vi DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL…………………

DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL…………………............................................................
i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN…………… ......................................................
ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN.................................................................................
iii
PRAKATA .......................................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................
ix
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................
xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................
xiii
INTISARI.........................................................................................................
xiv
BAB
I PENDAHULUAN ...........................................................................
1
1.1. Latar Belakang………………….…………………………. .
1
1.2. Perumusan Masalah………………………………………. ..
3
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian…………………………………………. ..
3
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian………………………………………… .
4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA…………………………………………..
5
2.1. Kanker Payudara
2.2.
2.1.1. Pengertian Kanker Payudara...… ….. ........................
5
2.1.2. Karsinogenesis Kanker Payudara ...............................
5
Sel MCF-7….…………………… ........................................
7
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2.3. Sel Punca
2.3.1. Pengertian Sel Punca ..................................................
8
2.3.2. Sifat Sel Punca ............................................................
8
2.3.3. Klasifikasi Sel Punca Berdasarkan Kemampuan
Berdiferensiasi ............................................................
9
2.4. Sel Punca Kanker…. ..............................................................
10
2.4.1. Pengertian Sel Punca Kanker .....................................
10
2.4.2. Sel Punca Kanker Sebagai Inisiatoe Karsinogenesis ..
11
2.5. CD44 (Cluster of Differentiation 44)
2.5.1. Pengertian CD44.........................................................
13
2.5.2. Ekspresi CD44 pada Sel Punca Kanker ......................
14
2.5.3. Regulasi CD44 ............................................................
14
2.6. Apoptosis
2.6.1. Pengertian Apoptosis ..................................................
15
2.6.2. Mekanisme Apoptosis ................................................
17
2.6.3. Apoptosis pada Sel Kanker.........................................
19
2.6.4. Apoptosis pada Sel Punca ..........................................
21
2.7. Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme)
2.7.1. Morfologi dan Habitat ................................................
22
2.7.2. Taksonomi Tanaman Keladi Tikus.............................
23
2.7.3. Fitokimia Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme)....
24
2.6.4. Efek Ekstrak Keladi Tikus pada sel Kanker payudara
24
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2.8. Kerangka Teori dan Konsep...................................................
26
2.8.1. Kerangka Teori ...........................................................
26
2.8.2. Kerangka Konsep .......................................................
27
2.9. Hipotesis.................................................................................
27
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................
28
3.1. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian………….……………….. ..
28
3.2. Variabel dan Definisi Operasional……………………….. .. .
28
3.3. Populasi dan Sampel……………………………………… ..
29
3.4. Alat dan Bahan………………………….. .............................
30
3.5. Cara Penelitian. ......................................................................
32
3.6. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian…………………………….. ..
38
3.7. Analisis Hasil… .....................................................................
38
3.8. Alur Penelitian. ......................................................................
39
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................
40
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...........................................................
45
DAFTAR PUSTAKA …………. ....................................................................
46
LAMPIRAN …………. ...................................................................................
48
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