i s e l c t o rp e r t a n i a n ,n i l a i
p r o d u k s ib u a h - b u a h a ns,a y u r - s a y u r a nh,a s i lp e t e r n a l c aknu r a n gb e r k e m b a n g d i b a n d i n gd e n g a nn i l a ip r o d u k s pi e r t a n i a nl a i n n y a .
Oleh karena itu strategi yang perlu ditempuh bagi perluasan
l a p a n g a nk e r j a d a n n i l a i t a m b a h m e l a l u i p e n g e m b a n g a na g r o - i n d u s t r i
a d a l a hd e n g a nm e n d o r o n ge l < s p odr a n p e r m i n t a a nd a l a mn e g e r is e h i n g g a
p e r t u m b u h a ni n d u s t r yi a n g m e n g o l a hh a s i l - h a s pi l e r t a n i a nd a p a tm e n i n g k a t . D e m i k i a nj u g a p e r t u m b u h a np r o d u l c spi e r t a n i a ny a n g m e m a s o kk e b u t u h a n a g r o - i n d u s t rai k a n d a p a t m e n i n g k a td a n s e j a l a nd e n g a n i t u l a p a n g a nk e r j aj u g a a k a nm e n i n g l c aptu l a .
D a ri b e b e ra p aka l i per temuanyang membahasber bagaisisi per m an o- industroleh
ahli yang kompetenaga- tenaga
i
s al a h a np e n g e mb a n g aagr
t e n d a p a tl a hki ra n yad i tar ikbeber apakesimpulansebagaiber ikut.Per t am a
i cukup memadai
a da l a hp o te n sip a sa rb a gi pr oduk- pr odukagr o- industrini
d i m a s a d e p a n b a i k b a g i p e n i n g k a t a ne k s p o r m a u p u n d a l a m r a n g k a
me me n u h ike b u tu h a nd alam neger i.Dapat diper kir akanbahwa kebutu han
d a n p e r m i n t a a nb a g i h a s i l - h a s ipl r o d u k a g r o - i n d u s t rai k a n m e n i n g k a t ,
p e n d a p a t a nm
, eningk h u s u s n y ap a n g a nd e n g a ns e m a k i nm e n i n g k a t n y a
k a tn ya ke sa d a ra na ka n panganyang ber gizidan sehat dan meningkatny a
t i n g k a t p e n d i d i k a nk o n s u m e np a d au m u m n y as e r t ab e r t a m b a h n yiau m l a h
penduduk.
K e s i m p u l a nk e d u a y a n g d a p a t d i k e m u k a k a ni a l a h b a h w a k e m a m p u a n r i i l t n d o n e s i au n t u k m e m a n f a a t k a nk e s e m p a t a n - k e s e m p a tyaann g
t e rb u ka ma si h re l a ti f re ndahdan per lu secepatnyaditingkatkan,bilamana
p a s a rp r o d u k a g r o d i k a i t k a nd e n g a nd i n a m i k ap e r s a i n g a np e n g u a s a a n
pasar
i n d u s t r i b a i k d i p a s a r e k s p o r m a u p u n d i p a s a rd a l a m n e g e r i ' D i
e k s p o r b u a h - b u a h a ns e b a g a i m a n ay a n g d i c o n t o h k a nd a l a m m a k a l a h
pasarBr azil,Thail and
posisipenguasaan
p en g a ra h a n
Me n te riP e rdagangan,
d a n C i n a a n t a r at a h u n 1 9 8 6 - 1 9 9 0 t e l a h s e m a k i nm e n i n g k a td a n t e l a h
m a m p um e r a i hb a g i a nd a r i n i l a ii m p o r d u n i ab u a ho l a h a ny a n g m e n i n g k a t '
P e n i n g k a t a nk e m a m p u a n p e n g u a s a a np a s a r k e t i g a n e g a r a i n i t e l a h
juta dengan
m e n e m p a t k a nB r a z i l p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 m e r a i hU S $ 1 7 4
l , h a i l a n dm e r a i hU S $ 3 2 0 j u t a
p a n g s a 1 8 , 7 o /(op a d at a h u n 1 9 8 6 1 7 , 9 o / o T
a t a u 4 , 2 o / od a r ip a n g s ap a s a r( p a d at a h u n 1 9 8 6 3 , 8 o / od a r i i m p o r d u n i a )
yang
s e m e n t a r aR R Cm e r a i hU S $ 1 9 1 j u t a a t a u 2 , 1 o / od a r ip a n g s ap a s a r
r S 30
a a n y am e n g e k s p oU
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sebelumnya
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m a s i hj a u h d i b a w a hF i l i p i n aU S $ 2 2 6 j u t a ( 2 , 5 % )d a n d a n M a l a y s i aU S $
untuk semi nar
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ka lahPengar ahan
"
67 j u ta (O,7 V o l (Ma
t a n g g a l2 1 J a n u a r i1 9 9 3 , h a l . 6 ) .
T e n t u b a n y a k c o n t o h - c o n t o hl a i n y a n g d a p a td i k e m u k a k a nu n t u k
m e m p e r l i h a t k a nb a g a i m a n ap o s i s i I n d o n e s i ad i p a s a r e k s p o r t i d a k l a h
m e n g g e m b i r a k a nK. a s u s - k a s u isk a n t u n a , u d a n g ,p r o d u k - p r o d u kp e t e r -
n a ka nse b a g a i ma nya
a n g sudah dibahasdalam ser entetanseminardap atl a h d i ke mu ka ka n
se b a g aicontoh- contohkonkr it bagaimanaposisilndones i a ku ra n gme n g g e mb i rakan.
B u ka nh a n yad i p a sareksporIndonesiakalahber saingdalambida ng
a g r o - b i s n i isn i . D i p a s a rd a l a mn e g e r i p u nt e r l i h a tI n d o n e s i as e m a k i nt e r s i s i h ka n .D i p a sa rya n g se makinter bukatidak bisadielakkanbahwasem ak i n
b a n y a k p r o d u k - p r o d u kl u a r n e g e r iy a n g m a s u k k e l n d o n e s i a ,b a h k a n
b a y a ms e g a rj u g a t e l a h b a n y a kd i i m p o r .K h u s u sm e n g e n a b
i a y a ms e g a r ,
d a t a - d a t ay a n g a d a m e m p e r l i h a t k abna h w a i m p o r l n d o n e s i ap a d a t a h u n
1 9 9 1 a d a l a h2 5 , 7 | o n d e n g a nn i l a iU S $ 2 2 , 6 r i b u . W a l a u p u nn i l a ir e l a t i f
s e d i k i td a n m e n u r u nd i b a n d i n g k a dn e n g a nt a h u n 1 9 9 0 h a l i n i m e r u p a k a n
i n d i k a sm
i a s a l a hy a n g k i t a h a d a p id i d a l a mn e g e r i .( B u s i n e s N
s e w s ,J u m a t
29 Januar1
i 9 9 3 ,h a l . 9 ) .
K e s i m p u l a kne t i g ay a n g d a p a td i k e m u k a k a ina l a hb a h w a l n d o n e s i a
m e n g h a d a pbia n y a kk e n d a l ad a l a mu p a y am e m a n f a a t l c apno t e n s a
i l a md a n
m a n u s i ay a n g b e s a rb a g i p r o d u k sai g r o - i n d u s tdr ia n m e n i n g k a t k aenk s p o r .
K e n d a l a - k e n d ai nl ai b e r s u m b edr a r id a l a mm a u p u nd a r i l u a r n e g e r i .N a m u n
d a p a t l a hd i k e m u k a k a nb a h w a y a n g a m a t m e n e n t u l < akne b e r h a s i l a m
n en i n g k a t k a np e r l u a s a nl a p a n g a nk e r j ad a n p e n i n g k a t a np e r o l e h a nd e v i s a
k g r o - i n d u s t rai d a l a hk e n d a l a - k e n d a ldaa l a m n e g e r i .
d a r i p r o d u k - p r o d ua
M e m a n g b a n y a k h a m b a t a nn o n - t a r i f fy a n g d i h a d a p id i n e g a r a - n e g a r a
p e n g i m p o rT. e t a p h
i a m b a t a n - h a m b a t anno n - t a r i f fi n i p a d a u m u m n y ab e r l a ku u n tu k se mu an e g a rapesainglndonesia.Untuk m engatasiham batanh a m b a t a ni n i m a k ad i p e r l u k a nl a n g k a h - l a n g k adha l a mn e g e r iy a n g p e n u h
t e k a d . D i b a n y a kd a e r a hd i l n d o n e s i ak e n d a l a - k e n d a sl ae o l a h - o l a h
membentuk|ingkaransetan.Produkagro-industriyangkurangdayasaing-->
- - - > pr o duk
u sa h ata n i ya n g l e ma h--- > r esikotinggi- - - ) kur anginvestasi
ya n g se makinter tinggaldan semakinkur angdaya saing- - - >
a g ro -i n d u stri
d a n se te ru sn ya .
S e h u b u n g a nd e n g a nh a l - h a ld i a t a s a d a l a hw a j a r u n t u k b e r t a n y a
a pa ka hl n d o n e si ama mpuuntuk menempatkan
dir inyapadaposisipenguas a a n p a s a r y a n g s e s u a id e n g a np o t e n s ia l a m y a n g d i m i l i k i n y ad, e n g a n
k e b u tu h a nya n g me n d e sakbagi lapanganker jadan devisa.Tentujawa ban
d a r i p a d ap e r t a n y a a nd i a t a s a l c a ns e l a l up o s i t i f s e b a bk i t a t i d a k p e r n a h
menyangsikan
a t a s k e m a m p u a nk i t a . T e t a p id a l a mk a i t a nd e n g a nk e s e m p a t a n k e r j a d a n k e t e n a g a k e r j a a na,p a y a n g d a p a t d i k e m u k a k a nd a l a m
r a n g k a m e m o t o n g k e n d a l a - k e n d a l yaa n g d i k e m u k a k a nt a d i s e h i n g g a
me n e mp a tka na g ro -i n d ustrdalam
posisim eningkatter us?
i
2.
P r o d u ka g r o - i n d u s tyr a
i n g b e r m u t ud e n g a nh a r g ab e r s a i n gb a g i p e r l u a sa nl a p a n g a nk er japr oduktif
K i r a n y ad a p a t d i s e p a k a tbi a h w a p e r t u m b u h a n
l a p a n g a nk e r j a d a n
n i l a it a m b a hp a d aa g r o - i n d u s tar ik a nm e n i n g k abt i l a m a n Ian d o n e s i m
a ampu
m e n g u a s api a s a re k s p o rm a u p u np a s a rd a l a mn e g e r id i b i d a n gk o m o d i t i
a g r o - i n d u s t r i .P e n g u a s a a np a s a r y a n g m e n i n g k a tb a i k p a s a r e k s p o r
m a u p u np a s a rd a l a mn e g e r id a r ia g r o - i n d u s tIrni d o n e s iaak a nb i s at e r l a k s a n a b i l a m a n ak i t a m a m p u m e m a n f a a t k a nk e u n g g u l a nk o m p a r a t i fy a n g
s e k a r a n g k i t a m i l i k i m e n j a d i k e u n g g u l a nk o m p e t i t i fs e c a r a d i n a m i s .
Me n g u b a hke u n g g u l a nkom par atifyang statis m enjadikeunggulankom pet i ti f ya n g d i n a mi sme n sy ar atkan
bahwa pr oduk- pr oduk
agr o- industryang
i
d ih a si l ka nd a n p ro se smenghasilkannya
per lulahsenantiasa
pr oduk- produk
d a n p r o s e s - p r o s eysa n g b e r m u t ut i n g g i d e n g a nb i a y ay a n g r e n d a h .A r t i
d a r i p a d am u t u y a n g t i n g g i i a l a hb a h w a p r o d u ky a n g b e r s a n g k u t abnu k a n
h a n ya h a ru s me me n u h ifungsi, um pam anyabuah yang lezatdimakanatau
i k a n ya n g e n a k d a n b e rgizidisantaptetapijuga mutu fungsi- fungsi
ini ti dak
m u d a h b e ru b a hd e n g a nadanyaper ubahancuaca, per ubahantem per atur ,
p e r u b a h a nt e m p a t m e n y i m p a n a n d
, a n b e r l a l u n y aw a k t u . U n t u k d a p a t
d i k a t a k a np r o d u ka g r o - i n d u s t ryi a n g b e r m u t um a k ab a t a s - b a t atso l e r a n s i
d a ri va ri a sici ri -ci riya n g dikehendalci
seper tiwar na yang enak dipandang,
w a n g i y a n g s e d a pd i h i r u pd i s a m p i n gr a s a y a n g l e z a tt a d i b e r a d ad a l a m
b a t a s - b a t a st o l e r a n s yi a n g s e m a l < isne m p i t . D i l a i n p i h a kb a t a st o l e r a n s i
d ari p a d afa kto r-fa kto ryang m empengar uhi
m utu per lu dir enc aspesifikasi
n a k a nr u a n gg e r a ky a n g s e b e s a m
r u n g k i n .B a g ip r o d u k - p r o d uakg r o - i n d u s t r i t e n t u s p e s i f i k a s ik e s e h a t a na m a t b e r p e r a n .l t u l a h s e b a b n y am u t u
p r o s e sj u g a m e m e r l u k a np e r h a t i a n .D a p a t d i k e m u k a k a nb a h w a b u a h b u a h a n y a n g d i h a s i l k a nd i t e m p a ty a n g d i h u n i b a n y a kl a l a t b u a h a k a n
k u r a n gs e h a t d i b a n d i n g k adne n g a nb u a h - b u a h adna n s a y u r - s a y u r ayna n g
dihasilkad
n i d a e r a hy a n g b e b a sf a l a tb u a h .
J u g a t e r m a s u kd a l a m p r o d u k a g r o - i n d u s t ryi a n g b e r m u t ua d a l a h
b i a y a k e g a g a l a ny a n g r e n d a hb a g i k o n s u m e n U
. m p a m a n y ak,a l a up r o d u k
b a h a nm a k a n a nm e n j a d ir u s a ka t a u b u s u k u p a m a n y am a k ak e r u s a k a ni n i
t i d a k m e n i m b u l k abna h a y a b e r l e b i h abna g ik e s e h a t a n .
D a p a t l a hd i s i m p u l k a nd e n g a np r o d u k a g r o - i n d u s t ryia n g b e r m u t u
d i a r t i k a np r o d u k - p r o d u yk a n g d a p a t m e m e n u hfiu n g s i n y ad e n g a ne f e k t i f ,
v a r i a s id a r i c i r i - c i r yi a n g b a i k i n i t i d a k m u d a hb e r u b a hw a l a u p u nk e a d a a n
pelaksanaan
s eke l i l i n gb e ru b a hd e n g anbanyakdan kalauter jadikegagalan
f u n g si o l e h p ro d u kya n g ber sangkutan
m aka biaya kegagalanini ad al ah
m i n i mu mb a g i ko n su me n.Apa yang dikenalsebagai"qualityengineeri ng'
da pat
p e rl u se ma ki nd i a p l i ka sikan
agr o- industragar
i
bagi pengembangaan
m e n a n gd a l a m p e r l o m b a a nb e r b u a tb a i k d e n g a nb e r b a g api i h a kd i d u n i a
( l i h a t : M u d h a v e S . P h a d h e :O u a l i t y E n g i n e e r i n gU s i n g R o b u s tD e s i g n ,
1989) .
Editor s,AT.T BellLabor ator ies,
P r e n ti ceH a l l In te rn a ti o nal
. a n gd i m a k T a d id i k e m u k a k a nb a h w a b i a y ap r o d u kh a r u sr e n d a h Y
s u d d i si n ia d a l a hb i a yap roduksipr odukper lur endah.Untukpr oduk- pr oduk
a g r o - i n d u s t rhi a l i n i b e r a r t iu t a m a n y ap r o d u k t i v i t a lsa h a np e r l ut i n g g id a n
tekno l ogi
n n g digunakanper lum inimum.Pem anfaatan
b i aya b a h a n -b a h a ya
dapatser en dah
h aru sl a hya n g se te p a t-tepatnya
sehinggabiayapengolahan
mungkin.
B a g a i m a n am e n i n g k a t k a nm u t u p r o d u k y a n g d i h a s i l k a nd e n g a n
b i a y ay a n g r e n d a hb a i k b i a y ab a g i k o n s u m e nm a u p u nb i a y ap e n g o l a h a n
p e r s a t u a na d a l a ht u g a s d a r i p a d ap e n e l i t i a nd a n p e n g e m b a n g a nD. i s i n i n d a l a hw a k t u .
p u n b i a y a p e r l ur e n d a h , S a l a hs a t u u n s u r b i a y ap e n e l i t i a a
H a s i l r i s e t y a n g b a i k d a n b e r m a n f a a tp e r l u t e r s e d i ap a d a w a k t u n y a .
M e n u r u t a n a l i s aS d r . D r . l r . A m i n A z i z d a l a mm a k a l a h n y ak, o m m o d i t i k o m m o d i t i m a n g g a ,m a r k i s a ,n e n a s ,r a m b u t a n p, e p a y a ,d u r i a n ,p i s a n g ,
u s a h ao l e h k a r e n a p r o d u k d u k u d a n m a n g g i s k u r a n gm e m i l i kki e l a y a k a n
p r o d u ki n i m e m i l i k B
i / C r a t i oy a n g k u r a n gd a r is a t ud a n I R Rd i b a w a ht i n g k a t b u n g a . B i a y am e n g h a s i l k apne r s a t u a nd a p a tb e r k u r a n gB, / L r a t i on a i k
b i l a m a n ap r o d u k t i f i t a sl a h a n d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a ns e h i n g g ah a s i l p e r h a
d a p a t m e n i n g k a t .I n i l a hc o n t o h d i m a n ad i b u t u h k a np e n e l i t i a nd a n h a s i l
p en e l i ti a ni tu d i b u tu h ka nsekar angjuga bilamanadiinginkanpr oduk- produk
t e rse b u td a p a t b e rsa i n g.
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k o m m o d i t i a g r o - i n d u s t ryi a n g m e m e n u h ip e r s y a r a t a nm u t u y a n g t e r u s
m en i n g ka td e n g a nb i a ya yang ber saingyang segalasesuatunyaditunj ang
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p en g u a sa a np a sa rko mo ditiagr o- industr i?
m e n g e n api e r a ns u m b e r
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a e m b a n g u n adna n s e k a l i d a y a m a n u s i as e b a g api e n g g e r a dk a n p e l a k s a n p
g u s s e b a g a pi e n e r i m ah a s i l - h a spi le m b a n g u n a nM. a k ak a l a us e k a r a n ga g r o ai
i n d u s t r i n g i nd i t i n g k a t k asne h i n g g ad a p a tm e n e m p a t k adni r i s e l a y a k n y d
p a s a rd u n i a m a u p u np a s a rd a l a mn e g e r i ,m a k ak e n d a l au t a m ay a n g p e r l u
diatasa
i d a l a hy a n g m e n y a n g k ut te n a g ak e r j a .
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m u t u n y at e r u s m e n i n g k adt e n g a nb i a y ay a n g r e n d a hd a n m e n u r u n ,m a k a
d i b u t u h k a nt e n a g ak e r j a d e n g a np e r s y a r a t a nt e r t e n t u .P e r t a m at e n a g a
perk e r j ay a n g t e r l i b a tp e r l um e m i l i k ki o m i t m e nu n t u kt e r u sm e n g a d a k a n
b a i k a ns t a n d a rm u t u p r o d u ka g r o - i n d u s t ryi a n g d i p a s a r k a nS. p e s i fi k a s i
. engt a d i p e r l ut e r u s d i p e r b a i k iM
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p a s a ri n g i nd i r a i h .
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f an perd a l a m p e n g e m b a n g a an g r o - i n d u s t rpi e r l u m e m i l i k ic i r i i n n o v a t i d
b a i k a nte ru s me n e ru si n i ? Padapr insipnyaya. Tetapidapatdikemukak an
b a h w a s e m a k i nt i n g g i p o s i s i l a p a n g a nk e r j a y a n g d i d u d u k io l e h t e n a g a
dan innov ak e r j ase ma ki nb e sa rtu g a s dan tanggungjawab bagi per baikan
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d i p e r l i h a t k ao
n l e h D C d a n s e m a k i nk e c i l t u g a s m e m p e r t a h a n k asnt a n d a r
m u t u d a n b i a y ay a n g a d a .T u g a sm e m p e r t a h a n k asnt a n d a rm u t u y a n g a d a
t e r l e t a kp a d a t e n a g ak e r j ad e n g a np o s i s ir e n d a hd a l a ms a t u s i s t e m a t a u
organisasi.
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m e n g g a mb a rkatu
n g a s i n novasidan per baikanter usmener ussama bes ar n y a d e n g a nt u g a s m e m p e r t a h a n k ayna n g a d a . U n t u ka g r o - i n d u s t r ig, a r i s
A C b a r a n g k a lai k a n l e b i hm e l e n g k u n gk e a r a h B s e h i n g g ap o s i s i n n o v a s i
d a n p e r b a i k a nm e n j a d il e b i hb e s a r .L e t a k g a r i sA C j u g a t e r g a n t u n gp a d a
w a k t u d a l a m k u r u n d i m a n ao r g a n i s a siit u b e r a d a . B a g io r g a n i s a syi a n g
m a p a nA C l e b i hk e a r a h D . B a g a i m a n a p upne r l ua d a k o m b i n a syi a n g p a s
a n t a r a p e r u b a h a n / i n n o v a sdia n s t a b i l i t a sp a d a s e t i a p o r g a n i s a s yi a n g
m e n a n g a npi ro d u ka g ro -industr i.
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p a r a p i m p i n a no r g a n i s a ski i t a y a n g b e r k a i t a nd e n g a na g r o - i n d u s t sr iu d a h
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i a n p e r b a i k a n ?H a l i n i p e n t i n g
o l e h se b a b i n n o va sid a n per baikanter us mener ushanyalahdapat ber langs u n g d a l a m h u b u n g a nk e l e m b a g a a nt e r t e n t u . O r i e n t a s ik e l e m b a g a a n
b a n y a kd i t e n t u k a no l e h o r i e n t a ski e p e m i m p i n a n n y a .
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s a l a h s a t u i n d i k a s ia d a l a hs e j a u hm a n a k e p e m i m p i n a n
yang ada pada
p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a aang r o - b i s n i sm e n g a n g g a pp e n t i n g d a n t e r l i b a t
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b a h w a k e s a d a r a np a r a
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i e n g e t a h umi e n g e n a i a d a n y a m a s a l a hp r o d u k t i v i t a sy a n g r e n d a hd a n m u t u y a n g r e n d a h
t e t a p i b e l u m / t i d a km e l a k s a n a k ainn v e s t a s di a l a ml a t i h a nd a n p e n d i d i k a n
s e b a g a ip e me ca h a nma salah.Dengandem ikiansalahsatu hat yang da pat
dikemukakan
i a l a hp e r l u n y al a t i h a nb a g i p a r a p i m p i n a no r g a n i s a spi e r u s a h a a nd a n o r g a n i s a slia i nt e r u t a m am e n g e n aoi r i e n t a sbi a r uy a n g d i b u t u h k a n o l e h k u l t u r p e r b a i k a nt e r u s m e n e r u sd a n i n n o v a s i .K u l t u r t e r s e b u t
a d a l a hk u l t u r y a n g b e r k a i t a nd e n g a np e m b e n t u k a nm a s y a r a k a tb e l a j a r ,
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t a k a s y a r a tm u t u k e d u ay a n g d i b u t u h k a nd a r i
t e n a g ak e r j ay a n g t e r l i b a ta d a l a ho r i e n t a s i l m u d a n t e k n o l o g iy a n g k u a t
d a r i p a r at e n a g ak e r j a .T a n p ao r i e n t a s i n i m a k a b u k a n s a j a t e n a g ak e r j a
b e r s a n g k u t atne t a p is e l u r u ho r g a n i s a sbi e r a d ad a l a m k e a d a a nr u g i t e r u s
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m a n am e n g u k uor r i e n t a siil m u d a n t e k n o l o giin i ? M a k a s a l a hs a t u i n d i k a s i
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a t a u l a i n b e n tu kme to d ap engawasanm utu. Hal ini logissebabkalautida k
perusahaan
b e r s a n g k u t atni d a k i k u t k e n a s u r v e i .T e t a p iy a n g m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d es t a t i s t i ka d a l a h2 7 , 5 o / os a j a .D i k a l a n g a na g r o - i n d u s t r ik, h u s u sn yaya n g te rg o l o n gke dalamsub sektor 31 yaitu industr ibahanm akastatistiksedikitlebih besaryaitu 3O,8o/o
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n e t o d as t a t i s t i ks e b a . a g a i m a n a p um
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g a i m e t o d ey a n g l e b i hc a n g g i hk e t i m b a n gm e t o d e - m e t o d lea i n n y ad a l a m
p e n g a w a s a nm u t u m a s i h p e r l u d i m a n f a a t k a nl e b i h b a n y a k d i k a l a n g a n
p e r u s a h a ainn d u s t rui m u m n y ad a l a mi n d u s t r ai g r o k h u s u s n y a .
M e m a n gp e n g g u n a a nm e t o d e s t a t i s t i ki n i b u k a n l a hs a t u - s a t u n y a
i n d i k a syi a n g d a p a td i g u n a k a ns e b a g api e t u n j u ko r i e n t a siil m u d a n t e k n o l o g i d a l a md u n i au s a h a .B a n y a ki n d i k a slia i ny a n g d a p a td i g u n a k a na p a k a h
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s t an d a rya n g se ma ki nke cil.
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D a l a m k e s e m p a t a ns a r e s e h a nP o k o l < - p o k oP
t e n t a n gG B H N1 9 9 3 , t a n a g g a l2 9 J u n i 1 9 9 2 d i J a k a r t a ,p e n u l i sm e n g e m u k a k a nb a h w a " B i l a m a n ak e c e n d e r u n g a n - k e c e n d e r u n g (adni b i d a n g
l a p a n g a nk e r j ap r o d u k t i f )y a n g k u r a n g m e n g u n t u n g l < ai n i i n g i n d i a t a s i
kepadapendekatansis ter n akap e rl ua d a p e n e ka n ankepadakeselur uhan,
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t e r k u a s a im e n g i n g a tb e r b a g a iu n s u r u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n
p r o d u ka g r o
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j a w a b a n y ai a l a hk i t a b e l u m m e m i l i k ir e n c a n ak e r j a b e r s a m ay a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e n g e m b a n g a na g r o i n d u s t r i d a n a g r o b i s n i s . M a s i n g - m a s i n g
k o mp o n e nse p e rtib e rb agaiDepar tem enpem er intahm ungkinsudahpuny a
r e n c a n a k e g i a t a nm a s i n g - m a s i nbga g i p e n g e m b a n g apnr o d u k - p r o d uakg r o
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. e n c a n ak e r j a
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i n i l a hy a n g p e r l uk i t a u p a y a k a ns u p a y at e r s e d i a .
u n t u k a p a r e n c a n ai n t e g r aol p e r a s i o n ayla n gd e m i k i a n ?A p a f u n g s i n y a ? R e n ca n ai n te g ra yang
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j a n g k a w a k t u t e r t e n t u . S a l a hs a t u t u n t u t a n d a r i b u d a y a " i k r o q " i a l a h
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h a r u sd i b u a t .S e c a r as i n g l c adt a p a t l a hd i l c e m u k a k abna h w a r e n c a n ao p e r a s i o n a ly a n g m e n y e l u r u hm e r u p a l c a an l a t u t a m a b a g i o p t i m a l i s a ssi i s t e m
s e c a r ak e s e l u r u h a n
s e r t a a l a t u n t u k m e n g h i n d a r l < at enr j a d i n y as u b - o p t i m u m d a n e g o i s m es e k t o r a l .
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s ie r h a t i a nd a n k e g i a t a nd a n s p e s i a l i s a ds a
i ri
s e g i w a k t u . D a n j u g a p e n t i n gu n t u k m e n i m b u l k a nk e b a n g g a a nt e r h a d a p
a p a y a n g d i k e m u k a k a ns e b a g a si a l a hs a t u s u m b e rm o t i v a s ii n t e r n u n t u k
b e r b u a ty a n g t e r b a i k .T e t a p ia g a r h a l - h a li n i t i d a l <b e r a l < i b ante g a t i fm a k a
d i b u t u h k a nt a l i p e n g i k a ty a n g m e n y e l u r u hd a n m e m p e r s a t u k a nb e r u p a
r e n c a n ao p e r a s i n ai n
l t e g r atl a d i .
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h a n y ao l e h k a r e n am a s i n g - m a s i nign g i n m e m a j u l < al nc e p e n t i n g a n n yKai.t a
s u d a h s e p a k a t a k a n s a s a r a n - s a s a r a bn e r s a m ay a n g p e r l u d i u p a y a k a n
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. a s a r a nb e r s a m ai n i i a l a hp e n g e m b a n g a n
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b e r a r t ip e n j a b a r a n
s e c a r ao p e r a s i o n ahl u b u n g a ny a n g l e b i hb a i k d i a n t a r a
b e r b a g a ip i h a k t a d i . B a g a i m a n ap e n g e m b a n g a a
n g r o - i n d u s t rsi e k a l i g u s
m e r u p a k a nw a h a n ab a g i m e w u j u d k a nh u b u n g a ny a n g l e b i hs e r a s ia n t a r a
m a n u s i ad e n g a nT u h a nY a n gM a h a E s ai n i t e n t u t e r g a n t u n gk e p a d aa g a m a
dan kepercayaan
m a s i n g - m a s i n gT.e t a p ib a g i y a n g b e r a g a m al s l a mm a k a
k e h a r u s a nm e n g h a s i l k a pn r o d u kd e n g a nm u t u t e r b a i kd e n g a nk o m i t m e n
m e l a k s a n a k apne r b a i l < at en r u s m e n e r u sd a n i n n o v a sdi e n g a nm e m a n f a a t a n
i l m u p e n g e t a h u a nd a n i n f o r m a s im e r u p a k a nt u n t u t a n a j a r a nl s l a m y a n g
l a n g s u n gd a n m u r n i .P e r h a t i k a n l ashu r a t " l k r o q " y a n g m e n y u r u hm a n u s i a
m e m b a c ad a l a ma r t i l u a s .P e r h a t i k a n l atha u l a d a nM o h a m m a dR a s u l u l l a h
y a n g s e l a l u b e r b u a tt e r b a i k u n t u k s e s a m am a n u s i a ,D a n p e r h a t i k a n l a h
b e r b a g a ai y a t A l o u r ' a n y a n g m e n y u r u hm a n u s i ab e r m u s y a w a r a h
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, e r u p a l c asna l a hs a t u a l a t n y a .
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produk agroi n d u s t r iy a n g b e r m u t u d e n g a n h a r g a y a n g m u r a h d a n b e r s a i n gd e n g a n
k o m i t m e n t e r u s m e n g a d a l < a pn e r b a i l < a d
n a n i n n o v a s i b u k a n l a hh a n y a
s e k e d a ra l a t u n t u l <b e r t a h a nd i p a s a ry a n g a m a t k o m p e t i t itfe t a p is e l c a l i g u s
j u g a m e r u p a k a ni b a d a hl a n g s u n gs; e g a l as e s u a t ui n i t e n t u p e r l ud i l a k s a n a k a n d e n g a nn i a ty a n g t e p a t d a n s e s u a i .
D a l a mu p a y am e n i n g l < a t k apna n g s ap a s a ra g r o - i n d u s t rI n
i d o n e s i ad i
p a s a rd a l a m d a n l u a r n e g e r im a l c al c e g i a t a n - l < e g i a st aenl c a l i g uhs a r u s l a h
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i e n i n g k a t ahnu b u n g a na n t a r am a n u s i ad e n g a na l a m .A l a m m e r u p a k a n a m a n a hd a r i T u h a nY a n gM a h a E s al < e p a d a
m a n u s i ad a n o l e h k a r e n a
15
i t u p e r l ud i j a g ad a n d i l e s t a r i k a nD. i s i n i p u nb e r b a g a ai t u r a nt e l a h a d a d a n
t e r s e d i am u l a id a r i k e h a r u s a np e m i l i h a tne k n o l o g yi a n g b e r s a h a b adt e n g a n
l i n g k u n g a ns a m p a i k e p a d ac a r a - c a r ap e n g o l a h a nl i m b a h i n d u s t r iy a n g
kesemuanyp
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t e r c i p t a d a n m e n i n g k a tm e l a l u ip e n g e m b a n g a na g r o - i n d u s t r si e k a l i g u s
s u d a h t e r m a s u kd i d a l a m n y ab i a y a b a g i k e l a n g s u n g a n
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l i n g k u n g a nh i d u p y a n g d i m a n f a a t k a nD
. e n g a nd e m i l < i a n
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n k o n o m ti i d a k l a hb e r a r t si e m a k i nr u s a kl i n g k u n g a n .
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s e p e r t is a s a r a np e t a n i ,s a s a r a np e n g u s a h as,a s a r a np e r d a g a n g a ns,a s a r a n
i n d u s t r i ,d a n l a i n - l a i nm a u p u ns a s a r a nb e r s a m as e p e r t ip e n g e m b a n g a n
a g r o - i n d u s t r is e b a g a i i b a d a h k e p a d a T u h a n Y a n g M a h a E s a m e n u r u t
a g a m a d a n k e p e r c a y a a nm a s i n g - m a s i n gp, e r l u a s a nl a p a n g a nk e r j a d a n
p e m e r a t a a ns,e r t ap e n i n g l < a t akne g i a t a np e m b a n g u n ayna n g b e r k e l a n j u t a n .
H a l - h a il n i p e r l ud i k e m u k a k a a
n g a r d a l a mp r a g m a t i s m yea n g k i t a t e m p u h ,
k i t a t i d a k t e r l e p a sd a r i s a s a r a np o k o k b e r s a m ap e n g e m b a n g a n
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d a y a m a n u s i aa t a sd a s a rP a n c a s i ldaa n U U D - 1 9 4 b .
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u n t u k m e n d u k u n gp e n g e m b a n g a a
n g r o - i n d u s t r ia g a r
d a p a t b e p e r a ns e w a j a r n y ab a i k d i p a s a r e k s p o r m a u p u n p a s a r d a l a m
n e g e r im a k a d i b u t u h k a nt e n a g ak e r j ap a d a b e r b a g atii n g k a tk e p e m i m p i n a n
p a d ab e r b a g abi i d a n gk e g i a t a nd e n g a no r i e n t a s ik, e a h l i a nd a n k e t e r a m p i l a n
y a n g s e s u a i .O r i e n t a syi a n g d i b u t u h k a na d a l a ho r i e n t a s ki i n e r j ay a n g t e r b a i k , o r i e n t a s iu n t u k t e r u s m e n g a d a l < apne n y e m p u r n a a nd a n i n n o v a s i ,
o r i e n t a s ui n t u k m e r n a n f a a t k ainl m u d a n i n f o r m a s i d
, a n o r i e n t a sm
i emand a n g d u n i as e c a r ah o l i s t i l d
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d i m a n f a a t k a no l e h p a r a p e n y u s u n u u D - 1 9 4 5 . P e n d e k a t a ni n i s u d a h
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d a n k e g i a t a nm a n u s i ak, h u s u s n y ad i b i d a n gb i s n i s .D a l a m
m a k a l a hi n i h a n y ad i s i n g g u n gs e b a g i a ns a j a i m p l i k a sdi a r i p e n d e k a t a ni n i
n g r o - b i s n i sl n d o n e s i a ,u t a m a n y ap e r l u n y ar e n c a n a
bagi pengembangaa
o p e r a s i o n ai nl t e g r a dl a l a mm e n g u p a y a k asne c a r as e r a s is a s a r a ni n d i v i d u a l
m a s i n g - m a s i n kgo m p o n e nd e n g a ns a s a r a nb e r s a m ak e s e l u r u h a nd a l a m
m e n g h a d a ppi e r s a i n g a nd i d u n i a . K e t e r a m p i l a yn a n g d i b u t u h k a na d a l a h
k e t e r a m p i l ayna n g s e s u a id e n g a no r i e n t a syi a n g d i k e m u l c a l < ianni , d e n g a n
b i da n gke g i a ta nd a ri ti n g k atjabatantenagaker jayang ber sangkutan.
Jeni s
k e t e r a m p i l aunm u m y a n g d i b u t u h l < aand a l a hk e t e r a m p i l a kno n s e p t u adl a n
r e k a y a s a ,k h u s u s b a g i t e n a g a k e r j at i n g k a t p i m p i n a n .D a r i h a s i l s u r v e i
y a n g a d a p e r u s a h a a an g r o - i n d u s tyr ia n g t e r c a k u pd a l a ms a m p e lm e n y a t a k a n m a s a l a hp e r e n c a n a a nm, a s a l a hp e n d e l e g a s i awne w e n a n gd a n m a s a l a h
m e n g e r t ip r o s e sp r o d u k s is e b a g a m
i a s a l a h - m a s a l ayha n g s e r i u sd i h a d a p i
o l e h p a r a p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a abne r s a n g k u t a n .M a s a l a h - m a s a l a ihn i
a d a l a hy a n g b e r h u b u n g a d
n e n g a nk e t e r a m p i l a kno n s e p s i S
. e m a k i nt i n g g i
p o s i s is e m a k i nb e s a rm u t u k e t e r a m p i l akno n s e p t u adl a n r e l < a y a sian i y a n g
p e r l ud i m i l i k i J. e n i s k e t e r a m p i l aunm u m l a i n n y ay a n g p e r l u d i m i l i k ia d a l a h
p e n g u a s a a nt e k n i k - t e k n i l <a p l i l < a siil m u s e r t a p e m a n f a a t a ni l m u b a g i
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k e p u t u s a ns e p e r t it e l c n i k - t e l c nsi tka t i s t i ke l e m e n t e rM
. asalah
p e n g a w a s a nm u t u t e r m a s u km a s a l a hy a n g d i a n g g a ps e r i u so l e h s e m u a
j a j a r a np i m p i n a na g r o - i n d u s t r i b
, a i k o l e h p a r a m a n a j e r ,t e n a g a - t e n a g a
p r o f e s it e r m a s u ke n j i n e r i n gm a u p u no l e h p a r a s u p e r v i s o p
r r o d u k s i .S e l a i n
i t u t e n t u d i b u t u h k a nb e r b a g a ji e n i s l ( e t e r a m p i l ayna n g b e r k a i t a nd e n g a n
p e n g o l a h a dn a n p e n a n g a n a bn a h a n - b a h am
n e n t a hs e r t ak e t e r a m p i l ayna n g
I7
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. a s a l a hm u t u b a h a nm e n t a hy a n g
d e n g a np r o s e sp r o d u k s i M
r e n d a h ,t e r l a m b a t n y ab a h a n - b a h a n
d i p a b r i k , p e m b o r o s a np e n g g u n a a n
b a h a n - b a h a np,e m a k a i a nm e s i n - m e s idna n a l a t - a l ayt a n g k u r a n gh a t i - h a t i ,
p e r l u n y at e n a g ak e r j at e r u s m e n e r u sd i a w a s i ,r e n d a h n y am u t u p r o d u k s i ,
d a n k e g i a t a n - k e g i a t ayna n g t i d a l <t e p a t w a k t u m e r u p a k a nm a s a l a hy a n g
p e n t i n gp a d at i n g k a to p e r a t o rd a n p e k e r j al a p a n g a n .
M a s a l a h - m a s a l ayha n g d i h a d a p id i b i d a n gp r o d u k s ii n i t e n t u b e r k a i t a nd e n g a ns t r u k t u rl a p a n g a nl < e r j a
n a r i p a d ap a r ap e k e r danpendidikad
j a . D a r is u r v e iy a n g d i l a k s a n a l ( ayna n g s e d a n gb e r l a n g s u ndgi k a l a n g a n5 B
p e ru sa h a a nsu b -se kto ri ndustr im akanan,minuman,dan r okok di 3 pr opi ns i J a w a B a r a t , J a w a T i m u r d a n S u m a t e r aU t a r a y a n g m e l i p u t ih a m p i r
3 7 . 0 0 0 t e n a g ak e r j am a k a 1 , 6 0 / o
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a d a l a hm a n a j e r / t e n a gpar o f e s i o n a 6
t e k n i s i, 1 o , 1 o / oa d a l a ha d m i n i s t r a s i3, , 3 7 ot e n a g a - t e n a g at e r a m p i l ,d a n
7 8 , 9 o / os e m i t e r a m p i d
l a n t i d a kt e r a m p i l D
. a r is e g i p e n d i d i k a n
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b e r p e n d i d i k a ns D a t a u s D k e b a w a h . s e l e b i h n y ab e r p e n d i d i k a ns L T p ,
SL T Ad a n U n i ve rsi ta s.
J e n i s k e t e r a m p i l a nk e t i g a y a n g k i r a n y a p e r l u d i m i l i k ia d a l a ha p a
y a n g d i s e b u tk e t e r a m p i l asno s i a l .K e t e r a m p i l ainn i b e r k a i t a nd e n g a np e l a k s a n a a nk e p e m i m p i n adna l a mp e m b e n t u l c avni s i b e r s a m ad a n m e n g a r a h k a n
k e g i a t a nb e r s a m ap a d a b e r b a g atii n g l < a t a nK. e t e r a m p i l asno s i a li n i b e r k a i t a n p u l a d e n g a n k o m u n i k a s ia n t a r m a n u s i ad a l a m k e l o m p o k - k e l o m p o k
yangrelevan.
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melaporkan
a d a n y am a s a l a hk o m u n i l < a sSi .e b a l i l c n yl <
a a l a n g akna u m p r o f e s i o n a l ,k h u s u s n y aa h l it e k n i l <d a n p a r as u p e r v i s opr r o d u l c sj ui s t r u m e l a p o r -
18
k a n m a s a l a hk o m u n i k a ssi e b a g asi a l a hs a t u m a s a l a hp e n t i n gy a n g m e r e k a
hadapi.
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k o m i t m e nd a n o r i e n t a syi a n g d i b u t u h l c aunn t u k m e n e m p a t k aang r o - i n d u s t r i
l n d o n e s i ad a l a mp o s i s ib e r s a i n ga d a l a hj u g a t e n a g ak e r j ay a n g p e r l um e m i l i k i s e c a r ag a r i sb e s a rt i g a j e n i sk e t e r a m p i l ayna i t u k e t e r a m p i l a kno n s e p s i
d a n r e k a y a s a k, e t e r a m p i l a tne k n i s b e r b a g a bi i d a n gd a n k e t e r a m p i l a sn o s i a l - k e b u d a y a a nB.a g a i m a n am e n g u p a y a k a n
o r i e n t a s id a n k e t e r a m p i l a n
y a n g d i b u t u h k a ni n i m e r u p a k a nm a s a l a hm e n d e s a ky a n g d i h a d a p io l e h
s u b - s e k t oar g r o - i n d u s t Irni d o n e s i a .
4.
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S e b a g a ik e s i m p u l a nd a p a t l a hd i k e m u l < a l c abna h w a d a l a m r a n g k a
p e r u b a h a ns t r u k t u r l a p a n g a nl c e r j ad a n n i l a i t a m b a h y a n g t e r a t u r d a n
s e i m b a n ga m a t d i b u t u h k a np e r t u m b u h a na g r o - i n d u s t ryi a n g r e l a t i fc e p a t
s e b a g a pi e r k e m b a n g alna n j u t a np e m b a n g u n apne r t a n i a nd a n i n d u s t r d
i idal a m P J P Tl l . U n t u k i t u l n d o n e s i ap e r l us e m a l < i m
n e n g u a s api a s a rk o m o d i t i
a g r o - i n d u s t br ia i kd i p a s a rd u n i am a u p u np a s a rd a l a mn e g e r i .
S t r a t e g yi a n g p e r l ud i t e m p u hu n t u l <i t u a d a l a hm e n g h a s i l k apnr o d u k p r o d u kh a s i la g r o i n d u s t r id e n g a nm u t u y a n g s e m a k i nm e n i n g k a d
t engan
b i a y a y a n g s e m a k i nb e r k u r a n g .D a l a m h u b u n g a ni n i m a k a d i b u t u h k a n
d u k u n g a nt e n a g a k e r j a d e n g a no r i e n t a s d
i a n k e t e r a m p i l a ny a n g s e s u a i .
D a r i s e g i o r i e n t a s im a l c ad i b u t u h l c a n
o r i e n t a s iu n t u l <t e r u s m e n g a d a k a n
p e r b a i k a nd a n i n n o v a s b
i a i k d a l a mp r o d u l <y a n g d i h a s i l l c am
n a u p u nd a l a m
p r o s e sy a n g d i l a l < s a n a k a nP.a r at e n a g a l c e r j ab u l < a ns a j a p e r l u m e m i l i k i
k e t e r a m p i l a nm e n g g u n a k a nb e r b a g a ir a g a m t e l c n i ka p l i k a s i i l m u b a g i
19
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y a n g b i a s a n y ad i a s o s i a s i k adne n g a ni l m u p e n g e t a h u abna i ks e b a g api r o s e s
m a u p u n s e b a g a is e k u m p u l a ni n fo r m a s i y a n g d a p a t d i m a n f a a t k a n .D i
b i d a n gs o s i a lb u d a y am a k a p a r at e n a g ak e r j ad i b u t u h l c aunn t u k m e n g a n u t
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