Sistem Operasi - Telkom University

Tahun Akademik 2014/2015
Semester II
DIG1I3 - Instalasi dan Penggunaan
Sistem Operasi
Sejarah Komputer dan
Perkembangan Sistem Operasi
Mohamad Dani, (MHM)
E-mail: [email protected]
Hanya dipergunakan untuk kepentingan pengajaran di lingkungan Telkom Applied Science School
“ An electronic system to manipulate data rapidly and
correctly which is organized so that it can automatically
accept and save input data, processes it and finally the
result of the processing is an output in the form of
information.”
(Donald H. Sanders ,Computer Today)
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Computer architecture means the design of a computer
system at the structural level that generally includes
hardware and software.
The computer development effort has gone through five
generations. Each generation was characterized by some
sort of hardware break-through along with some
architectural improvements.
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Data processor is divided into four groups
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Manual device
Mechanical device
Electronic mechanical device
Electronic device
Personal computer experiencing rapid change since 1993
appeared. It is started by the use of disk of 51/4 inch in
computer 80386 which at that time was a qualified processor,
and it survived until windows operation system started
dominating computer operation system at that time. Then, it is
followed by internet network development, the improvement
of hardware and software, until the appearance of mobile
personal computer.
The characteristics of the first generation of computers:
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Operational instruction is made specifically for a certain
task
The components used are vacuum tubes for it circuit.
The program can only be made by machine language.
Using the concept of stored program with its main memory,
which is magnetic core storage.
Using external storage of magnetic tape and magnetic disk.
The size of the computer is big, it needs large space.
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So easy to get hot so it needs a cooler.
The process is so slow.
The storage is small.
Needs huge electrical power.
Its main orientation is on business application.
EDVAC
UNIVAC
Computers of second generation have
the following characters:
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Components used are transistor for the circuit.
Program can be created by high level language.
The capacity of main memory is huge enough by the
development of magnetic core storage can save tens
thousands characters.
Uses external storage of magnetic tape and magnetic
disk in the form of removable disk or disk pack.
Has the ability of real-time process and time sharing.
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The physical size of this computer is smaller than the
first generation’s.
The operational process is fast, it can process millions
of operations per second.
Needs less electrical power.
The orientation is not only to business application but
also in technical application.
The third generations of computers have the following characters:
 The components used are IC (Integrated Circuits), in the form of
hybrid integrated circuits and monolithic integrated circuits.
Hybrid integrated circuit or solid logic technology (SLT) is a
transistor and diode put separately in one place.
 The improvement of the software.
 Faster and more accurate. The speed is almost 10000 times faster
compared to the first generations. The speed is measured in
microseconds. Even until nanosecond (billions operation per
second).
 The capacity of computer memory is larger, it can save hundreds
thousands of characters.
 Uses external storage which is random access (is able to insert
data record randomly), which is by magnetic with huge capacity
(millions of characters).
 Uses
less energy compared to the previous generations of
computers.
 Is possible to conduct multiprocessing, means that it can
process a number of data from different sources at the same
time and multiprogramming, means that it can do several
programs simultaneously.
 The development of input-output device using visual display
terminal that can display pictures and graphics, can accept and
produce sound, and also completed by MICR (magnetic ink
characters recognition) reader.
 The price is cheaper compared to the previous generations.
 The ability of conducting data communication from one
computer and the other via communication device such as
telephone.
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Fourth generation computers were characterized by
using very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits and
semiconductor memories.
5.4 million transistors could be packed on a single chip
as small as a fingernail.
Types ofBased on processed data, computer can be
classified as:
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Analog Computer
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Digital Computer
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Hybrid Computer
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Special-Purpose Computer
This computer is designed to solve a special problem,
usually only one particular problem. This computer can be
digital or analog, and commonly analog computer is
special-purpose computer.
General –Purpose Computer
This computer is designed to solve many kinds of
problems. It can also use various programs to solve
different problems.
Sistem Operasi
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Sebuah program yang mengendalikan eksekusi dari
program-program aplikasi.
Sebuah antarmuka antara aplikasi-aplikasi dan
perangkat keras.
Tujuan utama OS:
• Nyaman digunakan oleh pengguna
• Efisiensi sumber daya dan waktu
• Mudah dikembangkan
Sistem Operasi
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Kernel adalah suatu perangkat lunak yang menjadi
bagian utama dari sebuah sistem operasi.
Tugas kernel melayani bermacam program aplikasi
untuk mengakses perangkat keras komputer secara
aman.
Macam-macam Kernel
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Kernel monolitik.
Mikrokernel
Kernel hibrida
Exokernel.
Sistem Operasi
Sebagai Antarmuka User/Komputer
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User melihat sistem komputer sebagai kumpulan
berbagai macam aplikasi.
User menjalankan aplikasi atau membuat program
menggunakan application development di sistem
komputer untuk dieksekusi oleh hardware sistem
komputer dengan bantuan sistem operasi.
Sistem Operasi
Sebagai Antarmuka User/Komputer
Layanan-layanan
yang disediakan Sistem Operasi
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Pengembangan program
Eksekusi program
Akses ke devais I/O
Akses ke file
Akses sistem
Deteksi dan respon kesalahan
Akunting
Sistem Operasi
Sebagai Resource Manager
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Komputer merupakan sekumpulan resource untuk
pergerakan, penyimpanan dan pemrosesan data dan
kendali untuk fungsi-fungsi tersebut sehingga
diperlukan OS yang melakukan pengaturan
resource-resource yang ada di komputer agar
efisien dan efektif.
Sistem Operasi
Sebagai Resource Manager
Sejarah OS
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Generasi Pertama (1945 – 1955)
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Awal perkembangan sistem komputasi (menggantikan
sistem komputasi mekanik).
Generasi Kedua(1955 – 1965)
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Batch System, pekerjaan dikumpulkan dan dikerjakan
dalam satu eksekusi serial.
Tujuan utama
Batch
Time Sharing
Multiprogramming
Memaksimalkan penggunaan Meminimalkan waktu
prosesor.
respon,
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Sejarah OS
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Generasi Ketiga (1965 – 1980)
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Multiprogramming system : Saat satu job menunggu operasi
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Spooling : membuat periperal dapat diakses secara simultan,
yaitu dengan cara menyediakan beberapa partisi memori
Time Sharing : varian dari sistem multiprogramming, di mana
tiap pemakai mempunyai satu terminal on-line dengan
prosesor hanya memberi layanan pada pemakai yang aktif.
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input/output selesai job lain dapat menggunakan prosesor
Generasi Keempat(1980 – sekarang?)
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Network O/S : OS yang menyediakan layanan untuk
komputer terhubung jaringan, dimana pemakai menyadari
keberadaan komputer yang terhubung
Distributed O/S : tidak perlu tahu komputer yang terhubung
dgnnya
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Uniprogramming
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Prosesor harus menunggu instruksi I/O dan proses I/O
selesai sebelum melakukan pemrosesan berikutnya.
Multiprogramming
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Pada saat sebuah pekerjaan perlu menunggu proses I/O,
prosesor dapat berpindah ke pekerjaan yang lain.
Multiprogramming
Efek Multiprogramming
Uniprogramming
Multiprogramming
Penggunaan Prosesor 22%
43%
Penggunaan Memori 30%
67%
Penggunaan Disk
33%
67%
Penggunaan Printer
33%
67%
Waktu terpakai
30 menit.
15 menit.
Throughput rate
6 jobs/hr
12 jobs/hr
Waktu respon rerata 18 menit.
10 menit.
Time Sharing
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Menggunakan multiprogramming untuk menangani banyak
pekerjaan secara interaktif.
Waktu prosesor dibagi-bagi kepada banyak user yang
menggunakannya
Banyak user mengakses sistem yang sama melalui
terminal-terminal secara simultan.
Multi User
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Sistem dapat diakses oleh banyak user secara bersamaan.
GUI
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Graphical User Interface atau GUI) adalah jenis
antarmuka pengguna yang menggunakan metoda interaksi
pada piranti elektronik secara grafis (bukan perintah teks)
antara pengguna dan komputer.
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Contoh: Microsoft Windows, MacOS dan menggunakan
jenis GUI yang berbeda.
Terima kasih
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