xiv INTISARI Perubahan iklim diperkirakan telah terjadi

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INTISARI
Perubahan iklim diperkirakan telah terjadi dan berdampak relatif besar
mempengaruhi alam dan aktivitas manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mendapatkan informasi (1) dampak perubahan iklim, kebijakan ekonomi, kebijakan
sektor kehutanan, dan faktor eksternal terhadap kinerja ekonomi dan sektor
kehutanan. (2) kebijakan pembangunan sektor kehutanan dan kebijakan ekonomi
sebagai antisipasi dampak perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini menggunakan model
persamaan simultan dinamis dengan data sekunder.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perubahan iklim diperkirakan memberikan
dampak relatif besar pada perekonomian dan sektor kehutanan. Simulasi model
menunjukkan perubahan iklim diperkirakan dapat menurunkan pertumbuhan ekonomi
sebagai akibat turunnya aktivitas ekonomi terutama konsumsi, investasi masyarakat,
perdagangan luar negeri, output sektoral, pendapatan sektoral, penyerapan tenaga
kerja sektoral dan sebagainya. Aktivitas ekonomi yang turun menyebabkan tingkat
pengangguran meningkat, tetapi emisi karbon dan pembangunan manusia turun.
Perubahan iklim sedikit meningkatkan kinerja sektor kehutanan terutama industri
primer. Dampak perubahan iklim secara makroekonomi relatif besar dengan
menggunakan PDB hijau tetapi terlihat semu dengan PDB konvensional.
Dampak perubahan kebijakan ekonomi (moneter dan fiskal) dan perubahan faktor
eksternal relatif besar terhadap perubahan kinerja perekonomian dan sektor kehutanan.
Kebijakan kehutanan hanya berdampak pada sektor kehutanan, tetapi kurang berdampak
besar pada kinerja ekonomi nasional.
Simulasi model menunjukkan pengendalian jumlah hotspot, kebijakan
penanaman hutan dan reboisasi, politik anggaran kementerian kehutanan,
pembubaran Kementerian Kehutanan, perubahan harga komoditi (kayu, karet, dan
sawit), penerapan pajak karbon, krisis ekonomi, penghapusan subsidi BBM,
pemberantasan korupsi, dan target penurunan emisi karbon mempengaruhi kinerja
ekonomi dan sektor kehutanan dengan dampak yang beragam. Untuk mengantisipasi
dampak perubahan iklim, kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan
mengkombinasikan kebijakan moneter, fiskal, dan kehutanan dengan tepat. Kebijakankebijakan yang dipakai sebaiknya dapat mengeliminasi dampak buruk dari perubahan
iklim yang terjadi.
Kata Kunci: Perubahan iklim, kebijakan, model ekonomi
xiv
ABSTRACT
Climate change is believed to have occurred and has adverse impacts upon
nature and human activities. This study aimed to obtain information on (1) the
impacts of climate change, economic policy, forestry policy, and external factors on
the performance of the economy and the forestry sector and (2) the forestry sector
development policy and economic policy in anticipation of the impacts of climate
change. This study used secondary time-series data and employed a dynamic
simultaneous equation model.
The results indicated that climate change was estimated to have relatively
large impacts on the economy and the forestry sector. Simulation models suggested
that climate change is expected to reduce the economic growth as a result of
declining economic activities, especially consumption, public investment, foreign
trade, as well as sectorial output, income, and employment. The felled economic
activities caused the rise of unemployment rate, but the carbon emissions and human
development down. Climate change slightly improved the performance of the forestry
sector, especially the primary industry. Macroeconomic impacts of climate change
were relatively large by using green GDP but look apparent with conventional GDP.
The impacts of changes in economic policy (monetary and fiscal) and external
factors were relatively large towards the changes in the economic performance and
the forestry sector. Forestry policy only affected the forestry sector, but caused less
profound impacts on the performance of the national economy.
Simulation models indicated that control of the number of hotspots, policy on
afforestation and reforestation, budget politics and the dissolution of the Ministry of
Forestry, changes in commodity prices (wood, rubber, and palm), the implementation
of a carbon tax, the economic crisis, the removal of fuel subsidy, the eradication of
corruption, and the target in carbon emission reduction affect the performance of the
economy and the forestry sector with diverse effects. To anticipate the impacts of
climate change, policies should be implemented by combining the monetary, fiscal
and forestry policies appropriately. The implemented policies should be able to
eliminate the adverse impacts of climate change.
Keywords: climate change, policy, economic models
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