Bangun Tubuh Bakteri

Bangun Tubuh Bakteri
• Primer (utama, setiap bakteri memiliki)
• Sekunder (tidak setiap bakteri memiliki)
Primer
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dinding sel
Membran
plasma
Sitoplasma
Ribosom
DNA
Granula
penyimpana
n
• Some prokaryotes
– Do have specialized membranes that perform
metabolic functions
0.2 m
1 m
Respiratory
membrane
Thylakoid
membranes
Figure 27.7a, b
(a) Aerobic prokaryote
(b) Photosynthetic prokaryote
• Many prokaryotes form endospores
– Which can remain viable in harsh conditions for
centuries
Endospore
0.3 m
Figure 27.9
Sekunder
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
kapsul atau
lapisan lendir
flagellum
pilus
fimbria
klorosom
vakuola gas
endospora
Dinding sel Bakteri
• GRAM POSITIVE
• GRAM NEGATIVE
peptidoglikan tebal dan
asam teichoic
lipopolysacarida yang
tersusun dari
peptidoglikan tipis
Peptidoglikan
Spesifikasi Bakteri
menurut Gram
• Gracilicutes - Gram negative dengan sel
membran sekunder
• Mollicutes - Gram negative tanpa sel
membran sekunder
• Firmicutes - Gram positive dengan
peptidoglikan tebal
• Mendosicutes – bakteri jenis Archaea
Bergerak dengan flagela Tipe
letak flagela
A. Monotrichous
B. Lophotrichous
C. Amphitrichous
D. Peritrichous
Cara Memperoleh Makanan
• BAKTERI HETEROTROF
Makanan berupa senyawa organik dari organisme lain
1. Bakteri saprofit : mengurai sisa organisme atau produk
organisme lainnya
2. Bakteri parasit : dari inangnya (manusia, hewan,
tumbuhan).
3. Bakteri patogen
• BAKTERI AUTOTROF
Mampu membuat makanannya sendiri
1. Bakteri fotoautotrof
2. Bakteri kemoautotrof
Bakteri berdasar
Kebutuhan Oksigen
• BAKTERI AEROB, membutuhkan oksigen
Proses oksidasi amonia NH3
2 NH3 + 3 O2  2 HNO2 + 2 H2O + energi
Proses oksidasi ion nitrit HNO3
2 HNO2 + O2  2 HNO3
•
BAKTERI ANAEROB, tidak membutuhkan oksigen,
prosesnya disebut fermentasi.
1. Bakteri anaerob obligat
2. Bakteri anaerob fakultatif
• In the cyanobacterium Anabaena
– Photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells
exchange metabolic products
Photosynthetic
cells
Heterocyst
20 m
Figure 27.10
• In some prokaryotic species
1 m
– Metabolic cooperation occurs in surface-coating
colonies called biofilms
Figure 27.11
• Obligate aerobes
– Require oxygen
• Facultative anaerobes
– Can survive with or without oxygen
• Obligate anaerobes
– Are poisoned by oxygen
Macam-macam penyakit oleh bakteri
•
•
•
•
•
Tetanus
Typhoid fever
Diphtheria
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
• Pneumonia
• Meningitis
• Cholera
• Food-borne illness
• Leprosy
Reproduksi bakteri
• Aseksual : pembelahan biner
• Seksual :
a. Transformasi
b. Transduksi: menggunakan virus to help
c. konjugasi
Konjugasi
Jenis Jenis bakteri
2.5 m
• Proteobacteria
1 m
Rhizobium (arrows) inside a
root cell of a legume (TEM)
0.5 m
Nitrosomonas (colorized TEM)
Bdellovibrio
Bdellovibrio
bacteriophorus
bacteriophorus
Attacking
Attacking
a larger
a larger
bacterium
bacterium
(colorized
(colorized
TEM)
TEM)
2 m
Fruiting bodies
Fruiting
of bodies of
Chondromyces
Chondromyces
crocatus, crocatus,
a myxobacterium
a myxobacterium
(SEM)
(SEM)
Figure 27.13Helicobacter pylori (colorized TEM).
5 m
10 m
Chromatium;
Chromatium;
the small the small
globules areglobules
sulfur wastes
are sulfur
(LM)wastes (LM)
2.5 m
• Chlamydias, spirochetes, Gram-positive
bacteria, and cyanobacteria
5 m
Chlamydia (arrows) inside an
animal cell (colorized TEM)
5 m
1 m
Leptospira, a spirochete
(colorized TEM)
Hundreds of mycoplasmas
covering a human fibroblast cell
(colorized SEM)
50 m
Streptomyces, the source of
many antibiotics (colorized SEM)
Figure 27.13
Two species of Oscillatoria,
filamentous cyanobacteria (LM)
Peranan Bakteri
Bifidobacterium
lactobacillus plantarum (L.plantarum) yang
bisa mengusir gas dalam perut dan
ketidaknyamanan yang terkait dengan
gangguan BAB.
Antibiotik
Mocaf
Biogas
• 2. Bioteknologi Modern
• Rekayasa genetik pada sel bakteri mampu
menambah diversifikasi dan kuantitas produk
bioteknologi. Pengembangan dan produksi hormon
manusia, protein darah, interferon, dan protein
untuk vaksin sekarang dapat dilakukan dengan
menggunakan bakteri yang sudah termodifikasi.
• 3. Perombakan Material (Biodeterioration)
Thiobacillus ferooxidans
• Prokaryotes are the principal agents in
bioremediation
– The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the
environment
Figure 27.17
Tetracyclines:
Streptomyces
side effects include yellowing of
developing teeth
Hillary Clinton has yellow
teeth. The original, completely
unedited picture
• Prokaryotes are also major tools in
– Mining
– The synthesis of vitamins
– Production of antibiotics, hormones, and other
products
Penemuan di bidang Mikrobiologi
• Dihasilkan : Bacillus sp, Clostridium sp
Bacillus stearothermophilus – spora - indikator alat sterilisasi
Bacillus anthracis - spores - “biological warfare”
Questions?
Applications
– Ekstraksi carotene dari halobacteria sebagai
penambah cita rasa makanan dan sebagai zat
pewarna pangan
– Untuk fermentasi kecap asin dan saus ikan Thai
BIOINSEKTISIDA - Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• BAKTERI GRAM POSITIF, BERSPORA
• CIRI KHAS
 PROTEIN KRISTAL (PROTEIN CRY)
 TOKSIN INSEKTISIDAL
• SUMBER Bt :
 TANAH
 SERANGGA SAKIT
 AIR
The world’s toughest bacterium
• pigmen karotenoid  pembersih molekul radikal bebas 
meningkatkan sifat resisten DNA-nya terhadap molekul radikal
• Bioremediasi limbah B3 yang terkontaminasi radioaktif 
“SUPERBUG”
Antibiotic
production
Streptomyces coelicolor colonies The wild-type colonies are covered with
grey aerial mycelium and spores; the reddish mutant colonies are not forming
aerial mycelium. The red mycelium colour and the dark background is from the
antibiotics produced by Streptomyces coelicolor
Geosmin : produced by filamentous actinomycetes
gives soils characteristic earthy odor
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Archaebacter/bakteri kuno
Archaea
• Archaea share certain traits with bacteria
– And other traits
with eukaryotes
Table 27.2
• Some archaea
– Live in extreme environments
• Extreme thermophiles
– Thrive in very hot environments
• Extreme halophiles
– Live in high saline environments
Figure 27.14
• Methanogens
– Live in swamps and marshes
– Produce methane as a waste product
• Concept 27.4: Prokaryotes play crucial roles in
the biosphere
• Prokaryotes are so important to the biosphere
that if they were to disappear
– The prospects for any other life surviving would be
dim
Chemical Recycling
• Prokaryotes play a major role
– In the continual recycling of chemical elements
between the living and nonliving components of the
environment in ecosystems
• Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as
decomposers
– Breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste
products
• Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
– Add usable nitrogen to the environment
Pathogenic Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes cause about half of all human
diseases
– Lyme disease is an example
Figure 27.16
5 µm
• Pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease
– By releasing exotoxins or endotoxins
• Many pathogenic bacteria
– Are potential weapons of bioterrorism